凡纳滨对虾收获体质量大规模家系选择效果的计算机模拟分析

为进一步补充凡纳滨对虾核心育种群收获体质量的遗传进展工作,设计了包括10个家系数量梯度(100~1 000)和11个家系内测试个体数梯度(100~5 000)的育种方案,利用计算机模拟技术,执行家系间(留种50%家系)和家系内选择(留种1雄、2雌),连续选择19次,比较核心育种群与扩繁群收获体质量育种值和群体近交系数的变化,为进一步优化大规模家系选育提供基础参数。结果显示,与对照方案(家系数量100个、家系内测试个体数100个、体质量遗传力0.35)相比,增加参与测试的家系内个体数,选择强度不断提高,核心育种群收获体质量育种值均值增加了48%(62.75~92.87 g),但增加幅度在不断降低(100~2 500:40.60%;2 500~5 000:7.40%);核心育种群收获体质量育种值标准差降低了2.90%(1.38~1.34 g)。受限于选择强度,随着家系数量的扩大,核心育种群收获体质量育种值仅增加了1.88%(62.75~63.93 g),育种值标准差增加了4.35%。扩繁群收获体质量育种值随家系规模变化的趋势同核心育种群,但在家系水平上的提高幅度更大(63.63~65.48 g,2.91%)。随着家系数量的增加,核心育种群的近交系数降低了90.32%(0.093~0.009),下降幅度不断减少(100~500:79.57%;500~1 000:10.75%);家系数量为200个的育种群体,连续选择19次后,每代平均近交率为0.25%。增加参与测试的家系内个体数,不影响核心育种群的近交水平。研究表明,扩大家系内测试个体数,可以进一步提高核心育种群与扩繁群收获体质量的遗传进展。     

罗氏沼虾高世代育种群体收获体重加性和显性遗传效应

精确地估计加性和显性遗传效应,可以提高选择准确度和加速遗传进展。本研究构建了343个罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)G7~G9育种群体全同胞家系(半同胞家系244个),测定了29523尾个体的收获体重。基于单性状动物模型,利用平均信息约束最大似然法(average information restricted maximum likelihood method,AIREML)估计了G7、G8、G9和G8+G9 4个数据集收获体重的方差组分。分析时采用了两种模型:(1)加性遗传效应模型,包含加性遗传效应和共同环境效应(A+C);(2)加显性遗传效应模型,进一步包括显性遗传效应(A+D+C)。结果表明,在A+C模型下,估计得到的4个数据集收获体重的遗传力范围在0.046~0.082,为低遗传力水平(h~2≤0.15)。在A+D+C模型下,估计得到的收获体重遗传力范围在0.063~0.096,显性方差组分比率范围为0.027~0.571。模型中包括显性遗传效应后,G8数据集收获体重遗传力的估计值变大,其余3个数据集的估计值变小。罗氏沼虾育种群体收获体重遗传力较低,表明需要引进性能优良的野生或改良群体,增加育种群体的遗传变异丰富度;4个数据集显性遗传方差比率值变化较大,表明需要新的算法并利用更多世代数据提高其估计值的准确性。     

罗氏沼虾育繁推一体化体系构建的关键技术

<正>什么是育繁推一体化?定义:育种、扩繁、推广紧密结合、协同发展。判断标准:育成的新品种在市场的占有率与影响力。从新品种的选育到产业化推广必须要解决好一系列难题,重点解决好育、繁、推各个环节的关键技术。关键技术之一:育种材料的收集、保存与育种基地建设罗氏沼虾"南太湖2号"基础群由以下组成:缅甸野生群体(2011年从缅甸引进),孟加拉野生群体(2007年从孟加拉引进),缅甸野生群体(2002年从缅甸引进),浙江养殖群体(该群体在浙江封闭养     

