An anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory polysaccharide from Orbignya phalerata

A polysaccharide, a glucan with mean M_r of 1.0×10⁶ (MP1), was isolated from the mesocarp of fruits of Orbignya phalerata. Chemical and spectroscopic studies indicated that MP1 has a highly branched glucan type structure composed of α-(1→4) linked -glucopyranose residues with (3→4), (4→6), and with (3→6) branching points. MP1 enhanced phagocytosis in vivo and exhibited anti-inflammatory activity.     

Two new flavonoids from Retama raetam

Two new flavones were isolated from the aerial parts of Retama raetam subsp. raetam. Their structures were established as luteolin 4′-O-neohesperidoside (1) and 5,4′-dihydroxy-(3″,4″-dihydro-3″,4″-dihydroxy)-2″,2″-dimethylpyrano-(5″,6″:7,8)-flavone (2) by means of spectroscopic methods. Also present was ephedroidin (4′,5,7-trihydroxy-8-(2-hydroxy-3-butenyl)-flavone).     

Photosynthetic response to green crown pruning in young plantation-grown Eucalyptus pilularis and E. cloeziana

The loss of foliage through pruning of live branches may reduce tree growth or it may be compensated by photosynthetic up-regulation of the remaining crown. Here, the changes in light-saturated photosynthesis following pruning to remove 50% of green crown length were examined in 4-year-old Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. and Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. trees. The objectives of the study were to: (1) compare leaf-level physiological (light-saturated photosynthesis (A_max), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration (T), dark respiration (R_d), quantum yield (Φ), light compensation point (Γ), water-use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE)) traits in species with contrasting crown dynamics and structure, (2) examine the effect of crown position on these traits, and (3) examine the effect of pruning on A_max, g, T, WUE, NUE, leaf N and P concentrations and specific leaf area (SLA). Prior to pruning there were no differences in R_d, Γ and Φ between E. pilularis and E. cloeziana but differences in A_max, T, g, leaf N, leaf P, WUE, NUE and SLA. Whereas the rate of physiological processes (A_max, T, and g) and leaf N and P concentrations increased with crown height, R_d, Γ, Φ and SLA declined along this vertical gradient, except in the upper crown of E. cloeziana where A_max, T and g were not different to the lower crown. No up-regulation of photosynthesis or changes in leaf physiology occurred between 6 and 13 months after pruning in either species. The results provide an important basis for modelling pruning effects in process-based tree growth models.     

Cycloartane saponins from Astragalus peregrinus as modulators of lymphocyte proliferation

From Astragalus peregrinus, four cycloartane-type saponins have been isolated and their structures elucidated by spectral means as 20(R),24(S)-epoxy-9β,19-cyclolanostane-3β,6α,16β,25-tetrol 3-O-β- -glucopyranoside (1), 20(R),24(S)-epoxy-9β,19-cyclolanostane-3β,6α,16β,25-tetrol 3-O-α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β- -glucopyranoside (2), 20(R),24(S)-epoxy-9β,19-cyclolanostane-3β,6α,16β,25-tetrol 3-O-α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β- -glucopyranoside (3) and 20(R),25-epoxy-9β,19-cyclolanostane-3β,6α,16β,24(S)-tetrol (24-O-acetyl)- 3-O-α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-(6′-O-acetyl)-β- -glucopyranoside (4). Compounds 2 and 3 showed to stimulate the proliferation of mouse splenocytes and were not significantly cytotoxic.     

A new flavonoid from the aerial part of Thalictrum atriplex

A new flavone glycoside, identified as kaempferol 3-O-[3′″-acetyl-α- -arabinopyranosyl-(1′″–6″)]-β- -glucopyranoside (1), has been isolated from the aerial part of Thalictrum atriplex.     

Antifungal properties of methanol extract and its active compounds from Brickellia rosmarinifolia Vent

A new isocoumarin, 7-hydroxyl-4-methyl isocoumarine (1), together with three known monoterpenes, (3R, 4R, 6S)-3, 6-dihydroxy-1-menthene (2), (+)-(1R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-6-hydroxymenthol (3) and 4-isopropyl-1-methylcyclohex-2-ene-1, 6-diol (4), was isolated from the methanol extract of Brickellia rosmarinifolia. The structures were determined by spectroscopic means. Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed antifungal activities against Colletotrichum musae and Peronophythora litchii in vitro.     

