2种类型阔叶红松林优势种群空间分布格局及其关联性

以吉林蛟河2块1 hm2阔叶红松林样地全林每木定位数据为基础,运用基于RipleyK (d)函数和Mark相关函数的O-ring统计分析方法,分析了2块样地中红松种群与主要优势种群林分中层与林分上层空间分布格局及树种的空间关联性,结果表明:水曲柳红松林中的红松种群和水曲柳种群在小尺度上为聚集分布的趋势,林分中层的红松种...     

阔叶红松林主要种群及林隙形成木的空间格局分析

[目的]分析小兴安岭阔叶红松林固定样地内主要种群及掘根林隙形成木的空间格局,为本地区阔叶红松林的长期经营管理和保护提供依据。[方法]基于野外调查和数据统计,利用点格局分析方法揭示了2.55 hm2样地内重要值排在前4位的种群在不同空间尺度上的空间格局和空间关联性及掘根林隙形成木的空间格局。[结果]表明:样地内胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的乔木共有8种,种群密度差异大。种群的径级结构大体上呈非对称的单峰型曲线。重要值排在前4位的是红松、红皮云杉、白桦和榆树。红松和白桦在整个研究尺度上均为聚集分布,红皮云杉随空间尺度的变化趋势为聚集-随机-均匀分布,榆树在≤16 m尺度上为随机分布,其余尺度上为聚集分布。除红松与红皮云杉、白桦、榆树之间在小尺度呈显著负相关,以及红皮云杉与榆树在小尺度上呈显著正相关外,其余种群的空间关联性均不显著。样地内红松和红皮云杉是掘根林隙形成木的主要组成树种,掘根形成的林隙形成木空间分布格局除在3 6 m尺度上呈均匀分布外,其余研究尺度均呈随机分布。[结论]小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同种群在不同的研究尺度上空间分布格局及空间关联性存在差异,红松和红皮云杉易形成掘根倒木且整体上呈随机分布。     

谷城红椿天然群落物种多样性与种群分布格局

为研究谷城县天然红椿群落的物种多样性和红椿种群的分布格局,通过野外调查,采用样方法,运用7种多样性指数研究两个样地的乔灌草多样性,并对各多样性数据进行相关性分析;采用相邻格子样方法,运用7种不同分布格局指数,对不同红椿种群的空间格局进行系统研究。结果表明:不同样地灌木和乔木层香农指数差异显著;乔灌草层各样性指数间相关性较高;不同样地种群分别为集群分布和泊松分布。人为干扰造成群落不同样地草灌乔多样性下降,种群分布格局变化;天然红椿种群呈泊松分布,人为干扰下呈聚集分布。     

张广才岭阔叶红松林林分结构研究

阔叶红松林是东北东部最主要的林分类型,如何获取相应的林分结构信息是森林保护和可持续经营的重要内容。2011年,在吉林省蛟河试验局林场建立了1个面积为30hm2的阔叶红松林永久样地,并对样地内的每株树木测量了坐标、胸径和树高等。本文运用结构多样性指数(角尺度、大小比数、混交度)研究了该林分的空间结构。该样地的平均混交度值为0.590,平均角尺度为0.569,各个树种大小比数值介于0.36到0.94之间。这表明:张广才岭阔叶红松林树种空间配置稍高于中度混交水平,树种在垂直方向上分化明显,林分总体上呈聚集分布格局。研究结果可为森林的可持续经营提供借鉴。     

天然红松阔叶林不同径阶林木的空间分布特征分析

为进一步揭示天然红松阔叶混交林的空间结构规律,为合理经营天然红松阔叶林提供借鉴,本研究在吉林省蛟河林业实验区大坡经营区设立面积为1 hm2的样地,利用全站仪对高度1.3 m以上的林木进行每木调查,然后利用角尺度、大小比数和混交度等3种结构参数,分析了样地内不同径阶林木的空间分布特征.结果表明:天然红松阔叶林中小径阶(胸径≤10 cm)林木占总株数的59.4%,其周围林木呈随机分布,与林分的总体分布格局一致.大径木的平均角尺度呈急剧下降的趋势,说明其相邻木挤在一起的现象大幅度减少,相邻树木在其四周趋于均匀分布.林木大小比数随胸径的增大呈迅速减小的趋势,小径木多明显受压,中径木处于中庸状态或亚优势地位,大径木全部处于优势地位.林木混交度随着胸径的增大呈逐渐递增的趋势,竞争压力逐步减小,林木空间分布特征渐趋优化.     

