环型和圆型钓钩的力学性能

为了在我国金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中推广应用圆型钓钩,必须掌握圆型钓钩、环型钓钩受力时的位移和应变等力学性能。实验对环型钓钩3.4~4.5和圆型钓钩14/0~4.5采用万能实验机进行拉伸实验,利用数字图像相关测试系统对实验过程中钓钩的位移、应变等进行动态测量。结果显示:(1)当拉力为0~500 N、500~800 N时,圆型钩14/0~4.5最大应变分别为0.012、0.018,环型钩3.4~4.5最大应变分别为0.010、0.025;(2)当拉力为0~500 N、500~800 N时,圆型钩14/0~4.5最大位移分别为5.16 mm、8.50 mm,环型钩3.4~4.5最大位移分别为4.36 mm、6.01 mm。环型钓钩3.4~4.5为4.36 mm。对环型钓钩3.4~4.5和圆型钓钩14/0~4.5应变、位移进行卡方检验,发现环型钓钩3.4~4.5、圆型钓钩14/0~4.5力学性能无显著性差异。研究建议今后在金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中推广应用圆型钓钩。     

基于有限元分析的金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩力学性能研究

掌握金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩的应力、变形等力学性能有利于改进钓钩设计和正确选用材料。实验针对生产实际中常用的2种钓钩(环形钩和圆形钩)进行三维实体建模,利用ANSYS软件对其进行有限元分析,获得钓钩的等效应力、变形的分布模式和可能的破坏条件及形式;由同尺寸和同结构钓钩的拉伸实验结果验证了数值分析得到的最大应力和变形结果,并根据数值分析的结果对钓钩进行了结构优化分析。结果显示:(1)同规格环形钩的抗拉强度优于圆形钩15.80%~29.40%,环形钩X、Y轴最大变形率比圆形钩分别小3.00%和0.21%;(2)钓钩的主要受力区域在后弯处(承受83.00%~86.00%的应力),轴头孔下端存在应力集中;(3)对后弯、前弯表面进行压扁处理(压下率为15.00%),适当增加钓钩后弯的圆弧曲率(曲率半径由14 mm增至16 mm)、钩轴采用圆弧过渡等措施,可提升钓钩强度4.60%~10.80%。研究表明,圆形钩是良好的生态保护型钓钩,强度满足使用要求,可在延绳钓渔业中使用。     

金枪鱼延绳钓的渔具和渔法

五、金枪鱼延绳钓具装配中应注意的问题金枪鱼延绳钓的主绳长度和支绳间距决定于最佳的放钓钩数,浮子绳和支绳长度控制钓钩的所在水层,而最佳的钓沟数是取决于钓船的放钓能力和作业环境。因此,在考虑钓具的松放深度时,要求适应金枪鱼类的栖息水层,从而提高鱼类的上钓率。 (一)主绳的长度、粗度和捻向:     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓性能评估初步研究

利用2009～2010年我国大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓调查数据,对金枪鱼延绳钓钓具性能进行评估。结果表明:金枪鱼延绳钓具有较好的种类选择性,大眼金枪鱼渔获量和尾数分别占总渔获量的73.67%和76.00%;大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)未达到性成熟的渔获尾数比例分别为13.00%、25.97%和48.93%;1～6号钓钩,大眼金枪鱼上钩率随钓钩深度增加呈递增趋势,6～8号钓钩上钩率呈递减趋势,6号钓钩上钩率最大为9.46尾/千钩;3号至8号钓钩上钩率均大于7尾/千钩,表明1号和2号钓钩利用率偏低;根据钓钩理论深度,推测大眼金枪鱼主要分布水层为220m～350m。通过调节缩短率和浮子绳长度对钓具进行优化,使得钓钩分布水层与大眼金枪鱼分布水层更为接近,提高钓钩利用率。     

金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中缓解海龟误捕方法研究进展

海龟是金枪鱼延绳钓误捕的主要物种之一,如何减少其误捕是国际社会关切的热点.海龟栖息水层和环境不同于金枪鱼,钓钩和饵料等也影响海龟的误捕.文章从钓钩深度、钓钩的选择性、饵料的选择性、环境因子以及声学因素等方面综述了国内外金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中缓解海龟误捕方法的研究进展.控制延绳钓钓钩深度是缓解海龟误捕的有效途径;较大尺寸的圆...     

