Copper toxicosis in lambs fed milk replacer

Thirty-four hysterectomy derived, crossbred lambs were fed a commercial, lamb milk replacer, containing added copper from birth. Twenty-five lambs died, four were killed and five survived. At necropsy, generalized icterus, enlarged kidneys and enlarged or small livers were found.     

Tributyrin administration improves intestinal development and health in pre-weaned dairy calves fed milk replacer

Butyrate and its derivatives possess various nutritional and biological benefits for mammals,whereas its effects on dairy calves have not been well characterized.This study evaluated the effects of tributyrin administration on blood immune,intestinal immune and barrier functions,and microbial composition of pre-weaned dairy calves.Twenty newborn Holstein bull calves were randomly assigned into a control group (no tributyrin supplementation,CON;n=10) or a treatment group (supplemented with tribut...     

Consequences of failure of the reticular groove reflex in veal calves fed milk replacer

Summary

A number of problems seen in veal calves are associated with insufficient adaptation to the changes in husbandry connected with the fattening system. These problems include chronic tympanitis, chronic vomiting, cachexia, unthriftiness, abomasal erosions and ulcers.

Some of these problems are associated with failure of the reticular groove reflex, and result in ruminal drinking.

Persistent ruminal drinking causes a syndrome characterised by a variety of symptoms such as unthriftiness, severe growth retardation, inappetence, recurrent tympany, abdomal distension, a long dry haircoat and clay‐like faeces.

Clinical studies performed to investigate the pathogenesis of the syndrome are described. It was found that the milk was stored in the rumen and was partly broken down. The presence of milk in the rumen induced typical changes in the ruminal mucosa (hyper/parakeratosis) and also inhibited casein clot formation in the abdomasum. The small intestinal mucosa showed villous atrophy. After training, the reticular groove reflex was re‐established in a number of patients but the growth rate of these calves did not return to normal.     

Consequences of failure of the reticular groove reflex in veal calves fed milk replacer

A number of problems seen in veal calves are associated with insufficient adaptation to the changes in husbandry connected with the fattening system. These problems include chronic tympanitis, chronic vomiting, cachexia, unthriftiness, abomasal erosions and ulcers. Some of these problems are associated with failure of the reticular groove reflex, and result in ruminal drinking. Persistent ruminal drinking causes a syndrome characterised by a variety of symptoms such as unthriftiness, severe growth retardation, inappetence, recurrent tympany, abdominal distension, a long dry haircoat and clay-like faeces. Clinical studies performed to investigate the pathogenesis of the syndrome are described. It was found that the milk was stored in the rumen and was partly broken down. The presence of milk in the rumen induced typical changes in the ruminal mucosa (hyper/parakeratosis) and also inhibited casein clot formation in the abdomasum. The small intestinal mucosa showed villous atrophy. After training, the reticular groove reflex was re-established in a number of patients but the growth rate of these calves did not return to normal.     

Exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs fed sow's milk and milk replacer, and its relationship to growth performance

The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the effects of sow's milk and 2 milk replacer diets (containing clotting or non-clotting protein sources) on exocrine pancreatic secretion, plasma cholecystokinin, and immunoreactive cationic trypsin in pigs. In addition, the relationship between exocrine pancreatic secretion and growth in milk-fed pigs was studied. In a changeover experiment, 9 chronically catheterized pigs of 6.6 +/- 0.19 kg of BW were studied for 3 wk. Pigs were assigned to each of 3 diets. Exocrine pancreatic secretion was measured from the third to the seventh day on each diet. The protein content and trypsin activity of the pancreatic juice were measured. Blood samples were taken at 10 min before and after milk ingestion and were analyzed for cholecystokinin and immunoreactive cationic trypsin. Pancreatic protein and trypsin secretion did not differ between pigs fed sow's milk and those fed milk replacer, but the volume secreted was less for the pigs fed sow's milk (0.75 vs. 1.03 mL x kg(-1) x h(-1); P < 0.01). A postprandial response to milk intake was not observed. The 2 milk replacer diets did not affect exocrine pancreatic secretion differently. The average exocrine pancreatic secretion (volume, 0.94 mL x kg(-1) x h(-1); protein, 4.28 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1); trypsin, 1.65 U x kg(-1) x h(-1)) was intermediate between literature values for suckling and weaned pigs. Plasma cholecystokinin was elevated (approximately 18 pmol x L(-1)) and showed low correlations with the pancreatic secretion traits. Plasma immunoreactive cationic trypsin was not significantly related to any of the pancreatic secretion traits and should therefore not be used as an indicator for exocrine pancreatic function in milk-fed pigs. Exocrine pancreatic secretion varied substantially among individual pigs (protein, 0.22 to 13.98 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)). Pancreatic protein and trypsin secretion showed a positive, nonlinear relationship with performance traits. It was concluded that neither specific sow's milk ingredients nor the protein source are responsible for a low pancreatic protein secretion in suckling pigs. Exocrine pancreatic secretion was positively correlated with ADG in pigs at an identical milk intake.     

