Cadmium Uptake by Winter Wheat Seedlings in Response to Interactions Between Phosphorus and Zinc Supply in Soils

ABSTRACT

Effects of application of zinc (Zn) (0, 1, 5, 10 mg kg^?1 soil) and phosphorus (P) (0, 10, 50, 100 mg kg^?1 soil) on growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulations in shoots and roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were investigated in a pot experiment. All soils were supplied with a constant concentration of Cd (6 mg kg^?1 soil). Phosphorus application resulted in a pronounced increase in shoot and root biomass. Effects of Zn on plant growth were not as marked as those of P. High Zn (10 mg kg^?1) decreased the biomass of both shoots and roots; this result may be ascribed to Zn toxicity. Phosphorus and Zn showed complicated interactions in uptake by plants within the ranges of P and Zn levels used. Cadmium in shoots decreased significantly with increasing Zn (P < 0.001) except at P addition of 10 mg kg^?1. In contrast, root Cd concentrations increased significantly except at Zn addition of 5 mg kg^?1 (P < 0.001). These results indicated that Zn might inhibit Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Cadmium concentrations increased in shoots (P < 0.001) but decreased in roots (P < 0.001) with increasing P supply. The interactions between Zn and P had a significant effect on Cd accumulation in both shoots (p = 0.002) and roots (P < 0.001).     

Effect of Excess Cadmium and Zinc Ions on Roots and Shoots of Maize Seedlings

The effect of 8-day-old exposure maize seedlings with cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn), separately, are described with special attention being given to ultrastructural changes as well as changes of the growth. These elements, frequent pollutants found in the soil, were added as 1 mM solutions to nutrient solution used for roots and shoots of maize seedlings, investigated 8 days after germination. The symptoms of heavy metal toxicity were clear showing that Cd inhibits root growth more strongly than the shoots and more effectively than zinc ions. The results of scanning electron microscopy revealed changes in the leaf surface, particularly in the guard cells of the stomata. The ultrastructural analyses of the parenchyma mesophyll cells showed extensive chloroplast disorganization, mainly affecting the thylakoid membranes and grana.     

Oxidative Stress Induced by Cadmium and Copper in Brassica rapa Leaves: Indicators of Stress,Oxidative Damage,and Antioxidant Mechanisms

Brassica rapa is frequently used as a vegetable for human consumption and can accumulate metals that are bioavailable in soils. We studied the oxidative stress induced by 25 μM cadmium (Cd) and 50 μM copper (Cu) on Brassica rapa leaves and evaluated the intracellular antioxidative plant response mechanisms and the accumulation of these metals. With this purpose, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic responses was determined. The obtained results indicate that Cd and Cu induced different plant responses. Oxidative stress induced by Cu was characterized by increased lipid peroxidation and free proline levels. Guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase showed a relevant role in H₂O₂ removal. Cadmium did not influence lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂, proline and glutathione contents, and the enzymatic response mainly involves superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. It was concluded that both excess Cu and Cd induced oxidative stress but plant response is characterized by different antioxidative response mechanisms.     

Sulfur Alleviates Growth Inhibition and Oxidative Stress Caused by Cadmium Toxicity in Rice

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sulfur (S) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd²⁺ toxicity, using two rice cultivars with different grain Cd²⁺ content. Treatments consisted of factorial arrangement of three S levels (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mmol), two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 1 μ mol), and two rice cultivars (‘Bing 97252,’ a cultivar with low grain Cd²⁺ content, and ‘Xiushui 63,’ a cultivar with high grain Cd²⁺ content). The results showed that Cd²⁺ addition in the medium generally increased Cd²⁺ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both roots and shoots; the increases were more pronounced in ‘Xuishui 63’ than in ‘Bing 97252.’ Dramatic reductions in growth parameters, including plant height, root and shoot weight, tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate were found in the plants exposed to Cd stress relative to the plants without Cd²⁺ treatment. ‘Xiushui 63’ showed more sensitivity than ‘Bing 97252’ under Cd²⁺ exposure. In comparison with the lower S level (0.2 mmol), the higher S levels (0.4 and 0.6 mmol) helped alleviate Cd toxicity, characterized by a significant increase in growth parameters, and a decrease in Cd²⁺ and MDA content in both roots and shoots. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plants varied among tissues, cultivars, and Cd treatments. High Cd²⁺ and MDA content was consistently accompanied by higher SOD activity, and higher S levels caused a marked increase in glutathione content and a reduction in SOD activity, indicating a positive effect of S in alleviating oxidative stress.     

