日光温室番茄群体太阳总辐射量的分布规律及其与光合作用的关系

【目的】研究日光温室番茄群体的太阳总辐射量分布规律,为优化日光温室结构、控制日光温室环境提供理论依据。【方法】将日光温室番茄冠层按高度均匀分为4层,观测不同冠层的太阳总辐射量、叶面积指数、净光合速率和太阳总辐射透光率,探讨群体太阳总辐射量的变化规律及其与光合作用的关系。【结果】在番茄盛果期,日光温室内的太阳总辐射量南部明显高于北部,平均高出200 W/m2以上;中部略高于东、西部。太阳总辐射量在植株群体内垂直方向上随冠层高度的下降而减少,1.2,0.9,0.6和0.3 m冠层的太阳总辐射量日平均值分别为507,398,289和76 W/m2;越靠近冠层底部太阳总辐射量衰减的日变化越不明显。随着冠层高度的降低,累积叶面积指数增大,太阳总辐射量减小。净光合速率由冠层顶部向底部表现为随累积叶面积指数的增加而降低,随着太阳总辐射透光率的减少而减小,冠层顶部净光合速率最大,为22.59μmol/(m2.s),冠层底部最小,为8.00μmol/(m2.s)。【结论】日光温室中番茄群体太阳总辐射量的分布规律为:南部高于北部,中部略高于东、西部;太阳总辐射量分布与冠层高度、累积叶面积指数和净光合速率均有一定的相关性。     

Dimethyl sulfide in the surface ocean and the marine atmosphere: a global view

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) has been identified as the major volatile sulfur compound in 628 samples of surface seawater representing most of the major oceanic ecozones. In at least three respects, its vertical distribution, its local patchiness, and its distribution in oceanic ecozones, the concentration of DMS in the sea exhibits a pattern similar to that of primary production. The global weightedaverage concentration of DMS in surface seawater is 102 nanograms of sulfur (DMS) per liter, corresponding to a global sea-to-air flux of 39 x 10(12) grams of sulfur per year. When the biogenic sulfur contributions from the land surface are added, the biogenic sulfur gas flux is approximately equal to the anthropogenic flux of sulfur dioxide. The DMS concentration in air over the equatorial Pacific varies diurnally between 120 and 200 nanograms of sulfur (DMS) per cubic meter, in agreement with the predictions of photochemical models. The estimated source flux of DMS from the oceans to the marine atmosphere is in agreement with independently obtained estimates of the removal fluxes of DMS and its oxidation products from the atmosphere.     

Micropaleontology and ocean surface climate

The interpretation of micropaleontological data based on the fossil remains of planktonic organisms requires an appropriate reference frame. The environmental changes that the plankton experience are a combination of geographic and seasonal factors, correlated by the average drift trajectories. Appropriate methods have been developed to study two drifts in the North Atlantic, one form the west-central Sargasso Sea to the Norwegian Sea and another around the subtropical Sargasso Gyre. The data on planktonic foraminifera from core tops can be used to relate the relative species distribution to the characteristics of the present sea surface. At any one location, the fossil assembly results from a superposition of plankton that have had varied time-temperature histories. To interpret the climatic and geologic history from downcore data will require an iterative technique. One assumes a surface climatology, determines the fossil record this would produce, and then compares this inference with available core data. The climatological assumptions are then modified until a satisfactory agreement is reached.     

Radionuclide concentrations in surface air: direct relationship to global fallout

By relating the average monthly hemispheric concentrations of radionuclides in the suirface air to the monthly hemispheric fallout of these nuclides, we have derived proportionility constants. For every disintegration per minutte of a radioactive nutclide per 1000 cubic meters of the suirface air in the Northern Hemisphere, 3.3 kilocuirics of that nutclide will be deposited on the surface; in the Soluthern Hemisphere, 5.0 kilocutries will deposit for every disintegration per minutte per 1000 cuibic meters. Oni the basis of thlese factors, the global deposition of radionuclides can be estimated from a relatively small numbnber of measurements of the radioactivity in the surface air.     

From dimming to brightening: decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface

Variations in solar radiation incident at Earth's surface profoundly affect the human and terrestrial environment. A decline in solar radiation at land surfaces has become apparent in many observational records up to 1990, a phenomenon known as global dimming. Newly available surface observations from 1990 to the present, primarily from the Northern Hemisphere, show that the dimming did not persist into the 1990s. Instead, a widespread brightening has been observed since the late 1980s. This reversal is reconcilable with changes in cloudiness and atmospheric transmission and may substantially affect surface climate, the hydrological cycle, glaciers, and ecosystems.     

