长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机磷组分的影响

以19年肥料长期定位试验为背景,应用Bowman和Cole的有机磷分组方法,对红壤性水稻土有机磷组分及其变化进行了研究。结果表明:红壤性水稻土耕层有机磷含量较高,为225.93～322.47mgkg-1,占土壤全磷的28.59%～42.34%。土壤有机磷各组分中以中度活性有机磷含量最高,平均为134.80mgkg-1,占有机磷总量的51 58%;中度稳定性有机磷(92.46mgkg-1)占35.38%;高度稳定性有机磷(20.35mgkg-1)占7.79%;活性有机磷含量最低(13.67mgkg-1),占5.23%;长期施肥对土壤各组分有机磷量产生影响,耗磷处理,主要是中度活性有机磷和活性有机磷下降,降低量以CKNK处理。施磷主要促进中度稳定性有机磷和高度稳定性有机磷的增加,增加幅度以NPK+OMPNPK处理。不同施肥措施对土壤有机磷和无机磷库的耗竭或积累速度是不同的,耗磷条件,土壤有机磷/无机磷的比值上升,施磷使有机磷/无机磷比值下降.土壤供磷强度与有机磷/无机磷的比值呈显著负相关(r=-0.9497* ,r0.05=0.878)。     

磷素吸附特性演变及其与土壤磷素形态、土壤有机碳含量的关系

在黄土旱塬区长期试验(1985-1997年)中,选取对照(不施肥,CK)、磷肥(P2O5.60.kg/hm2,P)、氮肥(N.120kg／hm2,N)、氮磷(N,120.kg／hm2,P2O5,60.kg/hm2,NP)、氮磷有机肥(N.120.kg/hm2,P2O560.kg/hm2,有机肥75.t／hm2,NPM),种植方式为冬小麦连作的5种有代表性的施肥处理,研究了石灰性土壤磷素吸附特性的演变及其与土壤磷素形态、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的关系。结果表明,P素的最大吸附量(Qm),1997年对照(CK)、N处理比1985年分别提高了18％和14％;而P、NP和NPM处理分别降低了26％、13％和24％。吸附能常数(k值)随时间延长,对照和N处理相对稳定,P和NP处理呈升高趋势,而NPM处理有降低趋势。土壤磷素吸附饱和度(DPS)和零净吸附磷浓度(EPC0)对照和N处理随时间延长呈降低趋势,P、NP和NPM处理呈升高趋势。Qm与Ca8-P、Al-P存在极显著相关关系(P0.001),与Ca2-P、Pe-P存在显著相关关系(P0.05)。Ca2-P、有机磷含量变化与土壤DPS的相关性达到显著水平(P0.05)。EPC0只与有机磷间存在显著的相关关系(P0.05)。Qm、DPS和EPC0变化与SOC存在显著或极显著的线性相关关系(P0.001)。     

Calculating changes of legume rhizosphere soil pH and soil solution phosphorus from phosphorus uptake

Abstract

Some legumes are known to reduce rhizosphere soil pH which in turn usually increases soil solution P, P_li and therefore increases P uptake. In an initial experiment with a nonlegume [corn (Zea mays L.)], observed P uptake agreed closely with predicted P uptake while with a legume [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], observed P uptake was greater than predicted P because the rhizosphere was acidified, P_li increased, and more P was absorbed. Using a pot experiment, this investigation calculates the change in rhizosphere pH and P_li necessary to have predicted P uptake obtained with a mechanistic uptake model agree with observed P uptake. The pot experiment was conducted with alfalfa, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and Austrian winter pea (Lathyrus hirsutus) grown on Chalmers silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquolls) limed to pH levels of 5.72, 6.30, 7.22 and 8.30. Predicted phosphorus uptake at each pH level was calculated with the uptake model using the data for bulk soil. The relation of predicted P uptake to initial soil pH was determined, then this relation was used with observed P uptake to calculate rhizosphere pH. Subsequently, P_li as a function of pH was determined and used to calculate rhizosphere P_li. In this study, the calculations indicate that legumes reduced rhizosphere soil pH by 0.39 to 0.77 units and increased P availability by 20.8 to 241.7%.     