Effect of orally administered omeprazole on abomasal luminal pH in dairy calves fed milk replacer

The objective of this study was to determine whether oral administration of omeprazole, a proton-pump inhibitor, increased abomasal luminal pH in calves fed milk replacer. Four male dairy calves with cannulae in the abomasal body suckled milk replacer (60 ml/kg body weight every 12 h) and were administered a non-enteric-coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg body weight every 24 h) in a paste formulation for five successive days. Abomasal luminal pH was continuously measured using miniature glass pH electrodes. On the first day of omeprazole administration, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in mean 24-h pH from 2.89 to 4.17. The mean 24-h pH on days 2, 3, 4 and 5 of omeprazole administration were 3.85, 4.02, 3.97 and 3.39 respectively. We conclude that oral administration of non-enteric-coated omeprazole increased abomasal luminal pH in calves fed milk replacer, but that the effect may decrease over time.     

Digestibility and blood parameters in the preruminant calf fed a clotting or a nonclotting milk replacer

Eight male Holstein calves 7 to 10 d of age were fed a milk replacer containing a skim milk powder subjected to low-temperature drying either with or without addition of an oxalate-NaOH buffer known to prevent curd formation. The calves were used in a completely randomized design to study the effect of milk clotting on digestibility and blood parameters. Plasma glucose and plasma insulin were similar (P greater than .05) for the clotting and the nonclotting milk replacers. For both treatments, concentrations of glucose and insulin reached a peak 2 h postfeeding (P less than .01). Plasma triglycerides were higher (P less than .01) postfeeding for the nonclotting than for the clotting milk replacer. Plasma essential amino acids and plasma urea were higher, whereas plasma calcium was lower, for the nonclotting milk (P less than .01). Digestibility of dry matter, protein and fat was similar (P greater than .05) between clotting and nonclotting milk. The dry matter content of feces was not affected by clotting (P greater than .05). The data are interpreted to indicate that clotting of the milk replacer modifies blood concentrations of triglycerides, essential amino acids and urea without changing the digestibility of the diet.     

酸度调控剂的体外评价及其在犊牛代乳粉中的应用

以体外法评定酸度调控剂,并将筛选出的酸应用在犊牛代乳粉中,以动物饲养试验研究其对犊牛生长性能的影响,从而验证体外评价方法的可行性。体外评价试验采用1%酸溶液pH值及其缓冲性能、降低代乳粉pH值至5.0所需体积、加酸后代乳粉缓冲性能、体外抑菌率5个指标评价甲酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、富马酸、乳酸、盐酸的作用;动物饲养试验分两期进行,试验一设A1、A2、A3组,后两组分别以盐酸调整代乳粉pH值至5.5和5.0;试验二设B1、B2组,B2组以甲酸调整代乳粉pH值至5.0。每个处理6个重复,每重复1头牛。各试验期均为56d,测定犊牛体增重、饲料转化率和腹泻率。1%酸溶液的pH值以盐酸最低;加酸后代乳粉缓冲性能则以乙酸最高;将代乳粉乳液pH值从6.3调整至5.0时,甲酸溶液用量最低;而体外大肠杆菌抑菌率则以盐酸和甲酸效率最高。动物饲养试验表明,与A1组相比,A2、A3组犊牛全期平均日增重分别提高了5.2%、12.1%,A2组的腹泻率降低了29.7%,但差异都不显著(P0.05)。B2组犊牛的平均日增重在第14～28d显著高于B1组(P0.05),全期平均日增重提高了10.9%,腹泻率降低了37.5%。在犊牛代乳粉中添加盐酸或甲酸,可改善犊牛生长情况;本研究所采用的体外评价酸度调控剂方法可行。     