土壤重金属铜、镉胁迫对冬小麦碳氮运转的影响

在盆栽试验条件下,选用铜、镉两种金属元素各设置3个浓度水平,即Cu,（100mg／kg）,Cu2（200mg／kg）,Cu3（300mg／kg）和Cd1（10mg／kg）,Cd2（50mg／kg）,Cd3（100mg／kg）共6个处理,以不施金属元素处理为对照．研究了Cu。Cd胁迫对冬小麦碳氨运转的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,铜、镉处理降低了小麦叶片、茎鞘、颖壳等营养器官花前贮藏物质再运转量和再运转率以及花前营养器官总运转量和运转率。降低了粒重。其中以Cu2,Cd2处理对叶片影响最大,Cu3,Cd2处理对茎鞘、颖壳穗轴和总运转量影响最大。小麦叶片、茎鞘、颖壳等营养器官花前贮藏氮索再运转量和总运转量随铜、镉施用浓度的增加而降低,籽粒氨素积累量也随之降低,而各营养器官花前贮藏氮素再运转率和总运转率的变化较为复杂。Cu。Cd对籽粒产量、淀粉和蛋白质含量的影响均表现为随施用浓度增加而降低的趋势。     

Effect of Zinc Application on Cadmium Uptake of Maize Grown in Alkaline Soil

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) application on cadmium (Cd) uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in alkaline soil. Four doses of cadmium (Cd; 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm) in the form of cadmium chloride and four doses of Zn (0, 10, 20, and 40 ppm) in the form of zinc sulfate were applied to the soils. Plants were harvested at the 45th day of their developments. The Cd amounts in shoots and roots were analyzed separately. Significant differences between Cd amounts in shoots and roots are obtained with the application of different Zn doses (P < 0.01). In all Cd levels, Zn application increases Cd in both shoots and roots relative to Cd contents of plants grown in the pots that not applied Zn. It is also found that Cd content of the roots is greater than that of shoots.     

磷营养胁迫对冬小麦冠层光谱的影响

因为磷素重要的营养作用,其胁迫的存在影响冬小麦的正常生长。借助地面遥感仪器获取冬小麦在磷营养胁迫下的多个生育期里的冠层光谱数据并对其影响特征进行了分析。利用因子分析方法提取主因子与含有丰富信息的光谱变量,并结合极显著水平(0.01)的均值比较与检验过程考察了冬小麦冠层光谱,确定了对磷营养胁迫敏感的光谱波段:760nm,810nm和870nm与950nm,并在此基础上结合冬小麦对磷素的吸收利用特征选定了运用冠层光谱敏感波段反射率探测和区分磷营养胁迫的关键生育期:拔节期。结果同时表明,对冬小麦磷营养胁迫而言,近红外区间(760nm~1100nm)光谱反射特征的区分能力要强于可见光区。本文同时指出了研究与发展利用遥感技术进行营养胁迫监测的方法和着重点。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦光合及生物学特性的影响

利用阜康绿洲农田的田间灌水试验,研究了不同水分胁迫程度、不同水分胁迫时期对冬小麦光合,茎秆生长、地上和地下干物质累积以及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明;随着水分胁迫程度的加剧。冬小麦光合作用、株高、干物质累积、根系生长以及籽粒产量受到的抑制作用逐渐增强;灌水量为田间持水量40％的处理在成熟期时根干重要大于其它处理。是由于干旱胁迫促进了新生根的生长．从而可使根系充分吸收中下层土壤贮水。这是减少灌水次数和提高水分利用效率的一个有效途径,冬小麦灌浆期受到重度的水分胁迫,籽粒产量明显下降．而拔节期遭受轻度的水分胁迫在恢复灌水后产量反而要高于其它处理。     

