利用色差计快速测定番茄红素方法的研究

利用色差计测得的L、a、b值估测番茄样品中番茄红素含量,建立可以根据色差计的读数值估测果实中番茄红素含量的回归方程。经过验证,该方程相关性良好,根据色光值能够准确地估测出番茄果实中番茄红素含量,为日常检验工作提供了快速的测定方法。     

柑橘贮藏期间色差指数变化规律的研究

以锦橙、椪柑、脐橙和温州蜜柑为试材,研究了柑橘果实在贮藏期间果皮色差指数的变化规律笛榻峁砻鳎?4个柑橘品种在贮藏过程中的a值与a/b值显著升高,且贮藏末期的a/b值上升趋势减缓。贮藏期间的锦橙、脐橙、温州蜜柑果皮的L值和b值不断下降,而椪柑果实的L值与b值呈先上升后下降趋势。通过相关性分析,不同柑橘品种果皮的各色差指数间的相关性有所差异,但相同的是,4个柑橘品种的a值与a/b值均呈极显著的正相关。     

‘东魁’杨梅果实色泽指标及果实内在品质相关性

研究‘东魁’杨梅不同成熟程度果实色泽指标、内在品质指标的差异，探讨色泽指标和果实内在品质之间的相关性，为杨梅果实的外观色泽评判和果实的优质采收提供一定的参考依据。以露地、大棚和高山网室4个基地栽培的‘东魁’杨梅为试材，对成熟期不同成熟程度‘东魁’杨梅果实的色泽指标L*、a*、b*、a*/b*、C、H、CIRG值以及果实单果重、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比等品质指标进行测定和分析。结果表明，随着果实成熟度提高，颜色由红色至深红色、紫红色、紫黑色不断加深，果实色泽指标L*、a*、b*、C及H值呈降低趋势，a*/b*和CIRG值呈增大趋势，而果实可滴定酸含量呈降低趋势，固酸比呈增大趋势。其中CIRG值在4个基地的4个不同果实颜色中均表现出显著差异，能较好地反映杨梅果实颜色的差异，即CIRG值介于2.36～3.43果实为红色，介于3.69～4.14果实为深红色，介于4.80～5.46果实为紫红色，介于5.58～7.69果实为紫黑色，且在4个基地中CIRG值与果实固酸比均呈极显著正相关。研究认为CIRG值可用于‘东魁’杨梅外观色泽、成熟度和内在品质的量化评价。     

八种工夫红茶的茶汤色泽与感官品质之间的相关性分析

通过测定红茶色素的含量、茶汤色差值并与感官审评评分相结合,用统计分析的方法对实验数据进行处理,分析比较红茶色素、茶汤色差与感官审评评分三者之间的相互关系。结果表明,试样感官品质审评总评分与L值呈极显著负相关,与a、b、Cab、Sab、ΔE值呈极显著或显著正相关,与红茶色素含量的直线型相关性都不显著;L、Hab值与TR、TF呈正相关,与TB呈负相关;a、b、Cab、ΔE值与TR、TB呈正相关,与TF呈负相关;Sab值与TB呈正相关,与TR、TF呈负相关;TB与L值呈显著负相关,与a、Sab值呈显著正相关。     

大气O3浓度升高对玉米光合作用和籽粒品质的影响

利用开顶式气室研究了大气O3浓度升高对玉米（Zea mays L．）叶片光合作用、籽粒品质以及产量的影响。结果表明,整个生长季内,与对照相比,在高浓度O3（80nmol／mol）条件下,玉米叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著下降（P〈0．05）,而胞间CO2浓度先降低后升高并达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）,这说明使光合速率降低的主要因素由气孔限制逐渐转变为非气孔限制。与对照相比,高浓度O3处理植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素（a＋b）含量降低,叶绿素a／b值则先降低后升高。但是随着熏蒸时间的延长,高浓度O3处理植株的叶绿素a、叶绿素（a＋b）含量与叶绿素a／b值变化呈先升高后降低的趋势,与叶绿素b含量变化不同;O3浓度升高在一定程度上使玉米籽粒品质下降,其中蛋白质和淀粉含量降低,而粗脂肪和蛋脂总量略有升高;百粒重、穗粒数和穗粒重均显著低于对照（P〈0．05）,说明O3浓度升高降低了玉米的光合能力,籽粒品质受到影响,抑制了作物生长。     