斑点叉尾鮰基础群体生长和存活性状遗传参数估计

研究估计了斑点叉尾基础群体(G0)体质量、体长和存活性状的遗传参数,为制定育种目标、综合选择指数和选择方法提供基础参数。实验利用5个斑点叉尾引进群体,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计,产生全同胞和半同胞家系。每个家系内的稚、幼鱼经过中间暂养、个体标记等阶段后,混合放入一个池塘进行生长和存活测试。利用两性状动物模型和公母畜阈模型分别估计生长和存活性状的方差组分和遗传参数。通过最佳线性无偏预测法估计所有个体生长和存活性状的育种值。斑点叉尾基础群体收获体质量和体长遗传力分别为0.41±0.074和0.32±0.064,属于高遗传力水平,并且统计检验显著(P<0.05)。尽管在两性状动物模型中设置标记体质量和标记体长作为协变量进行校正,但是由于加性遗传效应和共同环境效应混淆在一起无法剖分,遗传力估计值偏高。收获体质量和收获体长的表型和遗传相关系数分别为0.93和0.97,表现为高度线性正相关。存活性状的遗传力为0.037±0.016,表现为低遗传力,但统计检验仍达到显著水平(P<0.05)。家系生长(收获体质量和收获体长)和存活性状育种值间的相关系数分别为0.065和0.100,表现为低度线性遗传正相关,并且统计检验不显著(P>0.05)。因此在制定育种方案时,生长和存活性状都可纳入育种目标,利用多性状选择指数方法同时选择。     

斑点叉尾基础群体生长和存活性状遗传参数估计

研究估计了斑点叉尾基础群体(G0)体质量、体长和存活性状的遗传参数,为制定育种目标、综合选择指数和选择方法提供基础参数。实验利用5个斑点叉尾引进群体,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计,产生全同胞和半同胞家系。每个家系内的稚、幼鱼经过中间暂养、个体标记等阶段后,混合放入一个池塘进行生长和存活测试。利用两性状动物模型和公母畜阈模型分别估计生长和存活性状的方差组分和遗传参数。通过最佳线性无偏预测法估计所有个体生长和存活性状的育种值。斑点叉尾基础群体收获体质量和体长遗传力分别为0.41±0.074和0.32±0.064,属于高遗传力水平,并且统计检验显著(P0.05)。尽管在两性状动物模型中设置标记体质量和标记体长作为协变量进行校正,但是由于加性遗传效应和共同环境效应混淆在一起无法剖分,遗传力估计值偏高。收获体质量和收获体长的表型和遗传相关系数分别为0.93和0.97,表现为高度线性正相关。存活性状的遗传力为0.037±0.016,表现为低遗传力,但统计检验仍达到显著水平(P0.05)。家系生长(收获体质量和收获体长)和存活性状育种值间的相关系数分别为0.065和0.100,表现为低度线性遗传正相关,并且统计检验不显著(P0.05)。因此在制定育种方案时,生长和存活性状都可纳入育种目标,利用多性状选择指数方法同时选择。     

规模猪场后备猪的选种和培育技术

<正>规模化猪场要生存、发展,就必须培育出满足市场需求的高品质优良种猪。一个品种如果不对其实施育种措施,它的优良基因很可能丢失,生产性能将发生退化。所以,选育工作是我们日常管理的核心,成立专业的选育队伍,设专门资金,实施科学的育种流程和采用先进的育种软件,持之以恒,方能取得成功。1选育模型的建立1.1场内测定在基础猪群中选择目标性状估计育种值高于基础群平均值的优秀个体组成核心群,核心群母猪的数量占基     

基于表型值和育种值的中国对虾生长、抗逆性状相关分析

利用单性状动物模型估计中国对虾170d的体重、抗WSSV存活时间和存活率3个性状的育种值,在家系水平上进行性状间表型值和育种值相关分析。估计的3个性状的遗传力分别为:0.22±0.16、0.14±0.12和0.03±0.021,并据此计算各性状个体育种值。家系性状表型值的相关分析表明,家系170d体重和抗WSSV存活时间之间存在一定程度相关(r=0.35,P<0.05),其余性状间相关系数很小,且差异不显著。3个性状家系育种值间的相关系数均较小,170d体重与抗WSSV存活时间的相关系数最高(0.038),170d体重与存活率,抗WSSV存活时间与存活率之间为负相关(r=-0.24,r=-0.027),并且统计检验未达到显著性水平。研究结果表明,利用多性状复合育种技术,培育综合性状优良的中国对虾新品种是一个正确而必要的育种策略。     