表油菜素内酯对汞胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨表油菜素内酯(EBR)对小麦幼苗汞胁迫的调控作用,采用营养液水培法,研究汞胁迫下叶面喷施24-表油菜素内酯对小麦幼苗生长、叶片MDA及H2O2含量、质膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质含量的影响。结果表明,50 mg·L-1汞处理小麦幼苗后,小麦幼苗的株高和干重显著降低,叶片的MDA、H2O2含量和质膜透性增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性下降,As A、GSH含量降低。与单独汞胁迫相比,叶面喷施一定浓度EBR促进了小麦幼苗的生长,降低了小麦幼苗叶片的MDA和H2O2含量,减小了质膜透性,提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性,增加了抗氧化物质As A、GSH含量,提高了As A/DHA、GSH/GSSG的比值,以EBR浓度0.01 mg·L-1为宜。综上,外源EBR可缓解汞胁迫对小麦幼苗的伤害,其机制可能与EBR能提高抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物质含量、降低MDA和H2O2含量有关。本研究结果为降低汞污染土壤对作物生长的毒害作用提供了依据。     

长期取食染镉小麦后中华稻蝗体内镉的累积分布

重金属镉在动物体内的代谢过程主要通过消化途径实现。以食物染毒的方法,采用不同浓度镉溶液培养的麦苗饲喂中华稻蝗（从一龄若虫至成虫）,将中华稻蝗成虫不同组织部位（头、翅、足、卵巢／精巢、体壁、前肠、中肠、后肠）解剖,并通过原子吸收分光光度计测定其镉的浓度,统计分析各组织部位镉的累积分布规律。火焰原子吸收测定结果表明,生长于浓度为0、36．67、73．34、110．01、146．68μg·g^-1镉溶液中的小麦,其叶片中镉的累积浓度分别达到1．99、102．88、159．92、255．48、372．68μg·g^-1,与培养液中镉浓度呈显著正相关（Y=2．4379X-0．206,R^2=0．988P〈0．01;Y为小麦中镉浓度,X为镉溶液浓度）;随着镉处理浓度的增加,中华稻蝗头、翅、足、卵巢、体壁、前肠、中肠、后肠中镉的累积浓度基本都呈增加的趋势,例如,在各组织部位中镉累积浓度最高的为中肠,4个处理浓度中雌虫分别为对照组的139．29、82．11、197．94、212．74倍,雄虫为对照组的99．89、70．32、100．17、91．23倍;在各组织部位中镉累积浓度较低的足,雌、雄虫也分别达到了对照组的4．95、8．80、16．23、16．90倍和7．14、12．22、20．59、27．98倍。对中华稻蝗成虫各组织部位镉累积浓度进行比较发现,消化道各部位的累积浓度较其他部位为高,其中,中肠内镉的累积浓度均为最高,前后肠间的累积浓度次之;此外,镉在中华稻蝗头部也有明显的累积,其次是体壁和翅,而卵巢／精巢和足的累积浓度最低。研究结果表明长期取食染毒小麦可导致镉在中华稻蝗体内的累积,且镉在不同组织部位中的累积分布存在差异。     

