日光温室越冬长茬番茄植株养分累积与分配特征

以日光温室越冬长茬番茄为试材,采用定点监测田间试验的方法,研究了番茄生育期干物质、养分吸收累积规律、单个果穗与干物质增量的关系和阶段养分吸收量及比例,以期为越冬长茬番茄合理施肥提供参考。结果表明:越冬长茬番茄养分吸收累积呈逐渐累积态势,整个生育期养分吸收量(N-P-K-Ca-Mg)为35、12、62、33、18g·株~-1,番茄坐果后植株地上部干物质以平均52%的比例分配到果实中;关键养分需肥期维持在定植后90~270d内;在第4、5穗果、第5、6穗果间,果实的干物质增量出现最低峰值,分别为2.8、0.8g·株~-1,此阶段的低温影响了番茄的生长。     

同步叶片修剪对温室番茄干物质优化分配的影响

 研究了同步叶片修剪对温室番茄品种‘Capita’干物质优化分配的影响。结果表明, 在每穗果实数修剪为6个时, 一方面会减少营养生长库强, 显著降低了叶面积指数(LA I) 和植株总干质量; 另一方面有利于干物质分配到果实, 显著提高果实累积干物质分配率, 补偿因植株总干质量降低而引起的果实干质量的降低。在合理增加植株密度时, 同步叶片修剪可以显著提高LA I与单位面积植株总干质量, 从而显著提高单位面积果实干质量。     

菌糠栽培对温室番茄生长发育和干物质积累的影响

为摸清菌糠在无土栽培中的应用效果,以菌糠、炉渣、河沙不同配比的栽培基质进行日光温室越冬茬番茄“印第安”的种植试验,研究栽培基质对番茄植株性状和干物质积累量的影响.结果表明:在营养生长期番茄的株高平均日增长1.0 cm以上,定植后90 d株高均达100 cm左右,茎粗达1.0 cm左右,株幅达50 cm以上,果穗达4穗,定植后140 d测得植株总鲜重都在200 g左右,干重30～40 g之间,干鲜比16.21％～17.86％,根冠比10.14％～12.93％,各生长发育性状处理间差异不大.说明以菌糠为主的3个不同配比栽培基质,均能满足番茄植株的正常生长和发育.     

日光温室番茄生长规律及干物质分配研究

以番茄品种"金果1号"为试验材料,研究了番茄植株在日光温室内生长发育、干物质生产等规律。结果表明:日光温室番茄株高、叶数、叶面积以及干物质生长量均与定植后的生长天数呈明显线性关系,随着生长天数的增加,其相应生长规律分别为2.77cm/d,0.3片/d,78.8cm2/d,9.12g·m-2·d-1。试验还表明番茄植株的干重需达到42g以上才开始坐果,并且果实干重与植株总干重之间呈线性关系,坐果后,植株总干重每增加1g,果实干重约增加0.7g。干物质在根、茎、叶中的分配比例从开花前到坐果后呈明显下降趋势,果实干重在植株总干重中所占比例显著增加,达到60%以上。番茄干物质生产量与温室有效积温(10℃的温度总和)有很强的线性关系,每个有效积温单位(℃·d)干物质的生产量约为0.67g/m2;植株干物质生产与太阳辐射量之间也有较强的线性关系。     

日光温室樱桃番茄越冬茬高产栽培技术

樱桃番茄是茄科番茄属中的一个变种，其果径通常只有2cm左右，果色鲜艳，果实糖度及维生素C含量大大高于普通番茄，干物质含量高，且种植效益好。但如果生产上管理不当，极易造成坐果率低、落果、裂果等现象。笔者通过长期栽培实践，总结出日光温室樱桃番茄越冬茬栽培技术，增产效果显著。     

兰州地区越冬茬日光温室番茄栽培技术

根据当地番茄茬口种植情况,对兰州地区越冬茬日光温室番茄栽培从育苗、苗期管理、定植管理、定植后管理、植株调节及主要病虫害防治方面进行了全面阐述,对当地越冬茬日光温室番茄生产提供了有力的技术支撑,可供生产者参考。     

