EMS诱变隐性单基因大麦雄性核不育性的遗传分析

应用甲基磺酸乙醋(EMS)1%溶液处理四棱大麦蒙克尔,获得了隐性单基因核不育材料.遗传分析可育与不育按3∶1分离.不育性稳定,不出现中问类型,遗传行为简单,不育株率较高,易于转育.大麦是典型的自花授粉作物,所获的雄性不育株,在大田条件下由于花粉量不足,结实率变动在0.51～2.25%之间,引入开放授粉特性,对雄性不育系的利用十分重要.雄性核不育基因对雌性器官无不良作用,人工授粉不育株的结实率可达74.10～87.47%,分离出的可育株结实正常,纯合可育株育性可靠,因而作为育种工具,在轮回选择中应用有较大价值.     

大葱雄性不育系的育性及光温敏感性鉴定研究

摘要：将不同败育程度的雄性不育系及正常可育材料20余份,采用花药形态学观察、碘-碘化钾染色进行花粉细胞学鉴定、套袋自交测试结实率三种方法相结合进行育性鉴定,通过方法之间的相互印证,确定几种方法对大葱雄性不育鉴定的有效性。同时,对12个不育系的光温敏感性进行了鉴定,所筛选出的3个不育系,育性不受光温影响,基本能够稳定遗传,具有进一步利用价值。     

两用核雄性不育新材料的发现与研究初报

水稻两用核雄性不育种质材料是进行两系法杂交水稻育种研究的基础.通过在试验田亲本圃、杂交选育圃发现雄性不育株,然后进行不育度、不育稳定性、育性转换、起点温度、可繁性及测交恢复力鉴定,鉴定出两份不育度彻底、育性稳定、起点温度低、可繁性好的由基因突变引起的具有生产实用价值的两用核雄性不育材料早25 S、美香851 S.     

中国首例燕麦雄性不育的发现及遗传鉴定

对1994年发现的我国首例燕麦雄性不育材料进行了特征特性的观察和细胞学鉴定、以及不育性遗传的研究,结果表明:(1)该材料不育度为100%,属“无花粉型”的雄性不育,不育株小抱子败育发生在四分体形成后期到花粉粒形成早期阶段。(2)不育株与不同品种测交的F1代,6个组合表现育性恢复,2个组合出现一些完全不育株;恢复育性的植     

大白菜转育新型甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系的研究

用26份不同大白菜株系与甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育材料CMS96进行多代回交转育，成功地转育出5份不同类型的大白菜细胞质雄性不育系（包括桔红心和黄心大白菜株系）。鉴定结果表明，这些不育系材料不育性稳定，不育度100％，不育率100％，蜜腺正常，花药白色退化，植株整齐一致，生长旺盛，是新型的优良大白菜细胞质雄性不育系材料。用其配制的杂交组合，杂种优势明显。     

油菜温敏雄性不育系373S的选育

发现和选育新型光温敏雄性不育材料,有利于深入揭示植物雄性不育的发生机制,丰富油菜杂种优势利用的方法。笔者报道一种新发现的环境敏感雄性不育系373S的选育过程及其育性随温度、日长的变化基本规律。2002年在一个天然雄性不育群体后代中发现1株嵌合不育株,经过连续自交,育成环境敏感不育系373S。2004—2006年在陕西杨凌进行分期播种试验,并进行了温度、光照脉冲处理试验。结果表明：373S是主要对温度敏感的雄性不育系,低温可育而高温不育,开花前2~9d的平均温度对育性影响显著,而日长对育性影响不明显,花蕾长度约2~3mm是育性转换的敏感时期。用一系列品种与373S测交,F1均为100%可育,在F2代温敏不育株出现几率很高,可以达到7.1%~14.6%。进一步精确分析373S光温反应特征、改良其农艺及品质性状、寻找适宜制种生态区的工作正在进行当中。     

谷子不育性的化学保持研究

以谷子高度雄性不育系927A和其近等基因可育系927C为材料,研究了不育株与可育株内源激素含量水平的差异,结果表明927A的败育与低水平的内源细胞生长素(IAA)有关.对927A施用外源细胞生长素(IAA)可部分恢复其雄配子的育性,显著提高其当代的自交结实率,证明IAA对927A的不育性具有化学保持作用.     