基因型与环境互作条件下凡纳滨对虾多性状复合育种方案的遗传和经济评估

依据凡纳滨对虾多性状复合育种方案,模拟选择20个世代,预测和评估了目标性状（收获体质量（BW）,存活率（SR）和饲料摄入量（FI））的遗传进展及经济效益。利用选择指数理论,估计目标性状的选择反应、遗传进展以及育种目标;并对影响利润（RP）和效益成本比率（BCR）的生物学参数（遗传力、育种目标是否包括FI）,经济学参数（对虾价格、饲料价格、贴现率、初投资、年费用）和运行参数（首次回报年份、扩繁效率）进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,在基础参数值下,BW、SR和FI每个世代的选择反应分别为0.86g,4.70%和1.54g;育种方案执行20年产生的RP和BCR分别为862747.91万元和844.26;敏感性分析显示,在所有参数中,扩繁效率对RP和BCR的影响最大。基因型与环境互作的敏感性分析表明：重排效应（养殖环境对同一基因型个体在不同环境中育种值排序的影响）对RP和BCR的影响较大。规模效应（养殖环境对遗传方差的影响）对RP和BCR的影响不如重排效应明显。因此,从遗传学和经济学角度考虑,如果育种目标性状在不同的区域间存在较强的基因型与环境互作效应,应针对不同的环境设置多个独立的育种核心群体,以期获得更高的RP和BCR。     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)“黄海3号”新品种的培育

2006年收集中国对虾“黄海1号”保种群以及海州湾、莱州湾2个野生群体为基础群体构建核心育种群,采用群体选育技术以仔虾Ⅰ期耐氨氮胁迫成活率和收获时对虾体重为选育指标,经过连续5代选育,培育出中国对虾“黄海3号”新品种。新品种耐氨氮胁迫能力强,仔虾Ⅰ期成活率较商品苗种提高21.2%,养殖成活率提高15.2%;生长速度快,收获对虾平均体重较商品苗种提高11.8%。AFLP 技术分析获得5代选育群体的平均多态位点比例分别为42.28%、40.64%、40.32%、39.95%和38.05%。研究结果显示,随着选育世代的增加,选育群体的遗传多样性呈现下降趋势,但随着选育时间的延长,世代之间的分化逐渐降低,群体的遗传结构开始趋于稳定。     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)“黄海3号”新品种的培育

2006年收集中国对虾“黄海1号”保种群以及海州湾、莱州湾2个野生群体为基础群体构建核心育种群,采用群体选育技术以仔虾Ⅰ期耐氨氮胁迫成活率和收获时对虾体重为选育指标,经过连续5代选育,培育出中国对虾“黄海3号”新品种。新品种耐氨氮胁迫能力强,仔虾Ⅰ期成活率较商品苗种提高21.2%,养殖成活率提高15.2%;生长速度快,收获对虾平均体重较商品苗种提高11.8%。AFLP技术分析获得5代选育群体的平均多态位点比例分别为42.28%、40.64%、40.32%、39.95%和38.05%。研究结果显示,随着选育世代的增加,选育群体的遗传多样性呈现下降趋势,但随着选育时间的延长,世代之间的分化逐渐降低,群体的遗传结构开始趋于稳定。     

罗氏沼虾抗病选育群体的抗病性能及其遗传多样性分析

为深入了解罗氏沼虾抗病选育群体的抗病力和遗传信息,通过人工注射溶藻弧菌感染16个罗氏沼虾选育群体,并利用微卫星分子标记对选育群体进行遗传结构分析。结果显示,16个选育群体抗溶藻弧菌感染能力存在明显差别,并从中鉴定出抗病力强的群体3个(SCR11-6、SCR11-11和SCR11-16),其在感染溶藻弧菌感染后的成活率达80%;抗病力比较强的群体7个;抗病力一般的群体4个,成活率为65%～70%;抗病力差的群体2个,成活率为35%～50%。8对微卫星引物共检测到53个等位基因,每对引物的等位基因数为5～9个,平均为6.625个,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.629 4～0.829 4,平均为0.732 3。16个群体的平均PIC为0.493 2～0.695 6,平均观测杂合度为0.506 2～0.651 3,平均期望杂合度为0.551 9～0.733 2,遗传相似系数平均为0.655 2,遗传距离平均为0.434 4。并对DP和SP两群体罗氏沼虾个体扩增出的差异条带进行统计,分析其与罗氏沼虾抗病性状的相关性。结果表明,5个微卫星位点SUGbp8-103b、SUGbp8-101c、MRMB11、SUGbp8-137和MRMC2分别在203、263、185、335和96 bp等位基因与罗氏沼虾抗病性状存在一定的相关性,其中,位点MRMB11在185 bp等位基因跟抗病性有极显著的正相关性,相关系数为0.282。研究表明,16个选育群体中有4个群体的抗病力较强,同时与其它12个选育群体相比,这4个群体遗传多样性也比较丰富,这些罗氏沼虾群体的筛选为罗氏沼虾抗病新品种的培育奠定了重要基础。     

Genetic diversity and population structure of a giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) breeding nucleus in China