角尺度判断林木水平分布格局的新方法

【目的】提出角尺度判断林木水平分布格局的检验方法,以期进一步完善角尺度判断林木水平分布格局理论。【方法】采用林分空间结构分析软件Winkelmass模拟产生面积为70 m×70 m、不同密度、不同水平分布格局的模拟林分6 000个,东北阔叶红松林实测林分2个,验证新方法判断林木水平分布格局的准确性,并与聚集指数R及Ripley’s L判断结果进行比较。【结果】依据随机分布林分角尺度均值(W-)符合正态分布的结论及其与标准差的关系,提出通过正态分布检验林分(树种)平均角尺度判断林木水平分布格局的方法。运用正态分布检验林分(树种)平均角尺度的方法判断林木水平分布格局结果与模拟林分水平分布格局的符合率达到了100%,而运用聚集指数R显著性检验判断林木水平分布格局结果的符合率则随着林分密度的增加而增加;面积为70 m×70 m、密度为50株·hm-2时不同水平分布格局的模拟林分判断结果表明,通过正态分布检验林分(树种)平均角尺度判断林木水平分布格局方法不受林木间的距离影响,而相邻单株之间的平均距离是影响聚集指数R判断林木水平分布格局结果的关键因素。甘肃小陇山松栎混交林每木定位数据和吉林蛟河阔叶红松林每木定位数据判断结果表明,在置信水平α为0.05时,新方法对松栎混交林的判断结果与Ripley’s L函数点格局分析方法判断结果一致,对阔叶红松林中水曲柳和红松种群水平分布格局判断为随机分布,对林分及其他树种水平分布格局的判断结果与Ripley’s L函数一致;而聚集指数R则将松栎混交林中的华山松水平分布格局判断为随机分布,将阔叶红松全林的水平分布格局判断为聚集分布,核桃楸的水平分布格局判断为随机分布;在置信水平α为0.1时,正态分布检验林分(树种)平均角尺度判断林木水平分布格局方法对2个林分/种群的判断结果与Ripley’s L函数点格局分析方法判断结果完全一致,而聚集指数R与Ripley’s L检验的判断结果的差别明显增加,说明置信水平对水平分布格局判断结果影响比较明显。【结论】研究提出的正态分布检验林分(树种)平均角尺度判断林木水平分布格局的方法克服了统一的置信区间不适用于评判抽样调查或群落中数量较少的种群水平分布格局问题,进一步完善了角尺度判断林木水平分布格局理论,提升了角尺度判断林木水平分布格局的准确性与适用范围。     

戴云山罗浮栲林群落主要树种空间分布格局

采用样方法对戴云山罗浮栲林群落进行调查,分析了罗浮栲林群落主要树种空间分布格局。结果表明,罗浮栲林群落乔木层主要树种中,小径阶(胸径≤10cm)林木占总株数的56.9%,其中云山青冈、树参呈随机分布,其它主要树种均呈集群分布,与林分总体分布格局一致;中径阶(10cm胸径≤30cm)林木占总株数的35.7%,其聚集程度降低;大径阶(胸径30cm)林木占总株数的7.4%,除罗浮栲呈集群分布,其余树种趋于随机分布,其分布格局主要与物种生物学特性和种群间的竞争排斥有关,且与物种的生境有密切联系。灌木层主要树种均呈集群分布。     