New clerodane diterpenoids from Casearia sylvestris

Two new clerodane diterpenoids 2β-methoxy-cleroda-3,13-dien-18-carboxy-15,16-olide (1) and 15ξ-methoxy-cleroda-3,12-dien-18-carboxy-15,16-olide (2) and one new nitrogen-containing clerodane diterpenoid 15-oxo-echinophyllin A (3), along with six known compounds, namely, echinophyllin A, (−)-patagonic acid, tyrosol, oplopanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-(1-methylethyl)-4-oxopentyl]-2-cyclohexen-1-one and 1β,6α-dihydroxy-eudesman-4(15)-ene were isolated from the leaves of Casearia sylvestris. Their structures were determined by extensive NMR techniques.     

Bioactive constituents from the stems of Dalbergia parviflora

From the stems of Dalbergia parviflora, three known flavonoids, six known isoflavonoids, a new isoflavone, dalparvone (2) and a new cinnamyl derivative, dalparvinene (6) were isolated and characterized. Isoflavan 3 exhibited strong cytotoxicity against KB and NCI-H187 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 0.53 and 2.04 μg/ml, respectively. Compound 6 demonstrated strong cytotoxicity against NCI-H187 with an IC₅₀ value of 1.46 μg/ml. Compounds 4 and 6 possessed moderate cytotoxicity against KB cells with IC₅₀ values of 6.78 and 9.89 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, 2 exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity with an IC₅₀ value of 8.19 μg/ml.     

Phytochemical and antifungal studies on Terminalia mollis and Terminalia brachystemma

Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Terminalia mollis afforded friedelin (1), catechin with epicatechin (2), gallocatechin with epigallocatechin (3) and 3-O-methylellagic acid 4'-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (4). Arjunolic acid with 2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (5), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (6), gallic acid (7), chebulanin (8) and 2'-O-galloylvitexin (9) were isolated from the leaf. Chebulanin (8), betulinic acid (10), ursolic acid (11), catechin (12), isoorientin (13), orientin (14), isovitexin (15) and punicalagin (16) were isolated from Terminalia brachystemma leaf. The first full unambiguous NMR assignments for (4) and (8), and revised assignments for (9), are reported. Compound (16) showed good activity against three Candida species.     

Biochanin A triglycoside from Andira inermis

A new isoflavonol triglycoside, biochanin A 7-O-β- -apiofuranosyl-(1→5)-β- -apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β- -glucopyranoside (1), was isolated from Andira inermis roots in addition to the known compounds genistein 7-O-β- -apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β- -glucopyranoside and lanceolarin.     

云南甜龙竹和黄竹种子灭菌条件和萌发特性初步研究

目的]筛选云南甜龙竹和黄竹种子最佳表面灭菌条件,研究其萌发特性。[方法]筛选NaClO(2%、3%、4%)与HgCl_2(0.01%、0.1%)最佳消毒浓度组合;采用流水冲洗时间(6、12、18 h)、2%NaClO浸泡时间(5、10、15 min)和0.1%Hg Cl_2浸泡时间(5、10、15 min),设计正交试验实验,探讨2种竹种最佳表面灭菌处理的时间组合,并对竹种分别在滤纸、MS培养基以及经3 mg·L~(-1)GA_3浸泡后在MS培养基上的发芽率进行了探讨。[结果]NaClO、Hg Cl_2最佳消毒浓度组合为2%NaClO+0.1%HgCl_2;2种竹种最佳表面灭菌时间组合均为:流水冲洗6 h、2%Na Cl O浸泡10min、0.1%HgCl_2浸泡15 min,经此处理后云南甜龙竹和黄竹的发芽率分别为84.4%、72.2%,污染率分别为18.7%、29.6%。不同处理种子萌发率差异t检验结果显示:2种竹子种子是否经过3 mg·L~(-1)GA_3浸泡,对其在MS培养基上的发芽率无显著影响,但种子在MS培养基上的发芽率显著高于滤纸上的发芽率。经相同处理黄竹的发芽率均低于云南甜龙竹。[结论]云南甜龙竹、黄竹最佳表面灭菌组合均为:流水冲洗6 h、2%NaClO浸泡10 min、0.1%HgCl_2浸泡15 min;3 mg·L~(-1)GA_3浸泡处理对云南甜龙竹和黄竹种子在MS培养基上的发芽率无显著影响,但MS培养基上种子的发芽率显著高于其在滤纸上的发芽率。     