越冬温室番茄-大白菜-黄瓜高效种植模式

<正>为进一步提高温室种植的综合生产效益,近年来,采用番茄越冬一大茬模式,每年6—10月日光温室土地闲置,进行多种茬口安排,总结出最适合当地的栽培茬口模式,即番茄-大白菜-黄瓜一年三熟模式,在规模种植基地进行示范推广,取得了较好的经济效益。现将具体栽培技术总结如下,供生产参考。1日光温室番茄越冬一大茬1.1品种选择L-402番茄为无限生长类型,平均单果重200~250g,耐贮运,优质果率占90%以上,酸甜适口,为当地的主栽     

番茄日光温室全年一大茬栽培技术

日光温室番茄常规茬口有冬春茬、秋冬茬、越冬茬。笔者在长期的生产实践中,摸索出日光温室番茄全年一大茬栽培新模式,7月中下旬育苗,9月上中旬定植,11月份开始采收,翌年7月中下旬拉秧,每667m^2产量高达1．5万kg,经济效益极为显著。     

日光温室番茄对锌的吸收与分配规律

以中杂9号番茄为试材,研究了秋冬、冬春两个茬口日光温室内不同光温环境下番茄对锌的吸收和分配规律。结果表明:秋冬茬番茄对锌的吸收量仅为冬春茬的76．98％。不同茬口不同生育阶段植株吸收锌的量不同,秋冬茬和冬春茬番茄对全锌的吸收量均呈单峰曲线,生育前期吸收量所占的比例小,果实膨大期和采收初期吸收量所占比例大,冬春茬为63．07％,秋冬茬约为68。36％。     

果菜类蔬菜生长发育及产量形成模型的研究进展

综述了国内外有关果菜类蔬菜的源库关系、坐果率预测、干物质分配、库强等方面的研究进展；讨论了模式化栽培条件下，库强、干物质分配这两个有关果菜类生长和发育规律的核心问题。国外已在理论研究的基础上，借助现代电子计算机技术，建立和不断完善了有关果菜类蔬菜生长环境和生长发育的数学模型，并开始在智能化温室条件下，对果菜类蔬菜的生产进行调控。     

日光温室不同矮蔓型西葫芦的干物质生产与分配研究

对4个不同矮蔓型西葫芦品种的干物质生产与分配进行研究,结果表明,半矮蔓与矮蔓西葫芦品种各器官干物质含量没有显著差异,根、茎、叶、果干物质含量分别为:9%、6%、12%、5%;全生育期群体生长率(cropgrowth rate,CGR)半矮蔓品种平均为17.2g/(m2·d),而矮蔓品种为12.5g/(m2·d),半矮蔓品种是矮蔓品种的1.38倍;苗期、结果初期、结果中期、结果后期的当前干物质生产量半矮蔓品种分别是矮蔓品种的1.07、1.28、1.26、1.91倍,后期干物质生产衰减与矮蔓品种的早衰存在着相互依存关系;当前干物质的分配率营养器官与生殖器官的比半矮蔓品种为2.7∶1,矮蔓品种为2.1∶1;干物质累积值半矮蔓品种是矮蔓品种的1.4倍,果实干质量累积值半矮蔓品种是矮蔓品种的1.27倍,半矮蔓品种干物质向果实的分配率约为30.8%,矮蔓品种约为34.7%,单位面积干物质生产量的提高是半矮蔓品种果实干质量高于矮蔓品种的主要原因。     

Cropping effects on the loss of apple fruit firmness during storage: The relationship between texture retention and fruit dry matter concentration