Citric acid influence on soil phosphorus availability

Citric acid is a low-molecular-weight organic acid exuded by the plant roots. Organic anions derived from this acid compete for phosphorus (P) adsorption sites in clay minerals. The objective was to evaluate the P availability by application of P and citric acid tothe soil. For this purpose, an experiment in green house was conducted at the rates of 0, 45, 90, and 180 mg dm^?3 P in Entisol and 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg dm^?3 P in Oxisol, combined with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg dm^?3 citric acid in pot. In the Entisol, 115 mg dm^?3 of P and 0.7 mg dm^?3 of citric acid resulted in maximum corn growth. However, in the Oxisol, the estimated rates were 299 mg dm^?3 of P and 1.3 mg dm^?3 of acid citric. Citric acid use in Entisol and Oxisol increased P availability of corn plants.     

Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol

The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (K_ex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of K_ex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops' K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.     

Management effects on forms of phosphorus in soil and leaching losses

We should know the effects of soil use and management on the contents and forms of soil phosphorus (P) and the resulting potential for leaching losses of P to prevent eutrophication of surface water. We determined P test values, amounts of sequentially extracted forms of P, P sorption capacities and degrees of P saturation in 20 differently treated soils and compared these data with leaching losses in lysimeters. One-way analyses of variance indicated that most fractions of P were significantly influenced by soil texture, land use (grassland, arable or fallow or reafforestation), mineral fertilization and intensity of soil management. Generally, sandy soils under grass and given large amounts of P fertilizer contained the most labile P and showed the largest P test values. Fallow and reafforestation led to smallest labile P fractions and relative increases of P extractable by H₂SO₄ and residual P. Arable soils with organic and mineral P fertilization given to crop rotations had the largest amounts of total P, labile P fractions and P test values. The mean annual concentrations of P in the lysimeter leachates varied from 0 to 0.81 mg l^–1 (mean 0.16 mg l^–1) and the corresponding leaching losses of P from < 0.01 to 3.2 kg ha^–1 year^–1 (mean 0.3 kg P ha^–1 year^–1). These two sets of data were correlated and a significant exponential function (R² = 0.676) described this relation. Different soil textures, land uses and management practices resulted in similar values for P leaching losses as those for the amounts of labile P fractions. Surprisingly, larger rates of mineral P fertilizer did not necessarily result in greater leaching losses. The contents of P extracted by NaHCO₃ and acid oxalate and the degrees of P saturation were positively correlated with the concentrations of P in leachates and leaching losses. As the P sorption capacity and degree of P saturation predicted leaching losses of P better than did routinely determined soil P tests, they possibly can be developed as novel P tests that meet the requirements of plant nutrition and of water protection.     

连续施用解磷菌肥对复垦土壤磷酸酶和Hedley磷形态的影响

为了研究增施解磷菌肥对土壤供磷状况的改善和土壤中磷有效性的提高状况,通过田间小区试验研究了连续施用解磷菌肥对复垦5年土壤碱性磷酸酶活性及Hedley磷形态的影响。结果表明:施用无机肥+有机肥+解磷菌肥处理的土壤碱性磷酸酶活性最高,为30.65μg/(g·h),比对照提高了83.86%。本试验年与第3年复垦土壤相比,土壤中Hedley磷形态的含量都有不同程度的增加,H_2O-Po含量以无机肥+有机肥+解磷菌肥处理为最高,比对照提高了93.90%;NaOH-Pi、HCl-Pi、HCl-Po含量以无机肥+解磷菌肥处理最大,分别比对照提高了194.2%、61.87%、105.8%;残渣态磷含量以无机肥处理影响最大,比对照提高了22.87%;H_2O-Pi、NaHCO_3-Po含量以有机肥处理最大,比对照提高了129.2%、85.89%;NaHCO_3-Pi、NaOH-Po含量以有机肥+解磷菌肥处理提高最大,分别提高了176.9%、114.4%。可以得出:施用解磷菌肥的处理增加复垦土壤中H_2O-Po、NaHCO_3-Pi、NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、HCl-Pi、HCl-Po含量的效果较好。H_2O-Pi、H_2O-Po、NaHCO_3-Pi、NaHCO_3-Po、NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、HCl-Pi与碱性磷酸酶均呈极显著相关。解磷菌肥在一定程度上增强了复垦土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,影响土壤中Hedley磷分级的各形态磷素含量,从而提高磷的有效性。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化影响的研究

