Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in humans and animals

The presence of antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (E. intestinalis) was examined in 215 samples from humans and in 488 samples from five different species of domestic and companion animals in Slovakia. The 215 human samples and samples from 90 swine, 123 non-infected cattle (cattle), 24 cattle infected with bovine leukosis virus (BLV-positive cattle), 140 sheep and 111 dogs were examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples with serum titres 1:200 or higher were considered as positive. Specific anti-E. cuniculi antibodies were found in humans (0.9%), swine (52%), cattle (2%), sheep (9%) and dogs (15%) except for the BLV-positive cattle at the titre of 1:200. The titre of 1:400 was detected only in humans (0.5%). The presence of specific anti-E. intestinalis antibodies at the titre of 1:200 was confirmed in humans (6%), swine (51%), cattle (11%), BLV-positive cattle (13%) and dogs (6%) but not in sheep. The anti-E. intestinalis antibodies reached the 1:400 in humans (1%), swine (4%) and BLV-positive cattle (17%). The presence of specific anti-E. intestinalis antibodies at the titre of 1:600 was observed only in one swine (1%). Significant differences were observed in animals at titres 1:200 and 1:400 (chi-squared test: p < 0.0001) for both pathogens and in humans only for E. cuniculi at the titre of 1:400 (chi-squared test: p < 0.0075).     

猪捷申病毒Swine/CH/IMH/03分离株细胞适应性和致病性研究

为确定猪捷申病毒(PTV)Swine/CH/IMH/03株的易感细胞系及其致病性,本实验将该病毒接种不同细胞,通过细胞病变、电子显微镜观察和PCR技术进行鉴定。并进一步将该病毒回归本动物鉴定其致病性。试验结果表明,PTV Swine/CH/IMH/03对IB-RS-2和PK-15细胞系敏感,能够在IB-RS-2和PK-15细胞系中增殖。致病性试验结果显示,Swine/CH/IMH/03分离株能够导致实验猪出现神经症状,剖检可见脑、肾、脾、肠道发生出血,病理组织学检查可见脑实质内胶质细胞浸润、肾脏间质小血管淤血、脾淋巴细胞减少、小肠伴有出血及淋巴细胞浸润等病理变化,对仔猪具有强致病性。     

Pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin against Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) correlation in sheep

Silicone-made tissue cages were implanted in sheep. Blood serum (SBS) and tissue cage fluid (TCF) samples were collected after amoxicillin intravenous and intramuscular administrations, at the dose of 15 mg/kg. Amoxicillin pharmacodynamics were studied in an artificial culture medium, SBS and TCF with use of a Mannheimia haemolytica and a Pasteurella multocida strain. A concentration-independent antimicrobial activity of amoxicillin was confirmed for levels higher than 0.79–1.75 × MIC. This result favored the use of the percentage of the 24 h dosing interval during which drug levels remain above MIC as the appropriate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index. The subsequent correlation revealed that intravenous administration could be considered effective against “deep” infections caused by bacteria with MICs < 1 μg/mL or “shallow” infections caused by bacteria with MICs < 0.1 μg/mL. Intramuscular administration could be safely considered effective against both “deep” and “shallow” infections when the MICs of the targeted pathogens are lower than 1 μg/mL.     

bta-miR-34b/c和bta-miR-449a/b/c靶基因预测及生物信息学分析

【目的】试验旨在对bta-miR-34b/c和bta-miR-449a/b/c的序列保守性、转录因子和靶基因进行生物信息学预测和分析,探究其影响精子发生的作用机制,为研究其生物学功能及作用机制提供指导和思路。【方法】利用miRBase数据库获取不同物种的bta-miR-34b/c和bta-miR-449a/b/c序列并进行相似性分析;通过TargetScan、miRWalk、miRDB等方法预测bta-miR-34b/c和bta-miR-449a/b/c的靶基因,对获得的靶基因集合分别进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析;通过AnimalTFDB获取共同调控bta-miR-34b/c和bta-miR-449a/b/c的转录因子,并构建TF-miRNA-mRNA作用网络。【结果】bta-miR-34b/c和bta-miR-449a/b/c在不同物种间高度保守。预测得到2个转录因子和49个候选靶基因,这些靶基因主要富集在精子发生、钙离子依赖性胞吐的调节、胰岛素分泌的调节等GO条目,以及HIF-1信号通路、甲状腺激素信号通路、Wnt信号通路等KEGG通路。bta-miR-34b/c、bta-m...     