石灰性褐土中磷锌镉相互作用对其有效性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土中磷、锌、镉相互作用对土壤中磷、锌、镉有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）磷锌共同培养时,施锌提高了土壤速效磷含量,且随培养时间的延长而降低。在相同锌浓度处理下,土壤中的有效锌含量随施磷量的增加而增加,不同锌浓度处理下,有效锌含量随土壤培养时间的延长而显著降低。（2）磷镉共同培养时,施镉对土壤速效磷含量影响不明显;施磷降低了有效镉含量,但效果不显著;且都随时间的延长而降低。（3）锌镉共同培养时,在培养的前30d,土壤中有效锌含量随施镉浓度增加而降低,但在30d后,有效锌含量有增加的趋势。土壤中有效镉含量在不同锌-镉处理下随培养时间变化有较大差异：在Cd3处理下,加入高浓度锌后显著降低土壤有效镉含量;Cd30处理下,在培养前30d,锌的施入对土壤中有效镉含量影响不明显,但30d以后,土壤有效镉含量随施入锌浓度的增加而显著降低。说明两者的竞争机制随时间的延长发生变化,且施锌能明显降低镉的毒性。     

山桃幼苗响应镉胁迫的生理机制研究

为探究山桃(Amygdalus davidiana)幼苗响应镉(Cd)胁迫的生理机制,通过盆栽试验研究了山桃幼苗在10 mg·kg^-1Cd处理后1、15、30、90 d的生理响应和富集特征。结果表明,山桃幼苗叶片O2-·和丙二醛(MDA)相对含量随Cd处理时间的延长而上升,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、净光合速率(Pn)则逐渐降低。叶绿素a/b值在Cd处理后1~15 d上升,而在30~90 d下降,表明Cd处理前期对叶绿素b的影响较大,而后期主要影响叶绿素a的合成。Mg、Mn元素相对含量随Cd处理时间延长而显著降低,而Cu、Fe含量上升,表明Cd胁迫诱导的山桃幼苗叶绿素合成受限和Pn的降低与Mg、Mn的降低紧密相关,这是由于Mg、Mn分别参与叶绿素合成和光系统Ⅱ(PSII)反应过程。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在Cd处理1~15 d显著上升,30~90 d则逐渐降低;过氧化物酶(POD)活性则在处理1~15 d无显著性差异,在30~90 d显著上升;谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量均随着Cd处理时间的延长显著上升;ATP硫酸化酶活性和半胱氨酸含量均随着Cd处理时间的延长而显著上升,硫醇代谢物非蛋白硫醇(NPT)和植物螯合素(PCs)在Cd处理前期(1~15 d)差异不显著,而在30 d后显著上升。综上,山桃幼苗在Cd处理前期主要发挥抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)的功能,并促进抗氧化物质(GSH、AsA)的合成,而Cd处理后期,则以POD、GSH、AsA的功能为主,并增强NPT和PCs的合成,从而促进Cd向液泡中转移,这与Cd处理后期液泡中Cd含量增加的变化趋势一致。本研究结果为山桃可作为重金属植物修复材料提供了理论依据。     

镉胁迫下硅对高粱生长的影响及其作用机制

尽管硅提高植物的抗镉毒害已经被广泛的报道,但是其作用机理还不明确。该试验研究在镉胁迫的条件下,硅对高粱生长的影响及作用机制。结果发现:外源施加硅能显著地缓解镉对高粱无论地上部分还是地下部分鲜重及干重的抑制作用。抗氧化酶结果表明:在正常条件下,硅对抗氧化酶的活性没有显著的影响。在镉毒害的条件下,硅显著增强CAT和POD的活性,SOD的活性不受影响。与此相对应:硅显著地降低MDA的含量。对有机酸的分析发现:在镉胁迫的条件下,叶片中有3种有机酸能够检测到:草酸,丙二酸,丁二酸,并且其含量都在硅的调节下增加。而在根系中所检测的4种有机酸中,草酸和丙二酸的含量受到硅的调节而增加,柠檬酸的含量不受影响,而苹果酸的含量却有下降的趋势。上述结果表明:硅增强高粱幼苗的抗镉胁迫与其增强高粱抗氧化酶活性及增加高粱体内有机酸的含量相关。     