The giant freshwater prawn breeding programme in China has been carried out as a closed nucleus from 2006. The programme aimed to improve the harvest body weight and pond survival and has achieved remarkable progress. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of the giant freshwater prawn breeding nucleus was analysed. Pedigree completeness, the status of genetic diversity, inbreeding accumulation and effective population size of the breeding nucleus were analysed according to the pedigree record. From 2006 to 2014, a total of 107,941 individuals with 555 males and 967 females in nine generations were included in the analyses. Pedigree completeness index in six generations was at least 0.92. After performing eight selections, the genetic diversity decreased by 3%, 67% of which was caused by random genetic drift. After performing 2 years’ selection, the inbreeding level began to show a marked upward trend. The regression of the average rate of inbreeding and the average rate of co‐ancestry was 0.0041 and 0.0051 from 2006 to 2014. The effective population size calculated from the above two parameters was 122 and 98 respectively. The effective population size is still within the recommended level for a population to continue the genetic improvement programme, but below the level required (500) for retaining the evolutionary potential. To restrain the increasing level of inbreeding and maintain effective population size, measures are required to develop a breeding programme which integrates management of genetic variability and selection.     

Phenotypic and genetic parameters for body traits in the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in India

Phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated for three body traits (harvest weight, carapace length and standard length) and for adult male morphotypes of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in a fully pedigreed synthetic population in India. The data set included 9,173 progeny produced over four generations from 162 sires and 234 dams. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated fitting an animal model using the residual maximum‐likelihood methodology. The heritabilities for harvest body weight (HW), carapace length (CL) and standard length (SL) were moderate (0.22 ± 0.056, 0.22 ± 0.055 and 0.25 ± 0.059 respectively). The common environmental effects for HW, CL and SL were 0.10 ± 0.020, 0.08 ± 0.018 and 0.10 ± 0.021 respectively. As M. rosenbergii is sexually dimorphic, we estimated heritabilities within each sex. Heritability of HW in females (0.27 ± 0.068) was greater than that in males (0.15 ± 0.057). CL and SL followed the same pattern. The occurrence of male morphotypes is a unique characteristic of adult populations of M. rosenbergii. Populations from culture ponds exhibit a wide range of sizes. To examine whether there was a heritable component in male morphotype frequencies, we treated male morphotypes as traits. The additive genetic variance (and hence the heritability) was zero for male morphotype, indicating that selective breeding to increase the proportion of desirable male morphotypes would not be effective. The genetic correlations among body traits were all positive, high and approaching unity. The results are discussed in relation to selection plans for the giant freshwater prawn.     

凡纳滨对虾选育群体与近交群体、引进群体生长和存活性能比较

为研究凡纳滨对虾选育群体与近交群体、引进群体的生长和存活性能差异,本实验利用家系标准化构建方法构建了选育群体、引进群体和近交群体家系,开展共同养殖环境下的生长和存活性能测试实验,分析了三个群体的体质量、存活率和近交衰退情况.结果表明,选育群体收获体质量与引进群体、全同胞近交一代群体体质量均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),第60天收获时,选育群体比引进群体的体质量提高7.11％,比近交群体的体质量提高20.01％;选育群体和引进群体内不同家系生长速度存在较大差异,选育群体中增重最快的家系为6012家系,绝对增重率为0.29 g/d,比所有家系绝对增重率均值高31.82％,比增重最慢的家系高61.11％,引进群体中绝对增重率和特定生长率均最高的家系为6008家系,分别为0.33 g/d和3.17％/d,比所有家系均值分别高65％和33.19％,比增重最慢的家系分别高230％和128.06％;存活率方面,选育群体与引进群体差异不显著(P＞0.05),但与近交群体存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),存活率提高12.74％.近交衰退结果显示,与选育群体及引进群体相比较,近交群体收获体质量生长性状的实际衰退百分比分别为16.68％和10.76％,近交系数每增加10％所引起的近交衰退系数分别为-6.60％和-4.30％,且选育群体与近交群体在收获体质量上差异显著(P＜0.05);存活率性状也出现了一定程度的近交衰退,实际衰退百分比分别为11.30％和10.54％.本研究结果可为凡纳滨对虾的后期选择育种工作提供数据参考.     