海南气候条件对北方粳型水稻两用核不育系繁种的影响

两系不育系的繁种是两系杂交水稻生产研究的重要环节。通过4个北方粳型两用核不育系在海南不同年份间的育性表现,研究不同光温背景对不育系育性转换及表达的影响,结果表明,不育系育性转换受光周期和温度的共同作用,其中温度条件在一定程度上影响着育性恢复程度,在育性敏感期间,适时低温有利于不育系自交结实率提高,而高温对自交结实不利。针对海南地区的生态条件,选育临界温度适当、光温互补性强的不育系类型,以降低繁殖风险。     

小麦光敏雄性不育系A31在不同生态地点的育性变异

本文通过在不同生态点的育性试验，观察光敏小麦雄性不育系A31的育性表现和育性转换特性。A31在7个不同生态点的自交结实率结合各试验点的光温条件分析表明，其雄性育性随日长增加有明显的下降趋势，日长是影响A31育性的主导因素，在日长相近条件下，温度对A31育性也有一定的效应；A31育性转换的临界日长约在14.5h左右。     

两个新籼稻光温敏核不育系的育性转换特性研究

为了研究新育成的水稻光温敏雄性不育系H61S、H69S的育性转换特性,于2005~2006年在湛江进行了分期播种试验和人工控制光温试验,结果表明：（1）温度是引起两个光温敏不育系育性转换的最主要的原因,光照时数对不育系育性影响不显著。（2）H61S、H69S的育性温度敏感期分别为抽穗前19~10d和20~10d,最敏感期均为抽穗前17~13d,与对照培矮64相似。（3）当不育系由不育转为可育,可育花粉率达1%时,H61S、H69S和对照培矮64S的育性转换临界温度分别为24.2℃、25.3℃、26.1℃。（4）两个不育系在湛江自然播种条件下都有较长的稳定不育期和较高的自交结实率,育性转换期均比对照培矮64S短,可以安全制种,也可繁殖,但适宜繁殖的抽穗期范围窄。     

小麦雄性不育系中TaPDC-E1a及其调节酶基因的表达特征

为进一步研究杀雄剂SQ-1诱导小麦雄性不育的机制,采用电子克隆的方法分离TaPDC-E1a基因,并利用半定量RT-PCR技术分析该基因及其调节酶基因PDK和PDP的表达特性。结果表明,TaPDC-E1a基因编码388个氨基酸,具有TPP保守结构域,可能存在2个丝氨酸磷酸化位点;与可育系相比,TaPDC-E1a基因在生理型不育系和遗传型不育系中表达下调;PDK基因在生理型不育系中表达下调,而在遗传型不育系中表达上调;PDP基因在可育系及不育系中的表达趋势无明显变化。表明经杀雄剂SQ-1诱导形成的生理型不育系在败育过程中其能量代谢途径更容易受到影响,推测对PDK基因进行调节的上游信号机制在小麦生理型不育系与遗传型不育系中可能不一致。     

Discovery of new male-sterile cytoplasm sources and development of a new cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile line NJCMS3A in soybean

Most of the cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile (CMS) lines of soybean were developed only from a limited cytoplasm sources and performed not as good as required in hybrid seed production, therefore, to explore new male-sterile cytoplasm sources should be one of the effective ways to improve the pollination and hybridization for a better pod-set in utilization of heterosis of soybeans. In the present study, total 80 crosses between 70 cultivated and annual wild soybean accessions and three maintainers (N2899, N21249, and N23998) of NJCMS1A were made for detecting potential new sources with male-sterile cytoplasm. The results showed that in addition to the crosses with N8855.1 (the cytoplasm donor parent of NJCMS1A) and its derived line NG99-893 as cytoplasm parent, there appeared three crosses, including N21566 × N21249 and N23168 × N21249, with male-sterile plants in their progenies. According to the male fertility performance of backcrosses and reciprocal crosses with the tester N21249, the landrace N21566 and annual wild soybean accession N23168 were further confirmed to have male-sterile cytoplasm. Accordingly, it was understood that the source with male-sterile cytoplasm in soybean gene pool might be not occasional. The results also showed that the genetic system of male sterility of the newly found cytoplasm source N21566 was different from the old cytoplasm source N8855.1, while N23168 was to be further studied. Based on the above results, the derived male-sterile plants from [(N21566 × N21249) F₁ × N21249] BC₁F₁ were back-crossed with the recurrent parent N21249 for five successive times, and a new CMS line and its maintainer line, designated as NJCMS3A and NJCMS3B, respectively, were obtained. NJCMS3A had normal female fertility and stable male sterility. Its microspore abortion was mainly at middle uninucleate stage, earlier than that of NJCMS1A and NJCMS2A. The male fertility of F₁s between NJCMS3A and 20 pollen parents showed that 7 accessions could restore its male fertility and other 13 could maintain its male sterility. The male sterility of NJCMS3A and its restoration were controlled by one pair of gametophyte male-sterile gene according to male fertility segregation of crosses between NJCMS3A and three restorers. The nuclear gene(s) of male sterility in NJCMS3A appeared different from the previously reported CMS lines, NJCMS1A and NJCMS2A. The development of NJCMS3A demonstrated the feasibility to discover new CMS system through choosing maintainers with suitable nuclear background.     