吉尔伯特群岛海域延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼的环境偏好

为了掌握基里巴斯吉尔伯特群岛附近海域大眼金枪鱼的环境偏好,2009年9月至12月,金枪鱼延绳钓船"深联成719"在该海域进行了调查。利用仪器获取海洋环境数据,结合每天渔获数据,应用逐步回归方法,建立钓钩深度预测模型,计算大眼金枪鱼在各水层、温度、盐度、叶绿素、含氧量、水平海流和垂直海流范围内的渔获率,渔获率最大的各环境因子范围为大眼金枪鱼偏好的环境。结果表明:(1)大眼金枪鱼偏好的水层、水温、盐度、叶绿素、含氧量、水平海流和垂直海流范围分别为200.0~240.0 m、14.0~15.0℃、35.00~35.10、0.24~0.26μg/L、3.0~4.0 mg/L、0.00~0.20 m/s和0.03~0.04 m/s;(2)一般情况下,接近成熟的大眼金枪鱼偏好的水温为14.0~17.0℃;(3)大眼金枪鱼的适盐性较广;(4)溶解氧高于门限值(0.8 mg/L)时,大眼金枪鱼的分布由其它环境因子决定。     

北太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩垂直分布及浸泡时间对渔获物的影响

根据中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔业观察员于2018年9-12月在北太平洋公海(150°W-164°W,30°N-37°N)采集的金枪鱼延绳钓渔获数据,分析了钓钩的垂直分布及浸泡时间与渔获物之间的关系。结果表明,11种主要渔获物钓获深度差异很大,鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)的平均钓获深度最浅,大青鲨(Prionace glauca)最深;除大青鲨和帆蜥鱼(Alepisaurus ferox)外,其他兼捕鱼类的钓钩深度分布与大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus,目标鱼种)之间差异显著;随着浸泡时间的增加,总渔获率呈先增加后下降的趋势,10~14 h内渔获率较高,且在第10小时达到峰值[1.44尾·(千钩·h)-1];浸泡时间在10~16 h内大眼金枪鱼的渔获率较高,且在第11小时达到峰值[0.45尾·(千钩·h)-1]。研究结果可为渔业生产和CPUE的标椎化提供参考,为制定有效减少兼捕鱼种的管理措施提供科学依据。     

金枪鱼延绳钓力学性能研究进展

延绳钓的力学性能直接影响渔获效率与能源消耗。文章总结了国内外金枪鱼延绳钓力学性能由最初的海上实测到动水槽模型试验再到数值模拟研究的相关研究方法与成果。结果显示:1)延绳钓的力学分析已从静态分析发展为动态分析;2)进行小尺度延绳钓模型试验,目的是验证特定情况下数值模拟分析的准确性;3)根据数值模拟和实测结果确定了延绳钓干线垂直阻力系数(CN90)为1.12和惯性力系数(Cm)为3。建议今后对延绳钓力学性能研究为:1)研究渔具材料刚度、阻尼对数值模拟精度的影响;2)结合金枪鱼的行为特征研究其上钩后的水动力,并将其考虑到模型之中,使模型与实际作业状态更加接近;3)对于渔具与海流、渔船、绞机和渔获物之间的相互作用机理进行深入的数值模拟研究。     

罩网兼作金枪鱼延绳钓的钓钩深度与渔获水层分析

2015年3-4月及2017年1月在南海外海进行了两次罩网渔船兼作金枪鱼延绳钓的捕捞试验,基于试验数据分析延绳钓钓钩深度及渔获水层分布,以期优化改进试验钓具,有效提高南海金枪鱼延绳钓捕捞效益。研究发现:1)经济渔获以剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)与黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)为主,剑鱼的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE,kg·千钩-1)为所有渔获中最高; 2)钓钩深度(D)与钩位(n)、风速(SW)、风流合压角(γ)成正相关,与漂移速度(SD)、投绳船速(SV)呈负相关,回归方程为:D=10. 259n-37. 247SD-29. 878SV+6. 940SW+23. 493γ+35. 633; 3)模型的预测结果与实测数据间无显著性差异,相对权重表明各影响因子中钩位具有最大的相对重要性; 4)试验中拟合钩深分布范围为35. 08～110. 80 m,剑鱼上钩率与CPUE最高的水层为60～80 m,黄鳍金枪鱼上钩率与CPUE最高的水层为80～100 m; 5) 60～80 m水层主要经济渔获CPUE最大且钓钩数目最多,认为钓钩水层分布较合理。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获物垂直结构的初步研究