Medetomidine/tiletamine/zolazepam and xylazine/tiletamine/zolazepam combinations for immobilization of fallow deer (Cervus dama).

Eleven adult fallow deer (Cervus dama) were anesthetized using a mixture of xylazine/tiletamine/zolazepam, and 10 were anesthetized with a mixture of medetomidine/tiletamine/zolazepam. Anesthesia was adequate for capture in all instances, and minor surgical procedures were possible in seven of the animals treated with xylazine/tiletamine/zolazepam and in all of the animals treated with medetomidine/tiletamine/zolazepam. Blood gas, hematologic, serum biochemical, and cardiorespiratory parameters were measured during all immobilizations. The deer immobilized with xylazine/tiletamine/zolazepam had significantly higher lactate and cortisol values than the deer immobilized with the medetomidine combination. Although both methods were adequate for fallow deer, the medetomidine/tiletamine/zolazepam combination produced superior results.     

鸭流感病毒4/2004-H6N2亚型毒株的血凝素基因全序列克隆与分析

2004初从正常鸭群中分离到一株鸭源禽流感病毒，命名为A／Duck／HN／4／2004(H6N2)。经对血凝素基因(HA)序列分析发现HA基因全长为1744bp，共编码566个氨基酸，在裂解位点仅含一个碱性氨基酸-精氨酸(R)，符合LPAIV的标准。将所得基因序列与已发表的同一亚型参考序列分析表明，与H6亚型流感HA基因同源性为89．2％-97．1％，经分子遗传演化分析表明本次分离株与香港分离株A／Duck／Hong Kong／3600／99(H6N2)、A／Duck／Hong Kong／3600／99(H6N2)最近。     

禽流感病毒A／Turkey／Canada／63毒株HA和NA基因的克隆及序列分析

用SPF鸡胚增殖禽流感病毒（AIV）A／Turkey／Canada／63毒株，提取病毒基因组总RNA，应用RT-PCR技术分别扩增该病毒分离株的HA和NA基因全片段，并克隆到pMD18-T载体上。测序结果表明，该毒株的HA基因全长为1745bp，含有完整的阅读框架，编码566个氨基酸；NA基因全长1467bp，编码469个氨基酸。BLAST序列比较结果显示，该毒株HA基因属于H6亚型，NA基因属于N2亚型。将获得的HA和NA基因与AIV数据库中H6和N2基因进行遗传演化分析，表明该毒株HA基因与其他H6基因核苷酸的同源性为80．5％～87．3％，氨基酸的同源性为88．0％～93．1％；NA基因与其他N2基因核苷酸的同源性为86．0％～93．5％，氨基酸的同源性为90．6％～96．3％。     

人源H3N2亚型猪流感病毒A／Swine／Guangdong／1／2005的分离鉴定及全基因遗传演化分析

2005年从广东桌猪场采集疑似流感病猪的病料(气管和肺脏)样品共40份,通过MDCK细胞培养分离到6株A型流感病毒,经过血凝抑制和PCR扩增方法鉴定均为H3N2亚型.挑选其中一个代表株A/swine/Guangdong/1/05(H3N2)(SwGD1/05)进行全基因组测序并与GenBank中相关序列比较,结果发现SwGD1/05的8个基因分别与人流感病毒相关基因氨基酸同源性高达98.5%～99.4%;SwGDI/05的8个基因进化树中分别位于北美和欧洲人流感病毒进化谱系位置;由此推测SwGD1/05可能来源于北美或欧洲人源流感病毒株.这一结果为阐明猪作为流感病毒传播的中间宿主作用提供了的理论支持,本研究具有重要的人类公共卫生意义.     