西安太阳总辐射时空变化特征及对城市发展的响应

根据西安辐射站太阳总辐射资料和周围23个气象台站日照百分率资料,建立1961-2009年西安市太阳总辐射资料时间序列,运用模糊聚类分析法将全市分为3个区,采取滑动t检验法进行突变检验及阶段分析,研究西安太阳总辐射的时空分布及变化特征.同时引用西安历年城区人口数据,对城区太阳总辐射与城市发展进行了相关性分析.结果表明:西安太阳总辐射具有东部多、西部次之、中部少的分布特征;1961-2009年呈波段减少的变化趋势,线性倾向率为-2.01％/10a,其中1977-1991年为显著减少阶段,以中部减少幅度最大;其间出现两次突变,突变年分别为1977年及1992年;城市发展带来大气污染物的增加,造成西安城区太阳总辐射对城市发展有较大的响应,西安城市发展对太阳总辐射季节影响上表现为冬、夏季远大于春、秋季.     

Small phytoplankton and carbon export from the surface ocean

Autotrophic picoplankton dominate primary production over large oceanic regions but are believed to contribute relatively little to carbon export from surface layers. Using analyses of data from the equatorial Pacific Ocean and Arabian Sea, we show that the relative direct and indirect contribution of picoplankton to export is proportional to their total net primary production, despite their small size. We suggest that all primary producers, not just the large cells, can contribute to export from the surface layer of the ocean at rates proportional to their production rates.     

Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification

Many physiological responses in present-day coral reefs to climate change are interpreted as consistent with the imminent disappearance of modern reefs globally because of annual mass bleaching events, carbonate dissolution, and insufficient time for substantial evolutionary responses. Emerging evidence for variability in the coral calcification response to acidification, geographical variation in bleaching susceptibility and recovery, responses to past climate change, and potential rates of adaptation to rapid warming supports an alternative scenario in which reef degradation occurs with greater temporal and spatial heterogeneity than current projections suggest. Reducing uncertainty in projecting coral reef futures requires improved understanding of past responses to rapid climate change; physiological responses to interacting factors, such as temperature, acidification, and nutrients; and the costs and constraints imposed by acclimation and adaptation.     

竹材磨削表面粗糙度与胶合强度关系的研究

【目的】分析影响竹材磨削表面粗糙度的因素以及表面粗糙度与胶合强度的关系,为竹材胶合加工工艺的选择提供参考依据。【方法】采用探针法等,测定不同粒度（60,80,100,150和180目）砂带磨削加工后竹材的表面粗糙度、表面自由基数量和表面接触角,对磨削加工试件进行胶合强度试验,分析表面粗糙度、表面自由基和表面接触角等对胶合强度的影响。【结果】磨削砂带粒度过小和过大时,胶合强度均较低。本试验条件下,砂带粒度为100目时,磨削竹材的胶合强度最高（7.19 MPa）,表面润湿性也最好。此时,表面粗糙度评价指标轮廓算术平均偏差（Ra）、微观十点不平度（Rz）和轮廓微观不平度平均间距（Sm）分别为7.2,50.7和130.8 μm,表面自由基数量为3.3×10⁴ g^-1,表面接触角约15°。【结论】竹材胶合加工表面磨削时选择100目的砂带较为合理。     

竹材磨削表面粗糙度与胶合强度关系的研究

【目的】分析影响竹材磨削表面粗糙度的因素以及表面粗糙度与胶合强度的关系,为竹材胶合加工工艺的选择提供参考依据。【方法】采用探针法等,测定不同粒度(60,80,100,150和180目)砂带磨削加工后竹材的表面粗糙度、表面自由基数量和表面接触角,对磨削加工试件进行胶合强度试验,分析表面粗糙度、表面自由基和表面接触角等对胶合强度的影响。【结果】磨削砂带粒度过小和过大时,胶合强度均较低。本试验条件下,砂带粒度为100目时,磨削竹材的胶合强度最高(7.19MPa),表面润湿性也最好。此时,表面粗糙度评价指标轮廓算术平均偏差(Ra)、微观十点不平度(Rz)和轮廓微观不平度平均间距(Sm)分别为7.2,50.7和130.8μm,表面自由基数量为3.3×104 g-1,表面接触角约15°。【结论】竹材胶合加工表面磨削时选择100目的砂带较为合理。     

The role of mesoscale tracer transports in the global ocean circulation

Ocean models routinely used in simulations of the Earth's climate do not resolve mesoscale eddies because of the immense computational cost. A new parameterization of the effects of these eddies has been implemented in a widely used model. A comparison of its solution with that of the conventional parameterization shows significant improvements in the global temperature distribution, the poleward and surface heat fluxes, and the locations of deep-water formation.     