研究两种低分子量有机酸（柠檬酸和苹果酸）对土壤磷活化影响,并用修正的Hedley法测定土壤磷活化前后磷组分的变化。结果表明,低分子量有机酸能持续活化土壤磷,活化强度随低分子量有机酸浓度的增大而增强,并且柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力强于苹果酸。低分子量有机酸能促进作物有效态无机磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）的释放;同时还促进有机磷组分（NaHCO3-Po和NaOH-Po）的矿化。在低分子量有机酸浓度达到0.5 mmol/L以上时,其对土壤磷组分的活化量的顺序为:NaOH-Pi HCl-P NaHCO3-Pi H2O-P,即铁铝结合态磷 钙结合态磷 作物有效态磷。低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的过程中伴有大量铁、铝释放,且铁或铝的释放量与磷活化量之间显著正相关（P0.05）。说明铁、铝结合态磷是低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的主要磷源,并且其活化机制可能与铁、铝结合态磷的螯合溶解有关。     

长期施磷对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤无机磷形态的影响

[目的]旱地石灰性土壤上磷肥利用率普遍较低,研究长期施用磷肥对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤无机磷形态及有效性的影响,为合理施磷提供理论依据.[方法]基于2004年在陕西杨凌开始的长期定位试验,设置施P2O50、50、100、150?kg/hm2共4个施磷水平.于2009、2013、2017年小麦收获期采样、测产,并分析植株和籽...     

不同用量有机肥对陇东旱塬黑垆土磷素形态转化及有效性的影响

以覆盖黑垆土土壤为材料,研究了不同用量有机肥对土壤磷素有效性及不同形态无机磷含量的影响。结果表明:在陇东旱塬黑垆土上施肥能够增加全磷、有效磷含量,有机肥增加效果更明显,且随有机肥施用量的增加而增加。无磷肥输入的氮肥处理区,活性较强的Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、A1-P和Fe-P含量都有所降低,而较稳定态的O-P和Ca_(10)-P含量则有所提高。与CK相比,有机肥处理随有机肥用量的增加,Ca_2-P、Ca_(10)-P、A1-P含量表现为增加,而Ca_8-P、Fe-P、O-P则相反。同时Ca_2-P与有机质、有效磷显著正相关,与p H值显著负相关。因此,在本试验条件下,从有效态的Ca_2-P和难溶性的Ca_(10)-P含量变化来看,在施等量氮的基础上配施农家肥60 000 kg·hm~(-2)更有利于活化土壤磷和减缓磷吸附,从而提高磷素的有效性。     

耕作方式对黄绵土无机磷形态的影响

以设置在陇中黄土高原并已经进行了5年的田间定位试验为基础,采用蒋-顾石灰性土壤无机磷分级法,研究了不同耕作方式对黄绵土无机磷形态的影响。结果表明,供试土壤中78.6%的磷以无机磷形式存在,且以Ca-P占绝大多数。无机磷各形态含量排列顺序为:Ca10-P Ca8-P O-PAl-P Fe-PCa2-P。与传统耕作不覆盖(T)相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)均可降低土壤中的Ca8-P、O-P和0—5 cm土层中的Ca10-P含量,其中NTS最为明显;NTS处理可提高土壤中的Al-P、Fe-P含量。不同处理中,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P均以0—5 cm土层中含量最高,且随着土层的增加呈下降趋势;但是Ca10-P 以5—10 cm土层含量最高;各处理O-P在土壤剖面中的变化没有显著差异。     

长期定位施肥对水稻土磷素形态的影响

本文通过长期定位施肥试验研究了21年不同施肥处理水稻土中磷素形态及其含量的变化。结果表明,长期不施肥的土壤无论是有机磷还是无机磷中有效磷含量均呈下降趋势,而有机-无机肥配施的有机磷含量不仅高于无肥处理而且还高于单施化肥的处理,并且有利于活性和中度活性有机磷含量的提高。对无机磷的影响,有机-无机肥配施不仅有利于提高Ca-P、Al-P和Fe-P的含量,而且对促进闭蓄态磷的活化效果明显。可见有机-无机肥配施可提高土壤有机磷含量和增加土壤无机磷有效形态的含量。另从土壤有效磷对水稻产量的影响分析可知:当红壤稻田土壤有效磷含量在20mg/kg左右时,增施磷肥对水稻增产效果不明显。     

Effect of different amounts of acid application in fertigation on calcareous soil pH