Firmness is a primary measure of apple fruit texture, the key determinant of eating quality of apples. Despite the well developed understanding of the process of firmness loss in storage, there is very limited information concerning pre-harvest and at-harvest causes of the variation in fruit quality in the marketplace. The objective of the present study was to investigate the respective roles that the factors of time and intensity of crop thinning, fruit size and fruit dry matter concentration (DMC) each may have in determining fruit firmness of ‘Royal Gala’ apple at harvest and during storage. Loss of firmness during storage of all thinning treatments and of fruit size and DMC categories was described by a bilinear equation. Time of thinning did not influence any aspect of fruit softening during air storage at 0.5 °C. Comparing the crop loads, a lower crop load (100 fruit per tree) resulted in firmer fruit at harvest. The loss of firmness during storage associated with crop load occurred because fruit from the lowest crop load softened more rapidly during the second slow phase of softening. Fruit firmness was positively correlated with fruit size where larger fruit were slightly firmer than smaller fruit at harvest but not after storage. The softening profiles of different sized fruit were similar except for a class of extremely small fruit, which appeared to soften more rapidly during the second slow softening phase of storage. Both at-harvest and post-harvest fruit firmness were influenced by fruit DMC. Fruit firmness at harvest increased significantly as fruit DMC increased from 13% to above 16%. Despite having significantly different initial firmness, all fruit classes with DMC higher than 13% softened at a similar rate during both the initial rapid and second slow softening phases and the transition between the two phases occurred after the same time in storage. In contrast, fruit with very low DMC, less than 13%, had a greater rate of softening in the second phase. These results indicate that variation in fruit firmness at harvest and after storage is influenced by processes that affect and alter fruit DMC during fruit development. In this respect crop load control, which is used to improve fruit size, was also an important factor in altering fruit DMC, thereby affecting firmness at harvest and after storage. Furthermore, the effects of DMC on fruit firmness were independent of fruit size.     

Growth and quality of Brazilian accessions of Capsicum chinense fruits

Total fresh and dry weight of Capsicum chinense fruit accessions were inversely correlated with accumulation of dry matter, and fruits with a higher percentage of dry matter accumulated proportionally more total soluble solids. Based on regression analysis, a 1% increase in fruit dry weight was associated with a 0.28% improvement in total soluble content, up to a maximum total soluble solid content of 10.25%. Regardless of shape, larger fruits had thicker pericarps, and were therefore more suitable for open air fresh markets. Smaller fruits had thinner pericarps and higher concentrations of total soluble solids and were more appropriate for dehydration and paprika production. Dry fruits with color intensities greater than 200 ASTA units, as required for paprika production, were found in 18.4% of the analyzed accessions. A large number of accessions, close to 27%, had total capsaicinoid concentrations less than or equal to 1.9 mg g⁻¹ dry weight, and can be considered as sweet or light pungent fruits. A small percentage of accessions (2.5%) were classified as extremely hot fruits.     

The effect of intracanopy lighting on cucumber fruit yield—Model analysis

Intracanopy lighting is a recently developed supplementary lighting technique for high-wire grown vegetable production in greenhouses where a part of the lamps is mounted within instead of above the canopy. A potentially higher yield using intracanopy lighting compared with top-lighting, is based on three assumptions: (1) increased light-absorption by the crop; (2) a higher photosynthetic light use efficiency due to a more homogeneous vertical light distribution; (3) a preserved photosynthetic capacity of leaves deeper in the canopy. We used an explanatory crop model to quantify the relative importance of these assumptions for a cucumber crop during an experiment in winter in the Netherlands (Trouwborst et al., 2010). Photosynthesis and yield data of this intracanopy lighting experiment with light-emitting diodes (34% of supplemental PAR) in combination with top-lighting (66% of supplemental PAR) were used to parameterise our model. In that study intracanopy lighting did not result in an increased yield compared with 100% top-lighting due to extreme leaf curling and a lower dry matter partitioning to the fruits. Our model predicted an 8% increase in fruit yield for the intracanopy lighting treatment if there were to be no leaf curling and no lower dry matter partitioning. This increase can be largely explained by the change in light distribution and light absorption. The model further revealed unexpectedly large consequences of the lower dry matter partitioning to the fruits whereas the negative effect of leaf curling was small. The direct effect of a greater A_max at deeper canopy layers was slightly positive. The last however might have indirectly caused the greater partitioning to the leaves as the greater A_max was associated with a preserved leaf mass per area. Solutions for this problem are discussed. Our explanatory model allowed us to disentangle the interacting effects of intracanopy lighting on fruit yield. Overall, intracanopy lighting has been shown here to potentially increase the assimilation light use efficiency.     

Fruit weight is related to ovary weight in olive (Olea europaea L.)