基于林分特征的林木个体信息估算可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以6块典型的杉木人工同龄纯林为研究对象,研究林木径阶与其Voronoi多边形面积间的对应关系。以模拟样地为例,在林木株数、林分算术平均胸径与样地大小设定的前提下,研究林木空间分布格局特征,建立计算机模拟点阵生成算法;利用Weibull分布模型对样地内林木径阶分布进行估算,根据林木Voronoi多边形面积与其径阶间的对应规律,对林木胸径进行分配,参考林木测树因子估计模型对林木树高与冠幅因子进行估算;采用ArcgisEngine10开发技术,开发样地Voronoi多边形分析模块,结合GDI+与MOGRE技术,建立基于林分特征的林木个体信息估算可视化模型。结果表明:林木Voronoi多边形面积的算术平均值与所对应径阶间总体呈正相关关系;林木空间格局生成算法高效且适用;林木胸径因子分配考虑了空间环境的影响,贴近林木生长规律;可视化模拟技术可直观表现以上过程与结果,增强可操作性。此方法可用于解决由林分整体特征估算林木个体信息的难题,可为林业科学研究提供基础数据,可为森林可视化模拟提供技术参考。     

桂林岩溶石山阴香种群的空间分布格局

通过野外调查,选取6块有代表性的样地,采用点格局分析方法研究了阴香种群的空间分布格局。结果表明,6块样地中,Q1和Q5样地阴香种群多数尺度上表现为集群分布,Q2和Q3以随机分布为主,Q4和Q6样地少数尺度上为集群分布,多数尺度上呈随机分布。阴香种群的空间分布格局与物种本身的繁殖特性、生境条件以及种内种间竞争等密切相关,由岩石的覆盖而形成的小环境对种群的分布格局类型有影响。点格局分析法较好地体现了不同尺度下阴香种群的分布格局特征。     

镶黄旗黄花山天然杜松林群落结构与种群分布格局研究

在内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗黄花山天然杜松林内,设置4个有代表性的标准样地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查数据,分析天然杜松林群落结构及乔木层和灌木层优势种种群空间分布格局。结果表明:1)天然杜松林群落内,杜松地径较小,个体高峰值分布范围较为集中,径级结构变化明显;旱榆多以幼苗的形式存在,地径范围在2.5cm以下。群落存在明显的径阶缺陷,属于不稳定型。2)乔木层高度级较低,而灌木层高度级较好。3)乔木层杜松种群主要以聚集分布格局为主,伴有均匀分布格局,旱榆种群则为聚集分布格局;灌木层优势种群小叶鼠李和土庄绣线菊的空间分布格局都为聚集分布。群落处于不稳定的恢复发展阶段,人为和自然干扰以及种群生物学特性共同造成这种空间分布格局。     

森林结构调查最小面积的研究

采用4块100m×100m的天然林样地材料,分别利用角尺度和双相关函数分析4块大样地中不同面积的窗口(小样地)对应林木个体的空间分布格局。结果表明,小样地面积不同其对应林木的空间分布格局也不同,随着样地面积逐渐变大,对应林木的空间分布格局趋于稳定,这意味着森林结构分析必须在一定大小的样地上进行。根据本研究资料,样地面积最小应为2500m2。     

Adjustment approach to boundary effect on aggregation index and its application

Calculating aggregation index by the sample-plot data used to lead to computing error due to the existence of a boundary effect. Here, we suggest a method for adjusting boundary effect in the analysis of spatial patterns at different stages of development of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest. This method is good for the reasonable management and biological control of the forests. The total station was used to sample the relative coordinates data at four corners of the temporary sample plot and of each tree in the field. Based on the sampling data, a correct approach to the boundary effect on aggregation index was put forward to the spatial pattern analysis of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in its different stages of development. The results showed that the forest trees grew in a clumped pattern in the stage dominated by the pioneer trees, and that the trees were distributed in a random pattern in the stage dominated by the companion trees or in the mature stage. The spatial pattern of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest changing from clumped to random distribution is influenced by biological characteristic, the adaptive strategy of tree species and the natural disturbance in its entire development. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2005, 29(3): 57–60 [译自: 南京林业大学学报, 2005, 29(3): 57–60]     