Effectiveness of Zinc and Gypsum Application Against Cadmium Toxicity and Accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential and toxic element because it inhibits the growth and development of plants and is dangerous for end consumer. It enters in the human food chain through food crops. Application of plant nutrients such as zinc (Zn) and gypsum is a viable and cheap strategy to minimize its accumulation in edible plant portions. Therefore, this investigation was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Zn and gypsum against Cd accumulation in wheat. The results showed that Cd toxicity considerably decreased the plant growth, physiological activities, and yield attributes and increased the Cd accumulation in root, shoot, and grain, while application of Zn and gypsum remarkably increased the growth and yield and decreased the Cd accumulation in plant parts in Cd-contaminated soil. The results also depicted that application of Zn showed better results as compared to gypsum. In conclusion, we can say that application of Zn and gypsum remarkably ameliorated the Cd toxicity and decreased its accumulation in wheat, grown in Cd-contaminated soil.     

Involvement of Excess Cadmium on Oxidative Stress and Other Physiological Parameters of Eggplant

To examine tolerance of cadmium (Cd) by eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cv. ‘Hybrid PK 123’, plants were grown in refined sand in complete nutrient solution for 52 days in a glasshouse at ambient temperature. Cadmium sulfate was superimposed on day 53, at variable levels: nil, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5 mM. Influence of excess Cd was discernible after 5 days of metal supply at 0.4 and 0.5 mM Cd as depression in growth. At these levels, foliar symptoms were initiated as paling of young leaves at the base progressing upward. With increase in age, affected leaves turned golden yellow and these effects spread to lower leaves. Leaf size and floral initiation were very much restricted. These types of phenotypes induced leaf senescence. Excess Cd reduced the biomass and fruit yield of plants. At higher levels (>0.1 mM) of Cd, fruit formation was completely inhibited and fruits formed at 0.05 and 0.1 mM Cd were smaller in size. Besides this, excess Cd disturbed the metabolism of eggplant by reducing the concentration of chlorophyll (a and b), protein, Hill reaction activity, and activity of antioxidant enzymes—catalase and ascorbate peroxidase; whereas the activity of peroxidase and ribonuclease increased in leaves of eggplant. Cadmium excess reduced the concentration of Fe and Zn and Cd increased that of proline, lipid peroxidation, phenols, reducing sugars and Cd concentration in leaves of eggplant.     

Effects of Biofertilizers on Maize and Sunflower Seedlings under Cadmium Stress

Application of various alternative nutrient supplies can partly be substituted by chemical fertilizers, resulting in economical use with less environmental strains. Biofertilizers containing living microorganisms promote nutrition uptake, but still there are questions regarding their application under stress conditions. One of the main abiotic factors that can induce stress is contamination of soils with toxic elements. In the course of intensive plant-growth conditions, considerable quantities of basic cations are removed from the soil, resulting in acidification and thereby enhancing the uptake of heavy metals by plants. Cadmium (Cd) toxicity is a major problem affecting crop productivity worldwide. The presence of Cd in the rhizosphere can cause stress responses and alteration in many physiological processes, including nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, sulfate assimilation, and plant–water interactions. Once in the plant, Cd can enter the food chain, causing public health problems. The aim of our work was to investigate the effects of biofertilizers on plant production and nutrient uptake in some Cd-contaminated soils. Our results revealed that Cd accumulated primarily in the roots and transport to the shoots was rather low; however, there were differences between the two plants species. Plant uptake by sunflower was greater than by maize, and sunflower appeared to be more stress tolerant of Cd than maize. With the use of the bacterium-containing biofertilizer, the toxic effect of Cd was moderated.     