Fruit size is an important parameter both for scientific understanding and for commercial purposes. In many species, mature fruit size is often related to floral ovary size, but no literature exists in olive that demonstrates such a relationship. Previous work suggests that olive cultivars with different fruit sizes have similar cell number and size in the ovary transectional area, but ovary and fruit dry weight was not measured. In the present study, ovary dry weight and fruit dry weight during the whole fruit development season until harvest were measured in olive cultivars with different fruit size, over three years. Flower dry weight was also measured. Fruit weight at harvest was strongly correlated to ovary weight at bloom, both in single-year data and when data from three years were pooled. Flower dry weight, excluding the ovary, was also correlated to ovary dry weight. Ovary dry weight was strongly correlated not only to the fruit dry weight at maturity, but also at any date during fruit development. The mature fruit/ovary dry weight ratio ranged between 1000 and 4000 among cultivars, but was not correlated to the fruit dry weight at maturity. These results suggest that, in olive, fruit weight is genetically controlled through the ovary weight at bloom. This knowledge may have implications in the understanding of fruit set and source-sink relationships in olive.     

Effect of electrical conductivity,fruit pruning,and truss position on quality in greenhouse tomato fruit

Summary

The combined effects of electrical conductivity (an EC of 2.5 dS m^–1 or 8 dS m^–1 in the root zone) and fruit pruning (three or six fruit per truss) on tomato fruit quality were studied in a greenhouse experiment, planted in January 2005. Taste-related attributes [dry matter content (DM), total soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), glucose, fructose and citric acid content] and health-promoting attributes (lycopene, βcarotene, vitamin C, and total anti-oxidant activity) of tomato fruits harvested on the vine from the fifth or tenth truss positions were determined. The quality of tomato fruits was improved by high EC. A high EC in the root zone increased the DM content, total SSC, TA, as well as glucose, fructose and citric acid contents. A significantly higher lycopene and βcarotene content was also observed [on a fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) basis] with a high EC in the root zone. The accumulation of different compounds that determine tomato fruit quality differed between the fifth and tenth truss. In particular, the lycopene content was reduced, whereas the βcarotene content was increased in the tenth truss with respect to the fifth truss, most likely because of higher temperatures during ripening of the tenth truss. Fruit pruning increased fruit FW by 42% and positively influenced the DM content and total anti-oxidant activity, while a negative effect was observed on lycopene and citric acid contents (on a FW and DW basis). EC and fruit pruning both had a strong effect on fruit size; however, EC had a much stronger impact on taste and health-related fruit quality attributes. A small interaction between EC and fruit pruning was found for marketable yield, fructose and glucose content, fruit firmness, and P and Ca concentrations in fruits.     

Greenhouse tomato limited cluster production systems: crop management practices affect yield

Limited-cluster production systems may be a useful strategy to increase crop production and profitability for the greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). In this study, using an ebb-and-flood hydroponics system, we modified plant architecture and spacing and determined the effects on fruit yield and harvest index at two light levels. Single-cluster plants pruned to allow two leaves above the cluster had 25% higher fruit yields than did plants pruned directly above the cluster; this was due to an increase in fruit weight, not fruit number. Both fruit yield and harvest index were greater for all single-cluster plants at the higher light level because of increases in both fruit weight and fruit number. Fruit yield for two-cluster plants was 30% to 40% higher than for single-cluster plants, and there was little difference in the dates or length of the harvest period. Fruit yield for three-cluster plants was not significantly different from that of two-cluster plants; moreover, the harvest period was delayed by 5 days. Plant density (5.5, 7.4, 9.2 plants/m2) affected fruit yield/plant, but not fruit yield/unit area. Given the higher costs for materials and labor associated with higher plant densities, a two-cluster crop at 5.5 plants/m2 with two leaves above the cluster was the best of the production system strategies tested.     

辣椒品质育种研究进展

对国内外有关辣椒果实辣椒素、维生素C和干物质等品质性状的遗传特性及相关因素的研究进展作了综述,指出了今后的研究方向.     

鲜干兼用辣椒赣丰辣线101的选育及栽培技术

赣丰辣线101是鲜干兼用型辣椒一代杂种。该品种生长势中等,株形紧凑,早熟,从定植至采收青椒约45d;果实羊角形,味辛辣,青熟果深绿色,生物学成熟果鲜红色;果长19.5cm,果宽1.4cm,肉厚0.1cm,平均单果质量15.1g,维生素C含量1.25mg/g,干物质含量12.0%;鲜椒产量30.0~37.5t/hm2,干椒产量4.6t/hm2以上;抗病耐热;适于长江流域地区春季早熟栽培。