根据2012年7~11月金枪鱼科学观察员在中西太平洋采集的钩位深度以及渔获物的钓获钩位数据,分析了各钩位的上浮率和钓获鱼种的垂直分布结构,并比较了不同鱼种垂直分布的差异性。结果表明:(1)钓钩绝对上浮率变化范围为0.49~44.73 m,相对上浮率的变化范围为0.65%~16.69%,平均绝对上浮率为23.29 m,平均相对上浮率为8.87%。(2)12种主要渔获钓获深度范围差异很大,大魣(Lampris guttatus)的平均钓获深度最浅,为75.92 m,蓝枪鱼(Makaira nigricans)的平均钓获深度最深,为228.19 m。聚类分析显示12种主要渔获物可以分成3种垂直分布结构。(3)11种主要兼捕渔获钓获深度均与长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)钓获深度呈显著性差异。     

印度洋中南部水域金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩钩型对钓获对象的选择性

基于2008年9月至2009年4月在印度洋中南部水域金枪鱼延绳钓渔场收集的数据,研究分析和比较了3种钓钩钩型(传统金枪鱼钩、“J”形钩和圆形钩)的渔获效益及对钓捕对象的选择性。结果表明:(1) 从渔获种类上看,大眼金枪鱼和大青鲨金枪鱼钩钓获比例最高,“J”形钩和圆形钩的钓获比例相当;而长鳍金枪鱼则为金枪鱼钩钓获比例最高,其次为“J”形钩和圆形钩。(2) 大眼金枪鱼存活率以金枪鱼钩最高,“J”形钩最低;长鳍金枪鱼则为“J”形钩稍高于圆形钩,金枪鱼钩最低;大青鲨则以圆形钩最高,“J”形钩最低。(3) “J”形钩钓获的长鳍金枪鱼和鲨鱼平均叉长较金枪鱼钩和圆形钩稍大;而金枪鱼钩钓获的大眼金枪鱼平均叉长较圆形钩和“J”形钩稍大。(4) 3种钩型钓获的长鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和大青鲨叉长分布均不存在显著性差异。     

Method for estimating buoyancy of midwater float required to standardize hook depth in pelagic longline

ABSTRACT:   A midwater float is a small float attached to the mainline of pelagic longlines to standardize the hook depth. In this study theoretical equations are presented for estimating the buoyancy of the midwater float required to lift the joints of the midwater float line on the mainline to the target depth. Sea trials using full scale tuna longline gear with midwater floats were carried out in the Indian Ocean in December 2004 and 2005, in order to examine the validity of the theoretical equations. In the sea trials, two types of midwater float settings, single midwater float setting and double midwater float setting, were tested and compared with the conventional setting. As a result, the joints of the midwater float line on the mainline were successfully lifted to the target depth as expected, demonstrating the validity of the theoretical equation. The range of hook depths in the midwater float setting was less spread over depths than in the conventional setting, and therefore, use of long float lines (100 m) with the midwater float setting allows all hooks to avoid entering the sea turtle habitat of shallower than 100 m depth. Factors affecting shoaling of the longline with the midwater float are also discussed.     

金枪鱼延绳钓环形钩和圆形钩钓获率比较

根据"华远渔18号"和"华远渔19号"两艘冰鲜金枪鱼延绳钓渔船2005年9月15日~12月12日在印度洋热带公海水域(0°47′~10°16′N,61°40′~70°40′E)作业期间收集的数据,以每千钩钓获尾数和平均净重,对环型钩与圆型钩对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的选择性、钓获率差异等进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同钓具漂移速度下环型钩与圆型钩各自对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的选择性无显著差异;不同钓具漂移速度下环型钩与圆型钩之间对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的钓获率无显著差异;环型钩与圆型钩之间对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼渔获物净重无显著差异。     

Can circle hook use benefit billfishes?

We performed a quantitative review to evaluate circle hook use in recreational and commercial hook-and-line fisheries that interact with billfishes (Family: Istiophoridae). Specifically, we scrutinized the findings of 11 recent empirical studies that reported, on a species-specific basis, side-by-side measures of circle vs. J-hook fishing performance: catch, mortality, deep-hooking and bleeding rates. Of the 30 total comparisons extracted from the literature that satisfied our inclusion criteria, 13 indicated significant differences between hook types for the specific metric compared. No study reported significant billfish catch rate differences between hook types. However, when significant differences between hook types were found, higher mortality rates and higher rates of deep-hooking and bleeding were associated with J-hooks relative to circle hooks. We conclude that empirical evidence is sufficient to promote circle hook use in almost all hook-and-line fishery sectors that typically interact with istiophorids. However, billfish conservation benefits will only be realized if fishers use unmodified circle hooks, commit to releasing live fish and take other appropriate measures which maximize post-release survival. While there may be fishing modes where circle hook effects are negative, for billfish conservation, we recommend managers grant exceptions to circle hook use only when experimental results support such a practice.     