Genetic divergence in Indian populations of M. rosenbergii using microsatellite markers

Macrobrachium rosenbergii, known as the giant freshwater prawn or Malaysian prawn, is the sixth largest aquaculture species in Asia. Knowledge of genetic diversity of M. rosenbergii is important to support management and conservation programmes, which will subsequently help in sustainable production of this economically important species. This study aimed to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure of five M. rosenbergii populations using 11 microsatellite loci. In analysing 240 samples, the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (H_O) and expected heterozygosity (H_E) ranged from 3 to 20, from 0.250 to 0.978 and from 0.556 to 0.944 respectively. The five stocks of M. rosenbergii displayed high level of genetic diversity. Both the F_ST and amova analyses showed that there was significant genetic differentiation among all populations. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance matrix revealed that the Narmada and Mahi populations were in one cluster and Mahanadi and Subarnarekha populations in another single major branch, whereas the Kerala population clearly showed a separate cluster. This information on genetic variation will be useful for genetic improvement and conservation of Indian populations of giant freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii.     

Selection responses in survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii after performing five generations of multi-trait selection for growth and survival

A selective breeding program was established to improve the growth and survival of the cultured giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The response to selection was estimated for the survival of M. rosenbergii using a fully pedigreed synthetic population formed by three introduced strains. The data included 122,761 progeny from 437 sires and 723 dams in seven generations with a nested mating structure. The genetic parameters and estimated breeding values (EBVs) were estimated using a generalized linear mixed model with the probit link function. The realized response was estimated from the difference in the marginal means of survival for the selection and control populations, while the predicted response was obtained from the difference in the mean retransformed survival rate based on the survival EBVs between generations. The realized genetic gain in survival from the G₁ to G₆ generation ranged from ?1.24 to 2.72 %. The accumulated realized genetic gain (5.02 %) expressed as a percentage was 8.46 %. Across the generations, high heritability (0.401 ± 0.020, Set 1) was obtained when using the model without the c effect and was significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). However, the low heritability and common environment (0.013 ± 0.011 and 0.088 ± 0.007, Set 2) were estimated using the model that included the c effect. The accumulated predicted gains (6.29 and 0.61 %, respectively) from the Set 1 and Set 2 parameters over the five generations of selection expressed as proportions were 9.08 and 0.87 %, respectively. The low genetic gain for survival is most likely caused by a low relative weight in the selection index and reduced genetic variation because of consecutive between-family selection.     

Genetic analysis of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): heterosis and heritability for harvest body weight

The aim of this study was to estimate heterosis and heritability for harvest body weight of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) measured at commercial farm conditions. Heterosis and heritability were estimated using a base population from diallel crosses of eight introduced strains. The base population included 9936 shrimp from 207 families that were produced with 188 sires and 172 dams using a nested mating design by artificial insemination. Heterosis was calculated basing on the least squares means (LSM) of harvest body weight. The results showed that most of the hybrids (75%) have positive heterosis for harvest body weight, which ranged from ?13.36% (UA2 × UA5) to 13.80% (UA6 × UA5) with a mean of 2.41%. The high amount of heterosis manifested in the hybrids indicated the usefulness of these hybrids for improving the growth. Variance components and heritability for harvest body weight were estimated using an animal model. The heritability estimate for harvest body weight was 0.092 ± 0.082 (h²) when genetic groups were excluded from the pedigree, but it was decreased when genetic groups were included in the pedigree ( = 0.066 ± 0.050), implying that there are strain additive genetic effect and heterosis in the base population. However, the heritability estimates for harvest body weight were significantly different from zero (P < 0.05) and there was no significant difference between h² and (P > 0.05). The results from this study indicated that significant improvement for growth is possible through cross‐breeding and selective breeding in L. vannamei.     

凡纳滨对虾多个引进群体的杂交配合力分析

利用人工授精技术,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计,以7个凡纳滨对虾群体生产家系130个,建立育种基础群体.利用混合线性模型和广义线性模型,结合约束极大似然法估计不同引进群体体质量和存活性状的一般配合力(general combining ability,GCA)和特殊配合力(special combining ability,SCA).结果显示,对于体质量性状,UA5、UA4和SIN 3个群体的GCA值最高,分别为0.42、0.32和0.19;17个杂交组合中,UA5×SIN、UA1×UA2、UA4×UA5、UA4×SIN和UA1×SIN 5个组合体质量和存活性状的SCA值正向优势较明显,是生产优良子代的优先搭配组合;体质量和存活性状配合力方差分析结果显示,不同环境下体质量性状GCA和SCA方差组分所占比例不同,但总体差异不大;相关性分析显示,不同环境下体质量性状配合力之间存在正相关,而存活性状存在负相关.