This study was carried out during 3 different periods and in 24 various greenhouses. Average pH values of the irrigation water (7.61, 7.55, 7.29) and average soil pH values before fertigation (7.61, 7.57, 7.55) were measured. Average fertigation pH values were measured to be 6.80, 6.61 and 6.44. Depending on fertigation pH values, average soil pH values decreased at the rate of 0.52, 0.65 and 0.60 compared to those before fertigation. Although average soil pH decreased depending on acid doses used by growers in the greenhouse, this decrease was not sufficient. In conclusion, if growers fertilize with lower fertigation pH doses, availability of plant nutrients can be increased. Additionally, this may lead to less fertilizer use by increasing availability of fertilizers used in fertigation in soils that have calcareous and high pH values. It is clear that further studies should be done with this approach.     

不同酸化剂对石灰性土壤pH值、磷有效性的影响

以滴灌方式通过少量多次向土壤施用酸化剂,研究不同酸化剂对石灰性土壤的酸化效果及对玉米磷吸收的影响,以期为提高石灰性土壤的磷素有效性提供理论依据。试验设置对照及两种酸化剂(磷酸脲,硫酸铵+氯甲基吡啶),酸化剂投入量相当于P2O5=60或120 kg/hm~2的等价酸,共计5个处理。施用酸化剂显著降低局部土壤pH值,磷酸脲的作用最佳,土壤pH值最大降幅为0.11个单位,同时也显著提高土壤有效磷含量;在等养分投入和管理水平下,施用酸化剂能增加玉米植株的生物量,提高植株的磷素累积量,且与对照相比,120 kg/hm~2的硫酸铵+氯甲基吡啶处理的玉米产量提高了8.3%。滴灌条件硫酸铵+氯甲基吡啶的酸化效果优于磷酸脲,且高酸化剂量土壤酸化强度较大。滴灌条件下施用酸化剂或酸性肥料是提高石灰性土壤养分有效性和作物增产的一种有效方法。     

土壤有机质对有效磷及水提取磷含量的影响

为了解土壤有机质对有效磷与总磷、水提取磷与有效磷关系的影响,采用田间调查的方法,对洛阳市郊主要农田4种土壤耕作层土壤进行取样调查,并采用常规土壤测试方法,分别测定土样有机质、金磷、有效磷和水提取磷含量.根据有机质含量(高于或低于16.0 g·kg-1)把土样分成两组,对两组土样的总磷与有效磷、有效磷与水提取磷分别做相关关系分析.结果表明:与低有机质土样组相比,高有机质土样组有效磷与总磷相关方程的斜率较大,水提取磷与有效磷相关方程的斜率较小,这一趋势在以Olsen法和Mehlich-3法测定有效磷时均相同.表明在缺磷环境中,有机质增加条件下,虽然磷的生物有效性降低,但有助于在土壤溶液中维持相对较高的磷酸根浓度,这可能是由于磷的周转加快;随着土壤磷含量增加,有机质增加有助于更快提高磷的生物有效性,但土壤溶液中维持相对较低的磷酸根浓度,这可能有助于减轻农田磷的渗漏流失.     

减量化肥配施不同量紫云英对土壤磷素形态及水稻产量的影响

通过8年长期定位试验,以不施肥(CK)为对照,研究减量20%化肥配施22.5、30、37.5、45 t·hm~(-2)紫云英(CF_(0.8)G_(22.5)、CF_(0.8)G_(30)、CF_(0.8)G_(37.5)、CF_(0.8)G_(45))及单施化肥(CF)对豫南稻区土壤无机磷形态及水稻产量影响。结果表明:与不施肥相比,减量20%化肥配施22.5～45 t·hm~(-2)紫云英及单施化肥均显著增加土壤Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、O-P、有效磷、碱解氮、速效钾含量及水稻产量。减量20%化肥配施不同量紫云英(CF0.8G)较单施化肥提高土壤Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P含量及组成比例,降低土壤O-P含量及组成比例。相关性分析、通径分析及逐步回归分析结果显示,土壤Fe-P为最有效磷源,土壤Al-P、Ca-P为缓效磷源,土壤O-P为非有效磷源。土壤Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P与水稻产量及土壤无机磷、碱解氮呈显著或极显著相关性。减量20%化肥配施紫云英较不施肥处理水稻产量提高24.26%～26.01%,较单施化肥处理水稻产量提高3.75%～5.38%,以配施30 t·hm~(-2)紫云英处理水稻产量最高。综合考虑土壤磷素有效性、水稻产量及土壤养分,以减量20%化肥配施22.5～30 t·hm~(-2)紫云英效果较好。     