Mortality due to a retained circle hook in a longfin mako shark Isurus paucus (Guitart‐Manday)

A female longfin mako shark Isurus paucus (Guitart‐Manday, 1966) was found moribund on the Atlantic Ocean beach near Canaveral National Seashore, Florida; the shark died shortly after stranding. Macroscopic lesions included a partially healed bite mark on the left pectoral fin, a clefted snout, pericardial effusion and a pericardial mass surrounding a 12/0 circle fishing hook. The heart, pericardial mass, gills, ovary, oviduct, shell gland, epigonal organ, liver, kidney and intrarenal and interrenal glands were processed for histopathology and examined by brightfield microscopy. Microscopic examination revealed chronic proliferative and pyogranulomatous pericarditis and myocarditis with rhabdomyolysis, fibrosis and thrombosis; scant bacteria and multifocal granular deposits of iron were found intralesionally. In addition, acute, multifocal infarcts within the epigonal organ and gill filaments were found in association with emboli formed by necrocellular material. The ovary had high numbers of atretic follicles, and the liver had diffuse, severe hepatocellular degeneration, multifocal spongiosis and moderate numbers of melanomacrophage cells. This report provides evidence of direct mortality due to systemic lesions associated with retained fishing gear in a prohibited shark species. Due to the large numbers of sharks released from both recreational and commercial fisheries worldwide, impact of delayed post‐release mortality on shark populations is an important consideration.     

Circle hooks, 'J' hooks and drop-back time: a hook performance study of the south Florida recreational live-bait fishery for sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus

Abstract  This study evaluates the performance of two types of non-offset circle hooks (traditional and non-traditional) and a similar-sized 'J' hook commonly used in the south Florida recreational live-bait fishery for Atlantic sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw). A total of 766 sailfish were caught off south Florida (Jupiter to Key West, FL, USA) to assess hook performance and drop-back time, which is the interval between the fish's initial strike and exertion of pressure by the fisher to engage the hook. Four drop-back intervals were examined (0–5, 6–10, 11–15 and >15 s), and hook performance was assessed in terms of proportions of successful catch, undesirable hook locations, bleeding events and undesirable release condition associated with physical hook damage and trauma. In terms of hook performance, the traditionally-shaped circle hook had the greatest conservation benefit for survival after release. In addition, this was the only hook type tested that performed well during each drop-back interval for all performance metrics. Conversely, 'J' hooks resulted in higher proportions of undesirable hook locations (as much as twofold), bleeding and fish released in undesirable condition, particularly during long drop-back intervals. Non-traditional circle hooks had performance results intermediate to the other hook types, but also had the worst performance relative to undesirable release condition during the first two drop-back intervals. Choice of hook type and drop-back interval can significantly change hook wounding, and different models of non-offset circle hooks should not be assumed to perform equivalently.     

Reflections on the influence of a synthesis of circle‐hook evidence on the angling community and conservation policy and practice

1. Understanding how different forms of environmental evidence inform the actions of different stakeholders is useful to improve how we share knowledge with knowledge users. Reflections on a literature review that we published in 2004 on circle hooks as a tool for fish conservation in the recreational fishing sector identified a number of ways in which that synthesis was influential.
2. The article has had direct influence on policy and regulations in a number of countries, but there were even more examples of where the article has been used to influence voluntary guidelines. The article also contributed to formally defining circle hooks, which was necessary from a regulatory and enforcement perspective.
3. The recreational fishing community has also embraced the work, with numerous angling articles based on the literature review appearing in the media and with some angler organizations pushing for the adoption of circle hooks. The fishing tackle industry has also responded with evidence that circle hooks are now more widely available in stores with more hook design options to suit diverse recreational fisheries. In addition, the influence of the article has extended beyond the recreational sector to commercial fishery issues that span several taxa. The research agenda from the article helped to direct research for more than a decade and has since been updated.
4. Overall, this review was timely in that it provided various knowledge users with credible information synthesized in a thoughtful manner at a time when there was interest and need in exploring circle hooks as a tool to enhance the conservation of angled fish. Although this was not a systematic review, it still served as a form of evidence synthesis that gave diverse knowledge users information to guide them in their decisions.