Cyclisation of farnesyl pyrophosphate into sesquiterpenoids in ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale)

The atomic ratios (¹⁴C/³H) obtained in ar-curcumene, α-zingiberene, β-bisabolene obtained from the essential oil of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale which were fed with [2-¹⁴C, 2-³H₂], [2-¹⁴C, 4R-³H₁] and [2-¹⁴C, 5-³H₂]mevalonic acid and [1-³H₂]farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) revealed that (a) (2E,6E)-isomer of FPP is isomerised to (2Z,6E)-isomer without loss of epimeric hydrogen that means without a redox process; (b) (2Z,6E)-FPP is cyclised to bisabolyl cation which is the penultimate precursor of α-zingiberene, ar-curcumene and β-bisabolene; and (c) two 1,2-hydrogen shifts take place during the formation of α-zingiberene whereas one 1,2 shift has been observed during the formation of ar-curcumene.     

Antibacterial activity of Parmelia kamstchandalis

The ethanol extract of P. kamstchandalis as well as ethyl haematommate, ethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate and methyl-β-orsellinate isolated from it exhibited varying degrees of antibacterial activity.     

A new flavone glycoside from the seeds of Shorea robusta

A new flavonoid, 3,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone 7-O-α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β- -glucopyranoside (1), was isolated from the seeds of Shorea robusta.     

油桐尺蛾核型多角体病毒广西株全基因组序列

油桐尺蛾核型多角体病毒广西株基因组序列由Sanger测序的方法得到。拼接后获得了121 268 bp序列,GC含量为36.76%。以长度不小于50 aa的序列认定为功能基因,共预测到131个开放阅读框,通过Blast比对,其中87个能注释到功能基因。对基因组序列进重复序列分析,共发现SSR位点174个,同源重复序列1个。在SSR位点中,包含6种长度的重复基序,且以富含AT的重复基序为主。同源重复序列两端为一59 bp片段或其一部分组成的重复序列,两端分别重复12次和7次,中间则为一段与重复片段无关的236 bp片段。与武汉株相比,广西株病毒在37个核心基因中有4个存在蛋白序列长度上的差异,而在其他非核心基因中有6个基因仅存在于一个病毒株中,另有13个基因存在蛋白序列长度上的差异。     

花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]研究花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,为种质资源有效利用和良种选育提供理论指导。[方法]利用12条ISSR引物对48份种质(共3个居群)花吊丝竹居群进行遗传多样性和遗传距离分析。[结果]共检测到124个位点,其中,多态性位点为102个,种质和居群水平上的多态位点百分比(PPB)分别为82. 26%和50. 27%,Ne’基因多样性指数(He)分别为0. 220 4和0. 206 6,Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0. 349 4和0. 300 5,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在中等水平的遗传变异。根据Nei’s遗传多样性计算出不同居群间分化水平(Gst)=0. 163 3,表明16. 33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,居群内的遗传变异为83. 67%。居群间的基因流Nm为2. 562 1,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在较大基因流,很大程度减少居群间遗传差异。基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果表明,48份种质可分为3组,3个居群可分为2组,居群间地理距离与亲缘关系无显著相关性。[结论]虽然花吊丝竹主要靠营养生殖来繁衍后代,其居群遗传多样性较丰富,且居群内遗传多样性大于居群间。此外,福建居群遗传多样性明显高于广西和广东地区居群。     

竹子新害虫竹笋绒茎蝇的鉴定(双翅目:茎蝇科)

双翅目(Diptera)的茎蝇科(Psilidae)为无瓣蝇类(Acalyptratae)中的一个小类群,已知百余种分布在世界各地区,但以全北区为主。茎蝇科的幼虫是植食性的,为害多种植物的茎、干、根等,并常造成虫瘿,可能成为农、林、果、蔬及花卉等的潜在害虫,欧洲广布的胡萝卜茎蝇(carrot fly)就是一例。     

Proanthocyanidins and a phloroglucinol derivative from Rumex acetosa L.