Sea-level solar radiation in the biologically active spectrum

Calculations show a significant depletion of ultraviolet and visible radiation due to absorption and scattering by particulates and cloud drops for a fixed amount of ozone.     

利用表面张力系数和黏滞系数检测牛奶品质初探

【目的】探讨用牛奶表面张力系数和黏滞系数表征其内在品质的可行性。【方法】将鲜牛奶分为2组,1组置于（40±1) ℃ 温度下,测量不同放置时间（0～12 h）牛奶表面张力系数和黏滞系数的变化;另1组置于室温（25±1） ℃ 条件下,研究不同掺水量（V_水∶V_总分别为0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%）对牛奶表面张力系数和黏滞系数的影响。【结果】随放置时间的不断延长,牛奶表面张力系数在0～1 h急剧下降,1～7 h先缓慢上升后下降,7～9 h急剧上升,9～12 h缓慢上升;而牛奶黏滞系数在0～11 h变化不大,11 h后呈剧烈上升趋势。牛奶表面张力系数和黏滞系数与掺水量之间均呈极好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.943 6,0.954 9,其中掺水量达到10%时,牛奶品质即发生较大变化,其2个参数值分别显著下降4.05%和0.28%。【结论】表面张力系数较黏滞系数的灵敏度高,但稳定性较低;黏滞系数的灵敏度低,但稳定性较高。因此,可以将二者结合起来作为表征牛奶品质的物理指标。     

青年种公牛阴囊表面温度与精液品质关系初探

本研究旨在利用红外热像仪检测阴囊表面温差(ΔSST),探究ΔSST与精液品质的关系。2016年冬季实测北京奶牛中心种公牛站39头青年种公牛的阴囊表面温差ΔSST(早晨SST为5.14±1.32℃,中午SST为4.50±1.28℃)和牛舍环境温度,并收集了2016年10月—11月精液品质和畸形率检测结果数据,利用固定模型分析了不同影响因素对精子畸形率的影响,Logistic回归模型对鲜精活力进行预测。结果表明:1)不同ΔSST分组间精子畸形率差异不显著,早晨ΔSST高、低2组畸形率分别为10.80%、11.95%,中午ΔSST高、低2组畸形率分别为12.32%、10.46%;2)利用Logistic回归模型分析表明,品种,采精次数,早晨ΔSST分组,协变量月龄和体重等因素显著影响鲜精活力合格概率。因此,在避免其他因素影响拍摄效果的前提下,可利用热像仪测定阴囊表面温差,从而监测精液品质,并作为预测青年种公牛鲜精活力是否合格的有效标助信息。     

Carbon dioxide in the ocean surface: the homogeneous buffer factor

The amount of carbon dioxide that can be dissolved in surface seawater depends at least partially on the homogeneous buffer factor, which is a mathematical function of the chemical equilibrium conditions among the various dissolved inorganic species. Because these equilibria are well known, the homogeneous buffer factor is well known. Natural spatial variations depend very systematically on sea surface temperatures, and do not contribute significantly to uncertainties in the present or future carbon dioxide budget.     

Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean

Here we provide global estimates of the seasonal flux of sediment, on a river-by-river basis, under modern and prehuman conditions. Humans have simultaneously increased the sediment transport by global rivers through soil erosion (by 2.3 +/- 0.6 billion metric tons per year), yet reduced the flux of sediment reaching the world's coasts (by 1.4 +/- 0.3 billion metric tons per year) because of retention within reservoirs. Over 100 billion metric tons of sediment and 1 to 3 billion metric tons of carbon are now sequestered in reservoirs constructed largely within the past 50 years. African and Asian rivers carry a greatly reduced sediment load; Indonesian rivers deliver much more sediment to coastal areas.     

Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set

We estimated the oceanic inventory of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1980 to 1999 using a technique based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Our analysis suggests that the ocean stored 14.8 petagrams of anthropogenic carbon from mid-1980 to mid-1989 and 17.9 petagrams of carbon from mid-1990 to mid-1999, indicating an oceanwide net uptake of 1.6 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, respectively. Our results provide an upper limit on the solubility-driven anthropogenic CO2 flux into the ocean, and they suggest that most ocean general circulation models are overestimating oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake over the past two decades.