Resin extraction of labile, soil organic phosphorus

In order to develop a method for estimating labile, soil organic phosphorus (P_o), macroporous anion-exchange and adsorbent (XAD) resins were tested for their ability to extract P_o from a permanent pasture soil. Experimental variables included: ionic form, soil-water resin ratio, addition of cation-exchange resin, extraction time, extraction temperature, continuous and stepwise extraction and soil pretreatment (chloroform and microwaves). The amounts of extracted P_o and P_i (inorganic phosphorus) showed little variation between the anion-exchange resins, when used in the bicarbonate form. In the chloride form, the amounts extracted were less and more variable. XAD resins extracted much less P_o and very little P_i. The macroporous anion-exchange resin, Lewatit MP500A in the bicarbonate form, was chosen for further studies. It extracted 21 mg P_o kg^?1 from air-dried soil and 8 mg P_o kg^?1 from moist, incubated soil. The specific amounts of P_o and P_i extracted were little affected by variations in the ratio between soil, water and resin, but increased with extraction time and temperature. Chloroform pretreatment of the soil mainly increased extracted P_i, whereas microwave pretreatment only increased extracted P_o. The magnitude of these increases was approximately constant irrespective of extraction temperature, indicating that the increases came from killed micro organisms.     

The influence of tillage systems on soil organic matter and soil hydrophobicity

Management practices including various tillage systems influence quantity and composition of soil organic matter (SOM). Parameters for evaluating both the SOM quantity (organic C [C_ox], total N [N_t]) and quality (microbial biomass C, hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic components) were determined in soil samples, taken from two soil depths (0–0.1 m and 0.1–0.3 m) in a field experiment in the period 2001–2007, with different tillage systems. The experiment, founded in 1995 in Prague-Ruzyně, includes conventional soil tillage (CT) plus some selected methods of conservation tillage: (a) no tillage (NT), (b) no tillage + mulch (NTM), and (c) minimum tillage with pre-crop residues incorporated (MTS). C_ox and microbial biomass C contents increased significantly with conservation tillage as compared to CT in 0–0.1 m layer, non-significant increase was found in 0.1–0.3 m layer. N_t increased non-significantly in both layers. Along with the depth of sampling, the content of the characterized parameters decreased in all variants; but the decrease in the conventionally tilled variant was, for the most part, lower than in the conservation tillage. The functional hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups of soil organic matter were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the hydrophobic/hydrophilic group intensities ratio was calculated as the parameter of soil hydrophobicity. A higher soil hydrophobicity existed in all three conservation tillage treatments compared to CT due to the significantly higher content of hydrophobic organic components. C_ox correlated significantly with microbial biomass C, N_t, hydrophobic components, and soil hydrophobicity (R = 0.552–0.654; P < 0.05). Hydrophilic components did not correlate with other soil characteristics, with the exception of hydrophobic components. These data show that shifting from CT to the conservation tillage systems increased the content of SOM in top soil layer in relatively short time, improved the SOM quality and increased soil hydrophobicity in the condition of experiment.     

施磷量对玉米 -大豆间作根际红壤无机磷形态及磷吸收的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验,探讨不同施磷量对玉米 -大豆间作作物生长及磷吸收的影响,并分析根际红壤中各无机磷形态的变化。结果表明:与单作相比,玉米 -大豆间作显著提高了作物地上部生物量及磷素吸收量,并具有明显的产量优势。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作相比,玉米 -大豆间作条件下,磷肥减施 1/2(P50)并未降低作物籽粒产量与玉米的磷吸收量。间作种植显著降低了玉米、大豆根际红壤总无机磷含量,并且无机磷减少量主要以O-P、Fe-P和 Ca-P为主。玉米、大豆根际土壤Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P与 O-P占土壤总无机磷含量的比例主要受磷水平的调控,而种植模式对玉米和大豆根际土壤中各无机磷形态的比例(除 Fe-P外)均没有影响。在本试验条件下,玉米 -大豆间作通过根系交互作用主要促进土壤中 Fe-P、Ca-P和 O-P的活化来增加玉米与大豆的磷吸收,并具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量和磷吸收的潜力。