Influence of Tetracycline on the Expression of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (cms) in Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

To influence the expression of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms), different clone members of male sterile genotypes of chives were treated with different chemicals, especially antibiotics which are known to act as protein synthesis inhibitors. A remarkable number of male sterile plants turned to partial or full male fertility after the treatment with tetracycline HCl and tetracycline base. Pollen grains produced by tetracycline on male sterile plants were viable and able to fertilize the egg cells. By using the perennial nature of Allium schoenoprasum L. it could be shown that the fertility induced on male sterile plants by tetracycline is reversible. This could be of practical importance for the multiplication of male sterile parents in hybrid breeding. None of the chemicals had any effect on the fertility of male fertile plants. Differences in reaction indicated that genetic differences exist between male sterile plants responding to tetracycline and those which do not. The results are discussed in view of the influence of tetracycline on the mitochondrial protein biosynthesis.     

部分高粱转换系与不同高粱细胞质的育性反应

利用部分高粱转换系与具相同核背景不同细胞质的高粱不育系杂交,调查F_1代植株花粉育性和主要农艺性状,结果表明4种细胞质之间育性反应存在着明显的差异,A_1与A_2型细胞质之间差异较小;A_1、A_2与A_3、A_4型之间差异较大。A_1和A_2型细胞质与部分高粱转换系杂交F_1代的自交结实率之间的相关达极显著水准。A_2、A_3型细胞质对F_1代主要农艺性状的影响与A_1型对这些性状的影响无显著差异。A_2型细胞质可以在高粱杂交种生产中加以利用。A_3型细胞质与前两种细胞质的育性反应截然不同。找到了A_3型细胞质的恢复源和能同时恢复A_1、A_2、A_3型细胞质的材料。初步确定了能够鉴定高粱4种不同细胞质的鉴定系。通过对同核异质,异核同质育性反应的研究,表明4种细胞质完全不同,细胞质对育性反应起着决定性的作用,育性反应不因核背景的改变而发生显著变化,不同细胞质育性恢复机制不同。     

Inheritance of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility and breeding of photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture

The fertility segregations of F₁, F₂, BCF₁ descended from crosses between PSGMR and japonica varieties, and F₁'s anther cultured homozygous diploid pollen plant populations (H₂) were studied to reveal the genetic mechanism of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility in PSGMR under natural daylight length at Shanghai. Rate of bagged seed-setting was used as an indicator of fertility. Fifteen F₁ showed complete fertility similar to their parents. The ratio of completely sterile plants to fertile plants in fifteen F₂ and four BCF₁ was 1:15 and 1:3, respectively. The ratio of completely sterile to fertile diploid pollen plants in nine diploid populations (H₂) was 1:3. These results demonstrated that the photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility in PSGMR was governed by two pairs of independent major recessive genes. There were no significant fertility segregations in hybrids F₁ and selfed F₂ between Nongken 58S and its derivatives 7001S, 5088S, 5047S and M105-9S, indicating that the photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile genes in Nongken 58S were allelic to those in its derivatives. Several photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile diploid pollen lines were bred from anther cultured homozygous diploid populations (H₂) in about a three-year period. Most of these diploid lines showed significant fertility transformation and stable complete sterility from 5 August to 5 September, excellent agronomic traits and high resistance to blast and bacterial leaf blight. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic and cytological analysis of a new spontaneous male sterility in radish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Raphanus sativus</Emphasis> L.)