不同土壤pH对多叶羽扇豆花色影响研究

以5种不同土壤pH的蓝色多叶羽扇豆（Lupinus polyphyllus ‘Nanus Russell Gallery Blue’）为材料,对其花色、花色素组成及含量的变化进行了研究。花色测定采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡（RHSCC）和分光色差计,色素定性及定量分析采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测技术（HPLC-PAD）和分光光度计进行测定。结果发现：随着土壤pH的降低,花朵翼瓣亮度L*值、色相a*值、彩度C*值逐渐降低,色相b*值逐渐升高,总花青苷、叶绿素含量升高;旗瓣中总花青苷也逐渐升高,其他各检测结果无明显相关性。推断土壤酸碱性影响蓝色多叶羽扇豆花瓣中花青苷的含量,从而影响花色的深浅。     

绿茶汤中主要化学物质与色泽劣变的相关性研究

利用色差计检测了5种绿茶茶汤在40℃贮藏12 d的条件下色泽变化,并跟踪检测了其主要内含物成分变化,利用SPSS软件对各主要化学成分与色差参数进行了相关性分析,结果表明儿茶素类EGCG、EC、C、GCG、ECG与茶汤色泽劣变显著相关,黄酮醇类化合物杨梅素半乳糖糖苷、杨梅素葡萄糖苷与L值、红绿度(a值)、a/b值均极显著相关。     

荔枝果肉热泵干燥及其储藏特性研究

为了探讨荔枝果肉热泵干燥特性及储藏过程中一些品质指标的变化规律,将去皮去核后的果肉进行热泵干燥,测定其干燥特性及储藏过程中色泽、褐变度、总酸、糖组分、质构及微生物指标的变化。结果表明：荔枝果肉在60 ℃下热泵干燥2 h,干燥速度升至最大值后进入降速干燥阶段,干燥过程中,亮度L*值变化不大,a*值和b*值显著增大;干燥18~20 h,样品的水分含量达25%左右、颜色呈金黄色;不同水分含量的荔枝果肉干在储藏过程中,L*值、a*值和b*值下降,果肉发生褐变,总酸含量呈上升趋势,果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖呈减少趋势;水分含量35%的样品储藏180 d褐变明显;荔枝果干的硬度和咀嚼性在储藏后期明显增大,黏着性变化不显著。采用热泵干燥荔枝果肉,25%水分含量的样品品质和储藏性较佳。     

由番茄果实表面色差估计的番茄红素含量遗传分析

本试验选择两个果实表面色差a/b显著不同的番茄品系,通过P1、P2、F1, F2、B1和B2六世代的分析方法,研究了由番茄果实表面色差a/b估计番茄红素含量的遗传规律。结果表明：由番茄果实表面色差估计番茄红素含量的遗传符合两对加性-显性-上位主基因遗传模型(B_1_1),主基因效应在B1、B2和F2 三个世代的遗传率分别为50.31％、65.15％和32.77％。     

Puroindoline b位点近等基因系对小麦籽粒淀粉含量和组分及其特性的影响

为了研究不同硬度等位基因与小麦籽粒淀粉组分含量及特性的关系,为小麦品质改良提供依据,以7个硬度Puroindoline b位点近等基因系为试材,研究了不同硬度基因型对小麦籽粒淀粉组分含量及特性的影响。结果表明,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a基因型的籽粒硬度值、支链淀粉含量最高;Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a基因型的淀粉溶解度最高,而Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d溶解度最低,两者差异达显著水平;不同基因型之间籽粒淀粉酶解力没有显著差异;冻融失水率以基因型Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b最低,表明Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b基因型冻融稳定性最好,可能较适宜冷冻食品的制作;对于抗性淀粉,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b基因型的抗性淀粉含量最高、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d最低,表明Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b基因型有助于籽粒中抗性淀粉含量的提高。     