犊牛代乳粉的研究进展

乳用犊牛是优质奶牛群发展的基础，为了更经济的饲养犊牛以保证牛群后代的稳定性，创造更高的经济效益，对犊牛实施早期断奶是很有意义的。对犊牛实施早期断奶、低奶量培育这项技术措施在国外奶牛业发达的国家和地区已相当普及，但在国内，从20世纪60年代开始才开展这方面的研究，并     

浅谈人工乳、代乳料应用与推广

随着人们生活水平不断提高,对奶的需求也在逐步增加,乳牛饲养在辽宁省迅速发展起来.为满足市场需求解决供求之间的矛盾,在大力发展乳牛数量的同时,要不断改进乳牛的培育方法.     

Growth of rearing calves in relation to lysine contents of milk replacer and calf starter and feeding frequency of milk replacer

In two factorial feeding experiments with 90 and 102 rearing calves the effect of addition of extra lysine to the milk replacer in combination with a low and high lysine content of the calf starter on dry matter intake and weight gain was studied. Once or twice daily milk feeding was also compared. The calves received milk replacer up to the age of 8 weeks and calf starter and hay ad libitum from the 3rd week on. The experiments lasted to the age of 12 respectively 10 weeks. In the first experiment increasing the lysine content of the milk replacer from 14.5 g/kg to 18.5 g/kg had no effect on dry matter intake and weight gain. In the second experiment increasing the content of lysine to 17 g/kg resulted in higher intake of dry matter and higher weight gain, but only in combination with a calf starter with a low lysine content (6 g/kg). In the first experiment twice daily milk feeding resulted in higher intake of concentrate and higher weight gain as compared to once daily. In the second experiment this was only so if the starter had the lower lysine content. Increasing the lysine content of calf starter from 7 to 8.5 g/kg had no effect on dry matter intake and weight gain in the preweaning period in the first experiment. In the second experiment increasing the lysine content from 6 to 8.5 g/kg led to higher intake of concentrate and higher weight gain. This effect was only seen if the milk replacer had no extra lysine added. In the postweaning period there was no effect of increasing the lysine content from 7 to 8.5 g/kg (Exp. I). Increasing the lysine content from 6 to 8.5 g/kg led to higher dry matter intake and higher weight gain (Exp. II). These results are discussed in the light of the partial degradability of the concentrate protein in the rumen and the effect of duodenally available lysine on feed intake and weight gain.     

Effects of dexamethasone on lymphoid tissue in the gut and thymus of neonatal calves fed with colostrum or milk replacer

An increased susceptibility to disease in neonatal calves may be attributable to high glucocorticoid levels that influence immune reactions. We tested whether dexamethasone (DEXA) administration influences the proliferation, apoptosis, and number of B- and T-lymphocytes in Peyer's patches (PP) and thymus in calves fed colostrum (C) or a milk-derived formula. All calves were subcutaneously administered bovine colostrum-derived immunoglobulin G and fed chicken-egg derived immunoglobulins that protected against rotavirus and pathogenic Escherichia coli. The DEXA (30 microg/kg of BW daily) was injected for 4 d into groups fed colostrum on the first 3 d (CD+) and those fed the formula that contained nutrients in amounts as in colostrum but no immunoglubulin G (FD+). Groups CD- and FD were fed the same as the other two groups, but did not receive DEXA. Immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate cell proliferation rates (by labeling of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine), apoptosis rates (by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated X-dUTP nick end labeling). Numbers of T- and B-lymphocytes were determined with antibodies specific for CD3 and CD79 surface proteins. There were significant effects (P < 0.05) of DEXA treatment (decrease of cell proliferation rates in follicles of PP and thymus, increase of apoptotic rate in follicles of PP and thymus, decrease of B-lymphocyte numbers in follicles of PP, increase of B-lymphocyte numbers in domes of PP, increase of T-lymphocyte numbers in follicles of PP, and a decrease of intraepithelial T-lymphocyte numbers). There were significant effects (P < 0.05) of C feeding (decrease of cell proliferation rates in follicles of PP and of B-lymphocyte numbers in interfollicular areas, domes, and follicular-associated epithelium of PP, and an increase of cell proliferation rate in the thymus). A DEXA x feeding interaction (P < 0.001) was found for cell proliferation rate in the thymus. In conclusion, DEXA treatment decreased cell proliferation rates in follicles of PP and thymus and enhanced apoptotic rates in follicles of PP. Colostrum feeding decreased cell proliferation rates, likely of B-lymphocytes, in follicles of PP and numbers of B-lymphocytes in domes, follicular-associated epithelium, and interfollicular areas of PP and enhanced cell proliferation rates and selectively modified DEXA effects in the thymus.     