A male sterile plant appeared in the radish breeding program at the Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei, China. In its progeny, a two-type (half of plants male sterile, the other half male fertile) line 01GAB was established. An F₂ population of 260 plants from a cross of male-sterile 01GAB and a male fertile line 9802H segregated for male fertility in a 3:1 ratio indicating that fertility was restored by a single dominant gene, here designated RsMs. A PCR-based DNA marker specific to the male fertility Rfob gene in 9802H was absent in 01GAB. Linkage analysis placed the RsMs locus 10.7 cM away from the Rfo locus. In an F₂ population of hybrids between 01GAB and male fertile 9802B, a co-dominant DNA marker for the RSultr3.2A (a radish sulfate transporter gene) locus was linked to the RsMs locus at 1.5 cM suggesting that fertility restoration in 01GAB was located in the region with known male sterility restorers in radish. However, no maintainer for the 01GAB source of male sterility has been identified so far. Cytological observations have shown that the abnormalities in male sterile anthers first appeared in tapetum at the tetrad stage, followed by a hypertrophy of the tapetal cells at the vacuolate microspore period. These results suggest that male sterility in 01GAB is likely to be genetic in nature, or it may represent a new type of the cytoplasmic male sterility.     

一个与小麦雄性不育育性转换相关的MADS-box转录因子基因

为了揭示YS型小麦温敏雄性不育育性转换的基础, 构建了该类型不育系A3017的不育和可育幼穗正、反杂交的两个SSH-cDNA文库。经文库比较, 在不育文库中筛选出一个与MADS-box基因同源的EST序列(GenBank登录号: 36925702)。以该EST序列的同源性比对和拼接结果为依据, 设计引物对该基因在可育和不育幼穗中的表达进行了RT-PCR分析, 结果表明, 该基因在不育幼穗中表达量较高, 可育幼穗中表达量很低。对不育幼穗中扩增出的cDNA片段进行克隆测序, 获得了666 bp的cDNA序列。序列分析表明, 该片段编码160个氨基酸, 具有MADS-box转录因子的典型结构域K-box, 被定名为TaMS-MADSbox, 与一个小麦MADS box转录因子基因WAG的氨基酸序列的相似性为94%。进一步以3种不同类型的小麦雄性不育系和保持系的幼穗cDNA为材料, 利用半定量RT-PCR对该基因的表达模式分析发现也存在类似差异, 该基因在不育系幼穗中表达量较高, 而保持系幼穗中表达量较低。以上分析表明, 该MADS-box转录因子基因的表达与小麦雄性不育系的育性转化相关, 表达量高时表现雄性不育, 表达量低时表现雄性可育。     

一种普通小麦光温敏不育系的发现及初步研究

291S是笔者在普通小麦新品系西农291中发现的自然突变的雄性不育材料。本研究对291S的育性转换特性、雄性败育特点及不育性的遗传规律进行了初步分析。分期播种试验表明,291S是一种光温敏雄性不育系,秋播短日低温条件下表现为部分可育,春播长日高温条件下表现为高度不育,其可繁性和不育性经选择可以得到有效改良。291S在一定的光温条件诱导下会出现雄蕊心皮化现象。花粉粒I2-KI染色发现,291S在不育阶段花粉败育类型以圆败为主。遗传分析表明,291S可能为隐性核不育类型,其不育性由一对主效基因控制,还受到微效基因的修饰作用。291S类型的光温敏不育材料在两系法杂交小麦育种上具有良好的应用前景。     

偏型、粘型和易型小麦雄性不育系的初步研究

调查了10种不同山羊草(Aegilops)细胞质的异质小麦品种 Chris 与1B /1R 小黑麦易位系77(2)杂交 F_1及回交后代的育性表现,结果表明:1.在同核背景下,山羊草不同种的细胞质在对77(2)的育性反应上明显不同,依此差异进行特定的质核组配,能得到更宜于培育杂种小麦的新型不育系;2.不同的不育胞质在同核背景下虽都能产生雄性不育,但     

Height,competition and yield potential in winter wheat

Summary A monogenic dominant male sterility is used for hybrid production in autumn and winter cauliflower. The ratio of male sterile plants in the backcross progenies of autumn cauliflower was 1:1 over five years (1987–1991). However, a significant deficit of male sterile plants was observed in the winter type over the same period.The influence of the temperature on the male sterile phenotype was studied within backcross progenies planted inside polythene tunnels. Six classes of phenotype were defined during the flowering period (from May to November). At low temperature, some male sterile plants developed partial to complete male fertility, whereas at high temperature, male fertile plants became male sterile.Segregation among the progenies of self-pollinated unstable male sterile plants did not deviate from the expected 3:1 ratio. Plants homozygous for the male sterility allele have been revealed by test crosses with a male fertile plant.For use in seed production, stable male sterile plants are vegetatively maintained; however, crossing lines isogenic except at the MS locus would allow male sterile plants to be raised from seed.