In vitro antagonistic activities of Lactobacillus spp. against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli

The sensitivity of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli, respectively the causative agents of Swine Dysentery and Porcine Intestinal Spirochaetosis to two probiotic Lactobacillus strains, L. rhamnosus CNCM-I-3698 and L. farciminis CNCM-I-3699 was studied through viability, motility and coaggregation assays. The cell-free supernatant of these lactobacilli contains lactic acid, that is stressful for Brachyspira (leading to the formation of spherical bodies), and lethal. It was demonstrated for the first time the in vitro coaggregation properties of two probiotic Lactobacillus strains (active or heat-treated) with two pathogenic strains of Brachyspira, leading to (1) trapping of spirochaetal cells in a physical network as demonstrated by SEM; (2) inhibition of the motility of Brachyspira. Such in vitro studies should encourage in vivo studies in animal model to evaluate the potential of the use of probiotic lactobacilli through a feeding strategy for the prevention of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli.     

H1N2亚型猪流感病毒A／Swine／Guangdong／1／06分离鉴定和对猪致病性研究

2006年5月从广东某大型猪场采集具有流感症状保育猪鼻拭子共98份,无菌常规处理猪鼻拭子后接种MDCK细胞,分离到4株流感病毒.用血凝抑制和PCR方法鉴定均为H1N2亚型.挑选其中一株A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(H1N2),进行全基因组测序,并与GenBank中相关序列进行比较.核苷酸同源性分析表明:A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(HIN2)与A/Swine/Guangxi/13/06不同基因之间同源性为96.6%～98.1%.以106EID50的剂量,将H1N2病毒鼻腔感染35日龄仔猪,结果表明H1N2亚型流感病毒可以感染猪上呼吸道.但不表现临床症状.本研究结果对于揭示H1N2亚型猪流感流行规律和病毒的致病机理具有一定的意义.     

Synergistic and antagonistic hemolytic activities of bacteria of genus Arcanobacterium and CAMP-like hemolysis of Arcanobacterium phocae and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum with Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus

A total of 57 bacteria representing eight species of genus Arcanobacterium (A.) were investigated for hemolytic properties on blood agar containing sheep and rabbit blood and for CAMP-like reactions. An enhanced hemolysis on blood agar containing rabbit blood compared to sheep blood could be observed for A. haemolyticum, less pronounced for A. hippocoleae and A. pluranimalium.A synergistic hemolytic reaction with staphylococcal β-hemolysin appeared to be constantly visible for A. hippocoleae, A. pluranimalium and A. pyogenes, with Streptococcus agalactiae for A. phocae and A. haemolyticum, with Rhodococcus equi for A. phocae, A. haemolyticum, A. pluranimalium and A. pyogenes and with A. haemolyticum for A. hippocoleae, A. pluranimalium and A. pyogenes, respectively. A reverse CAMP-reaction in the zone of staphylococcal β-hemolysin could be observed for A. phocae and A. haemolyticum. In addition, a novel CAMP-like reaction could be noted between Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus, identified by 16S rDNA sequencing, and A. phocae and A. haemolyticum. These synergistic or antagonistic hemolytic properties could possibly be used as additional criteria for identification of bacteria of genus Arcanobacterium.     

郏县红牛皮肤真菌病的流行性调查及治疗体会

本文以场内生产情况为例,记录了牛皮肤真菌病的症状、治疗及诊断和防治措施,以期给同行提供参考,共同探讨。     

In vitro antiviral activity of chestnut and quebracho woods extracts against avian reovirus and metapneumovirus