洛神花-山楂复合果酱的工艺研究

通过研究原生态花果酱的最佳工艺,为新鲜洛神花和山楂果食用开发提供新思路。以鲜洛神花、鲜山楂果为主要原料,研究不同粗细程度、纯净水添加量和加热温度对洛神花感官品质的影响,及不同烫漂时间、软化温度、软化时间对鲜山楂果果泥感官品质的影响,并采用L₉(3⁴)正交试验研究调制花果酱时鲜洛神花花泥和鲜山楂果果泥比例、蔗糖和果葡糖浆添加量,筛选最优配方。结果表明,新鲜洛神花在胶体磨的转速为2000 r/min打浆,粗细均匀、顺滑度好;当料水比10:2、温度45℃时,熬制的洛神花原酱感官品质最佳。新鲜山楂果在水温95℃、烫漂20 min时,果皮、果核、果肉比较容易分离;鲜山楂果果肉软化温度60℃、时间持续20 min时,果泥形成速度快且口感和香气宜人。     

Genotype and environmental interaction for fruit quality traits in vintage tomato varieties

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second most highly consumed vegetable in the world after potato. Traits including physicochemical (lycopene, total titratable acid (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS) and vitamin C), morphological (fruit shape and size) and colors contribute to the overall fruit quality of tomato. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate vintage tomato varieties representing a wide genetic background for fruit quality including physicochemical, morphological and color traits in multiple environments and to analyze consistency of their performances across locations. In order to achieve this objective, we acquired 44 vintage tomato varieties and evaluated them in five environments (NC, NY, OH in 2009, and NC and OH in 2010). Analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant (p < 0.01) difference among genotypes and environments for all quality traits, Genotype × Environment interaction was significant (p < 0.01) for all quality traits except for TSS. Broad-sense heritability of physicochemical traits ranged from 5.8 % (lycopene) to 35.7 % (TTA) whereas that for morphological traits ranged from 8.1 % (proximal eccentricity) to 97.3 % (fruit shape index external 1), and color from 69.0 % (a*-value) to 99.3 % (b*-value). Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that estimated lycopene content was negatively correlated with the other physicochemical traits whereas vitamin C, TSS and TTA were positively correlated with each other. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on phenotypic data identified five components explaining at least 82 % of the total variation. Cluster analysis based on phenotypic data revealed the clusters of vintage tomato varieties were not distinct whereas single nucleotide polymorphism data revealed three distinct populations. This information including heritability and correlation coefficients from the present study may be useful to tomato breeding programs to choose germplasm, improve the response to selection and simultaneously improve multiple traits for tomato fruit quality.     

番茄品质性状的遗传多样性研究

以美国和欧洲种植的11份番茄地方品种、国内部分地区1950—1980年种植过的21份常规品种和12份自育自交系为材料,对它们的主要物理特性和化学特性进行了研究。结果表明,11个被测性状在基因型间都有极显著的差异,但多数性状的广义遗传力较低。和欧美品种相比,国内品种的果型偏大、果肉偏软、果酱含量和可溶物含量偏少、番茄红素偏低。对品质特性的遗传多样性和品质改良的潜力进行了讨论。     

不同配料比对杏果蔬原汁品质的影响

新疆有着丰富的杏子和番茄资源,为了充分利用这2种果蔬的营养物质,将其加工制成杏果蔬原汁。笔者进行了5种配料的杏果蔬原汁的品质测定,结果表明,用杏子、蔬菜番茄、蔬菜黄瓜质量比为1:2:1的配料,制成的杏果蔬原汁色泽和口感好,胡萝卜素、VC和番茄红素含量较高。     

不同发育阶段‘文紫椒1号’果色色素的比例和组织定位

研究旨在阐明‘文紫椒1号’果实在不同发育阶段的色素比例和组织定位,为丘北辣椒在观赏园艺中的应用和观赏型新奇果色新品种的选育提供参考。以种植于云南文山州砚山县的‘文紫椒1号’果实为试材,将果实分为5个发育阶段,用分光光度法检测了果实的叶绿素含量([Chl])、类胡萝卜素含量([Car])、总黄酮类含量(TFC)、总花色苷含量(TAC)和辣椒红素含量([Cap]),并分析其配比和相关性,同时用徒手切片法检测了色素的组织定位。结果表明,在发育过程中,‘文紫椒1号’果实[Chla]/[Chlb]的最大值出现在发育阶段3,[Chl(a+b)]/[Car]、[Chl(a+b)]/TFC和[Chl(a+b)]/TAC的最大值均出现在阶段2,而[Chl(a+b)]/[Cap]、TFC/TAC、TFC/[Cap]和TAC/[Cap]的最大值均出现在阶段1。[Chla]、[Chlb]、[Chl(a+b)]、[Car]、TFC、TAC和[Cap]之间的相关性不尽一致,其中,TAC与[Chl(a+b)]、TFC之间均呈不显著正相关,而与[Car]之间呈不显著负相关,[Cap]则与[Chl(a+b)]、[Car]、TFC和TAC之间分别呈显著负相关、极显著正相关、不显著正相关和不显著负相关。果实色素主要定位在中果皮细胞中,细胞的色相和色度变化趋势与果色的高度一致。所以,‘文紫椒1号’的果色源于各发育阶段果皮细胞中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素（含辣椒红素）和黄酮类（含花色苷）色素的比例差异。     