燕山山地白桦林的空间结构研究

为了解燕山山地白桦天然次生林的空间结构,以河北省孟滦林场和黑龙山林场的白桦天然次生林为研究对象,对其角尺度和混交度等空间结构特征参数进行了研究。结果表明:孟滦林场和黑龙山林场的白桦天然次生幼龄林均呈聚集分布,平均角尺度分别为0.58和0.55,孟滦林场的白桦天然次生幼龄林的聚集程度高于黑龙山林场;2个地区的白桦天然次生中龄林也呈明显的聚集分布。孟滦林场白桦天然次生林平均混交度为0.32,混交树种只有2个;黑龙山林场平均混交度为0.47,混交树种达到5个。     

安化县天然林景观格局与动态演变研究

基于2013年安化县森林资源规划设计调查数据、2017年林地变更调查数据,利用地理信息系统软件及景观格局指数计算软件,分析安化县天然林景观格局特征,对安化县天然林空间格局与动态演变进行研究。结果表明:安化县天然林主要是由竹林和阔叶林组成,占安化县天然林总面积的80%以上;从天然林整体变化情况来看,2013—2017年安化县天然林面积整体呈减少趋势,各森林类型斑块密度、景观类型比略有变化,天然林景观整体变化不大,景观维持平衡稳定;天然林景观在空间分布趋于聚集分布,连接状况趋于更佳,天然林斑块的形状趋于更规则、更复杂,景观格局趋于更好。     

Secondary forest floristic composition, structure, and spatial pattern in subtropical China

Secondary evergreen broadleaved forests are precious remnants for biodiversity conservation and templates for sustainable management of natural forests in subtropical China. Floristic composition, size structure, and spatial pattern of dominant tree species have been investigated for a subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in the Huitong Yingzuijie National Forest Reserve, Hunan, China. The location of all trees greater than 4 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) were mapped within a 0.96-ha plot in which species, DBH, and total tree height were recorded. Ripley’s K(t) function was used to analyze spatial patterns and associations. The secondary forest consisted of 74 tree species and 1,596 stems per hectare. A reverse-J shaped DBH classes distribution was observed for all stems and trees of later seral species whereas trees of earlier successional species were distributed irregularly. Significant aggregated spatial patterns were observed for all trees within the forest and for conspecific trees of each dominant species. This result, and a repulsive spatial pattern for interspecific trees of Choerospondias axillaries and Cyclobalanopsis glauca against other dominant tree species, support segregation hypothesis. Contributions of seed dispersal, topographic heterogeneity, and competition to spatial patterns of conspecific trees vary depending on tree species. Attractive spatial pattern among interspecific trees of Liquidambar fortunei, Liquidambar formosana, and Pinus massoniana reflects stochastic colonization of pioneer tree species and a facilitation relationship. Although deciduous species are long-lived and persist over long successional processes, they will eventually be replaced by late seral evergreen species within the secondary forest if no disturbance events occur.     

Spatial distributions of tropical tree species in northern Vietnam under environmentally variable site conditions

Ecological interactions of species and thus their spatial pat- terns may differ between homogeneous and heterogeneous forests. To account for this, techniques of point pattern analysis were implemented on mapped locations of tree individuals from two 1-ha tropicalforest plots in Vietnam. We analyzed the effect of environmental heterogeneity on tree distributions; spatial distribution patterns of dominant species; inter-specific associations; and conspecific associations between life stages. Our analyses showed that： environmental conditions were homo- geneous at plot 1 but heterogeneous at plot 2; in both plots, all six domi- nant species were aggregated at various scales up to 30 m, and tree spe- cies were aggregated at larger scales in the homogeneous site than in the heterogeneous site; attraction between pairs of species was remarkably higher at the homogeneous site while negative associations were more frequent in the heterogeneous site; some species, H. kurzii, T. ilicifolia （homogeneous plot） and D. sylvatica, S. wightianum （heterogeneous plot） showed a lack of early life-stage individuals near conspecific adults. Moreover, additional clustering of young individuals was independent from conspecific adults, except D. sylvatica in both sites. These findings are consistent with the Janzen-ConneU hypothesis. Overall, habitat het- erogeneity influences spatial patterns and inter-specific associations of the tree species and evidences of self-thinning are shown in most species.     