Field evidences have suggested that a natural extract, containing tannins, could be effective against poultry enteric viral infections. Moreover previous studies have shown that vegetable tannins can have antiviral activity against human viruses. Based on this knowledge three different Chestnut (Castanea spp.) wood extracts and one Quebracho (Schinopsis spp.) wood extract, all containing tannins and currently used in the animal feed industry, were tested for in vitro antiviral activity against avian reovirus (ARV) and avian metapneumovirus (AMPV). The MTT assay was used to evaluate the 50% cytotoxic compounds concentration (CC₅₀) on Vero cells. The antiviral properties were tested before and after the adsorption of the viruses to Vero cells. Antiviral activities were expressed as IC₅₀ (concentration required to inhibit 50% of viral cytopathic effect). CC₅₀s of tested compounds were >200 μg/ml. All compounds had an extracellular antiviral effect against both ARV and AMPV with IC₅₀ values ranging from 25 to 66 μg/ml. Quebracho extract had also evident intracellular anti-ARV activity (IC₅₀ 24 μg/ml). These preliminary results suggest that the examined vegetable extracts might be good candidates in the control of some avian virus infections. Nevertheless further in vivo experiments are required to confirm these findings.     

Humoral antibody and lymphocyte blastogenesis responses in BALE/c, C3H/HeJ and AKR/N mice following Ehrlichia risticii infection

Three strains of mice, two susceptible to Ehrlichia risticii induced disease (balb/c and C3H/HeJ) and one resistant (akr/n), were evaluated for the development of Immoral and cell mediated immune responses following infection with E risticii. The production of serum antibody was determined by indirect fluorescent antibody testing of sera from mice of each strain challenged with one of three different dose levels of E risticii. Antibody was assayed on days 7, 9, 12, 15 and 20 after inoculation. Cell mediated immune responses were evaluated by measuring the blastogenesis response of spleen cells from E risticii infected mice 28 days after inoculation. All three strains of mice at the high challenge level responded with the production of antibody by day 9 after inoculation. Overall, the antibody response occurred earlier and was of greater magnitude in the susceptible balb/c and C3H/HeJ strains. A marked blastogenesis response occurred in splenocytes from E risticii infected mice of all three strains upon re-exposure to ehrlichial antigen. The findings of this study indicate that susceptibility to E risticii induced disease was not the result of deficient or delayed humoral immune responses and that E risticii infection induced the development of strong cell mediated immunity.     

中草药防治母牛不孕症及其作用机理

养牛业作为农业产业之一,肉、奶等产品在市场上的需求不断提升,但在养殖过程母牛患上生殖系统疾病,该病可引发发情期紊乱等疾病,如不有效治疗会严重影响母牛正常繁殖,养殖场效益受到影响。母牛生殖系统疾病治疗需根据临床诊断采取合理的方案进行,中草药治疗该病在临床上效果明显,本文通过采用中药对母牛生殖系统疾病进行,并阐述相关的作用机理,以供同行参考。     

Agreement of SpO2, SaO2 and ScO2 in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Objective To assess the agreement between three measurements of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂, SaO₂ and ScO₂) in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys. Study Design Prospective study. Animals Eleven mature, male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis). Methods Monkeys were anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine followed by intravenous propofol. The trachea of each was intubated and the lungs ventilated. Arterial oxygen saturation was measured with a Nonin 8500 V pulse oximeter, using a lingual clip on the cheek. Arterial blood samples were taken from an indwelling catheter. Inspired oxygen concentration was varied from 12 to 20%, and 88 paired arterial blood samples and saturation measurements were taken. Arterial oxygen saturation in the blood samples was measured using a cooximeter. The saturation was also calculated from the arterial oxygen tension using the Adair equation. The results were compared using Bland and Altman's method. Results The pulse oximeter readings were 2.7% higher than that of the cooximeter, with a limit of agreement of ?3.9 to 9.3%. The pulse oximeter readings were 1.8% higher than the calculated saturation, with a limit of agreement of ?6.5% to 10.1%. The cooximeter readings were 0.9% lower than the calculated saturation, with a limit of agreement of ?5.6% to 3.8%. Conclusions The agreement between SpO₂ and other measurements of arterial oxygen saturation in this study is typical for this technique. The bias and limits of agreement are consistent with reports in other species. Clinical relevance The Nonin 8500 V is a useful pulse oximeter for clinical use in primates.