From the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of an acetone–water extract of the aerial parts of Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae), a variety of monomeric flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate), A- and B-type procyanidins and propelargonidins (15 dimers, 7 trimers, 2 tetramers) were isolated with 5 so far unknown natural products. Dimers: procyanidin B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B7, A2, epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin, epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (new natural product), epiafzelechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (new natural product), epiafzelechin-3-O-gallate-(4β→8)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, B2-3′-O-gallate, B2-3,3′-di-O-gallate, B5-3′-O-gallate, and B5-3,3′-di-O-gallate. Trimers: procyanidin C1, epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin (new natural product), epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-catechin, cinnamtannin B1, cinnamtannin B1-3-O-gallate (new natural product), tentatively epicatechin-(2β→7, 4β→8)-epiafzelechin-(4α→8)-epicatechin (new natural product), and epicatechin-3-O-gallate-(4β→8)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate-(4β→8)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate.Tetramers: procyanidin D1 and parameritannin A1. All compounds were elucidated by ESI-MS, CD spectra, 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments as free phenols or peracetylated derivatives and, in part, after partial acid-catalysed degradation with phloroglucinol.A more abundant proanthocyanidin polymer was also isolated, purified and its chemical composition studied by ¹³C NMR.In addition a so far unknown phloroglucinolglycoside (1-O-β-d-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl)-6-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)-glucopyranoside) was isolated.     

蒙古沙冬青子叶节诱导培养再生植株的研究

[目的]建立蒙古沙冬青子叶节丛生芽再生体系。[方法]以蒙古沙冬青子叶节为外植体,研究种子萌发培养基中6-BA浓度、子叶节萌发天数、丛生芽诱导的基本培养基及6-BA浓度对丛生芽诱导的影响和外源激素对丛生芽伸长及生根的影响。[结果]表明:(1)添加6-BA的萌发培养基与不添加的相比能够显著促进子叶节的生长及子叶节丛生芽的诱导,且6-BA浓度在2.0 mg·L-1时,诱导率最高可达73.3%,平均芽数2.26个;(2)种子萌发天数对子叶节丛生芽的诱导有显著影响,萌发7 d的子叶节丛生芽诱导率最高,诱导率为74.7%,但与萌发9、11 d的子叶节丛生芽诱导率差异不显著;(3)MS和B5培养基对丛生芽诱导的影响差异不显著,但B5抑制褐化的效果显著好于MS;(4)采用1.0 mg·L-16-BA+0.3 mg·L-1IAA激素组合有利于丛生芽伸长,伸长率为60.5%;(5)不同浓度生长素组合均能促进丛生芽幼苗生根,1.0 mg·L-1IBA生根率最大,生根数最多。[结论]最佳蒙古沙冬青子叶节丛生芽再生体系为:以在MS+2.0 mg·L-16-BA培养基中黑暗培养7 11 d的幼苗子叶节为外植体,在B5+1.0mg·L-16-BA培养基中诱导丛生芽,待丛生芽长约0.3 0.5 cm后,转入B5+1.0 mg·L-16-BA+0.3 mg·L-1IAA培养基中进行伸长培养,当丛生芽伸长至2 3 cm时,单株切下转入1/2 B5+1.0 mg·L-1IBA培养基中生根,该体系与愈伤组织培养相比能缩短培养时间,改善褐化严重、玻璃化等问题,可为蒙古沙冬青的扩繁及进一步开展遗传转化奠定基础。