Postharvest ultraviolet-C irradiation suppressed Psy 1 and Lcy-β expression and altered color phenotype in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit

Mature green cherry tomato fruit were harvested and treated with ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation at a predetermined dose of 4.2 kJ m⁻², and stored at 18 °C for 35 days. The effects of UV-C treatment on color change, pigment contents, and the expression of major genes involved in carotenoid metabolism, including Psy 1, Pds, Lcy-β, and Lcy-ɛ, encoding phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, lycopene β-cyclase and lycopene ɛ-cyclase, respectively, were examined. The UV-C treated fruit developed a pink red color in contrast to the normal orange red color of control fruit. Lycopene accumulation during ripening in UV-C treated fruit was significantly inhibited but its final content was not affected. However, both accumulation and final content of β-carotene were significantly suppressed in UV-C treated fruit. The lower content of β-carotene, leading to a higher lycopene to β-carotene ratio, is probably responsible for the altered color phenotype in UV-C treated fruit. Psy 1, a major gene involved in lycopene synthesis was inhibited by UV-C irradiation. Significantly suppressed expression of Lcy-β gene was also observed in UV-C treated fruit. Thus it is possible that the lower transformation from lycopene to carotenes contributed to the relatively stable content of lycopene.     

Spatial-temporal analyses of lycopene and sugar contents in tomatoes during ripening using chemical shift imaging

During the ripening process, fruit and vegetables undergo physico-chemical changes which affect their color, texture, aroma, and sugar content, etc. For tomatoes, color change is the main index of ripening stages, and it is associated with metabolized lycopene. In order to detect the internal changes of sugar and lycopene contents in tomatoes during ripening, chemical shift imaging (CSI) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were employed. Imaging experiments on tomatoes were performed in a Bruker 7T MRI system using the gradient-echo sequence for scanning. Spatial distribution of the internal sugar and lycopene contents of tomatoes were, for the first time, revealed and compared before and after the ripening process. The CSI analysis showed that a linear relationship existed between CSI intensity and concentrations of sugar solutions in the range of 0.1-1.0 M. The CSI results indicate that there was no consistent trend in the variation of sugar signal intensity during ripening while the lycopene content significantly increased in the outer pericarp and columella of the tomatoes at the red ripe stage, as compared to the mature green stage. This observation for the sugar and lycopene signal intensities was further confirmed by HPLC analyses. The non-destructive CSI technique has potential as an efficient tool for the physiological analysis of fruit and vegetables.     

基于数码相机的水稻氮素营养诊断

作物叶片的颜色与其氮素营养状况密切相关,因此可以用叶片的绿色程度来反映其氮素水平。为了量化水稻叶片颜色特征并建立其与氮素营养状况间的关系,使用数码相机拍摄了不同品种、氮肥用量的水稻叶片图像,并比较了3个图像特征参数色相(H, Hue)、明度(V, Value)、深绿色指数(DGCI)与SPAD值及水稻叶片含氮量的关系。结果表明,H、V、DGCI与SPAD值间存在良好的线性关系,拔节期、孕穗期DGCI和SPAD值间的决定系数分别为0.62**、0.60**。同时,3个特征参数和叶片含氮量间也存在良好的线性关系,孕穗期H、V、DGCI与叶片含氮量间的决定系数分别为0.53**、0.63**、0.59**。利用图像特征参数对水稻进行氮素营养诊断时选择孕穗期较好,3个特征参数中V较稳定,与水稻氮素营养间关系最好。