羔羊代乳品的研制与应用效果研究

系统论述了羔羊代乳品的营养和免疫特点及所需原料的生产特性。新研制的羔羊代乳品用波尔山羊进行的规范试验研究结果表明，使用代乳品羔羊90天体重达到21kg以上，代乳品具有良好的实用性，用新型代乳品可以使羔羊早期断奶。     

延边黄牛犊牛代乳料饲喂效果的研究

选择16头初生重相近的延边黄牛犊牛随机分成4组,每组4头,对照组犊牛随母哺乳,试验组采用随母哺乳加补饲,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别补饲1、2、3号代乳料,进行增重效果和血液指标的比较。试验结果表明:各试验组的4月龄重、全期增重和日增重均高于对照组,其中试验Ⅲ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);体尺指标测定中,试验Ⅲ组的体长显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的腰角宽显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组血液指标均在正常范围之内。综合评定,3号代乳料饲喂效果最好。     

大豆蛋白在特牛代乳料中的应用

1大豆蛋白的营养缺陷 尽管大豆制品在代乳料的生产中功不可没,但由于生产技术上的原因,其抗营养因子、物理性状和氨基酸水平等影响蛋白质的回肠氨基酸真消化率,故其蛋白质消化率低于其他乳蛋白.同时,大豆球蛋白和β-聚球蛋白难于被降解,这对消化酶系尚未发育完全的幼龄动物来说是不适宜的.但是随着脱脂乳、乳清蛋白浓缩物、脱糖乳清和乳清等代乳料的主要蛋白源价格升高,大豆蛋白等代乳料原料的进一步开发利用具有广阔前景.     

Effect of suckling cow's milk or milk replacer on abomasal luminal pH in dairy calves

Abomasal ulceration occurs commonly in suckling calves, and the cause for the high prevalence of abomasal ulceration is unknown. We hypothesized that diet may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of abomasal ulceration. Six male dairy calves with an abomasal body cannula suckled fresh Holstein cow's milk, all milk-protein milk replacer, or combined milk- and soy-protein milk replacer twice daily at 12% of body weight/d. Abomasal luminal pH was measured every second for 24 hours by using a miniature glass pH electrode. Mean 24-hour abomasal luminal pH for all milk-protein milk replacer (3.22) and combined milk- and soy-protein milk replacer (3.27) were similar but significantly (P < .05) higher than that for cow's milk (2.77; standard error = 0.08). Both milk-replacer formulations failed to clot after the addition of chymosin, whereas cow's milk clotted within 2 minutes. The in vitro titration curve of cow's milk and all milk-protein milk replacer were similar, but different to that of combined milk- and soy-protein milk replacer. The osmolalities of all milk-protein milk replacer (375 mOsm/kg) and combined milk- and soy-protein milk replacer (410 mOsm/kg) were greater than that of cow's milk (278 mOsm/kg). The slightly lower mean abomasal luminal pH in calves suckling cow's milk, compared to milk replacer, was probably due to clotting of cow's milk, with extrusion of low pH whey, and a slower rate of abomasal emptying caused by the hyperosmolality of milk replacer. Examination of our results suggests that suckling cow's milk may increase the prevalence of abomasal ulceration by decreasing mean luminal pH, although this remains to be determined.