Spatial connectivity and distribution of landscape type in the natural secondary forests of eastern mountainous region,northeast China—a case study of Mao'ershan region in Heilongjiang Province

Mao'ershan region is representative in the natural secondary forested region of the eastern mountainous region, northeast China. The landscape nearest neighbor index and landscape connectivity index were calculated with ARC/INFO software for Mao'ershan region. The spatial distribution of the landscape of the region was analyzed. The results showed that the landscape connectivity index of non-woodland was significantly higher than that of woodland. The landscape connectivity index of natural forest was nearly equal to zero, which means its fragmentation degree is high. The nearest neighbor index of plantation was lower than that of natural forest and non-forestland. Among the man-made forests, the distance index of the coniferous mixed plantation is the lowest, and its pattern is nearly glomeration. The landscape pattern of natural forest presented nearly random distribution. Among non-forest land, the distance index of cut blank was the lowest, and its pattern was also nearly glomeration. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the Key Project of State Department of Science Technology (2002BA515B040). Biography: LI SHu-juan (1977), female. Lecture in Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

川中丘陵区防护林群落多样性研究

本文对川中丘陵地区主要防护林群落的物种多样性进行研究,结果表明：①该流域共有维管束植物55科,82属,88种,其科、属、种数与四川省乃至全国比较,官司河流域植物区系具有组成简单的特点;②物种丰富度,物种多样性和均匀度指数都是人工林低于天然次生林,纯林林分低于混交林分;③土壤pH值、土壤有机质、土层厚度和人为干扰是影响防护林群落多样性发育的重要制约因子,其中土壤pH值是主导因子,制约着本区防护林群浇的空间分布格局;④林木高度、郁闭度和灌、草层盖度与物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数相关密切,对群落多样性发育的影响较大;而林木胸径与群落多样性指数相关不明显,对群落多样发育的影响不大。     

Relationship between landscape structure and burn severity at the landscape and class levels in Samchuck, South Korea

Fuel treatments for reducing fire risk are necessarily tied to the landscape structure including forest composition and configuration. Thus understanding the relationships between landscape structure and burn severity is important for developing guidelines and management strategies for fire-resilient forests. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between landscape structure as described by spatial pattern metrics and burn severity at the landscape and class levels. In 2000, a mostly severe fire burned 16,210 ha of dense forest located in Samchuck on the east coast of the Korean peninsula. Spatial pattern metrics including patch density, largest patch index, mean shape index, area-weighted mean shape index, Euclidean nearest neighborhood distance, and Shannon's diversity index, as well as topographic characteristics of slope and elevation, were correlated with burn severity based on delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) assessments. Regression tree analysis was also carried out with the same variables to avoid spatial autocorrelation and to reveal the relative importance of variables to burn severity. The results of this study strongly suggest that both composition and configuration of the forest cover patches are closely tied to burn severity. In particular, both the correlation analysis and regression tree analysis indicated that the area of red pine tree forest cover was the most significant factor in explaining the variance of burn severity. Topography and spatial configuration of forest cover patches were also significantly related to burn severity. The heterogeneity of forests also had a significant influence on burn severity. To reduce fire risk and increase the fire resilience of forests, forest managers and agencies need to consider enhancing the heterogeneity of forests when implementing fuel treatment schemes. However, such fuel treatments for landscape structure may only be effective under moderate weather conditions.