外源锌对水稻植株镉的累积差异分析

通过水稻威优46盆栽种植试验,研究了外源Zn施用(0,40,80,160 mg/kg 4个水平)对Cd中度(0.72mg/kg)和重度(5.26mg/kg)污染土壤中Cd生物有效性及水稻Cd累积的差异。结果表明:施Zn对各检测指标存在影响,但土壤Cd总量仍是土壤Cd活性和水稻Cd累积差异变动的主控因素。在Cd中度污染土壤中,施Zn降低了土壤交换态Cd含量1.9%~17.0%,但水稻根表铁膜、根和糙米中Cd含量随Zn施用浓度的增大而增大,糙米Cd含量从0.09mg/kg上升到0.17mg/kg,相关分析显示糙米Cd含量与土壤交换态Zn含量显著正线性相关。在Cd重度污染土壤中,施Zn增大了土壤交换态Cd含量2.1%~4.8%,但降低了水稻各部位中Cd含量,当施Zn浓度超过80mg/kg时,糙米Cd含量可从对照组的0.45mg/kg降低到0.12mg/kg,符合国家食品污染物限量标准(GB 2762-2017)的要求,相关分析显示糙米Cd含量与土壤交换态Zn含量显著负线性相关。对2种Cd污染程度的土壤,施Zn均可增大Cd在水稻地下部的累积率,从而降低水稻地上部Cd的累积率。在Cd重度污染土壤中,可通过施Zn降低糙米Cd含量,施Zn量80mg/kg是试验中最佳施用量;但在Cd中度污染土壤中,施Zn有增大糙米Cd含量的风险。     

Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium in rice

A hydroponic experiment with two rice cultivars differing in cadmium (Cd) tolerance was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of zinc (Zn) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd. Treatments consisted of all combinations of two Zn concentrations (0.2 and 1 μM), three Cd concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM), and two rice cultivars (Bing 97252, Cd‐tolerant; Xiushui 63, Cd‐sensitive). Cd toxicity caused a dramatic reduction in plant height and biomass, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate, and an increase in Cd concentration in both roots and shoots, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in shoots. The response of all these parameters was much larger for Xiushui 63 than for Bing 97252. Addition of Zn to the medium solution alleviated Cd toxicity, which was reflected in a significant increase in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic rate, and a marked decrease in MDA concentration and activity of anti‐oxidative enzymes. However, it was noted that Zn increased shoot Cd concentration at higher Cd supply, probably due to the enhancement of Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine the effect of Zn supply on Cd translocation from vegetative organs to grains or grain Cd accumulation before Zn fertilizer is applied to Cd‐contaminated soils to alleviate Cd toxicity in rice.     

作物冠层表面温度诊断冬小麦水分胁迫的试验研究

利用红外测温装置能够观测获得作物的冠层表面温度,从而诊断作物是否遭受水分胁迫。基于这种技术,使用作物水分胁迫指数CWSI反映我国华北平原地区冬小麦的水分胁迫状况。研究比较了作物水分胁迫指数CWSI的经验模式和理论模式,根据它们的波动特征,可以看出用CWSI经验模式反映华北地区冬小麦水分胁迫不很理想。研究分析了作物水分胁迫指数理论模式与其他一些反映作物水分状况的指标,包括叶水势、叶片气孔阻力,叶片最大净光合速率以及土壤水分含量之间的关系,结果表面理论模式与上述这些指标关系良好,表明其很好地反映了作物的水分胁迫特征。该研究给出了适合于我国华北平原地区冬小麦的作物水分胁迫指数计算的主要参数。研究从实际田间应用的可能性出发,分析并提出了作物水分胁迫指数经验模式和理论模式应用的改进方向     

不同pH和供Zn条件下HCO_3~-对冬小麦幼苗生长和锌营养的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了不同pH和供Zn条件下高浓度HCO3-(10 mmol L-1)对小麦幼苗生长,尤其是对锌营养的影响,结果表明:当营养液起始pH为6时,HCO3-在缺Zn时对小麦根系生长的抑制作用较为明显,而正常供Zn时的影响较小。当营养液起始pH为8时,不论缺Zn还是供Zn,添加HCO3-对根系和地上部均未表现出明显的抑制作用。HCO3-在酸性营养液中能极大促进小麦植株根系和地上部尤其是根系对Zn的吸收,而在碱性条件下则抑制小麦幼苗根系和地上部对Zn的吸收。此外,HCO3-能显著抑制Zn从根系向地上部分的转运,从而造成在根系中的大量积累。HCO3-加入营养液后会生成少量的CO32-,并使营养液pH维持在较高水平上。