Crop Productivity and Nutrient Bioavailability in a Potato-Based Three-Year Rotation as Affected by Composted Pulp Fiber Residue Application and Supplemental Irrigation

The possibility of using composted pulp fiber residues (CPFR) in a potato rotation in eastern Canada was tested. Three rates of CPFR (0, 45, and 90 Mg C ha^?1) with or without supplementary irrigation were applied. Pea (Pisum sativum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were cultivated in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Soil total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), bulk density, and water-holding capacity were improved by CPFR. Pea and corn yields and total dry matter were increased using CPFR. Supplemental irrigation increased pea yield compared with the rain-fed system. Total tuber yield was increased by CPFR in the irrigated but not in the rain-fed system. The CPFR application increased plant-available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in all rotation crops. Nitrogen accumulation in all rotation crops except potato was increased by CPFR. The CPFR application successfully enhanced soil fertility and crop productivity without any adverse effects.     

水肥耦合条件下作物产量、水分利用和根系吸氮的试验研究

根据1998～2000年两年在北京市水科所永乐店节水灌溉中心开展的冬小麦、夏玉米水肥耦合的田间试验成果的分析研究表明，氮肥效益的发挥与农田水分状况密切相关，低供水水平时(本研究中为冬小麦仅灌拔节水的节水灌溉处理)，肥料的增产效益十分显著，但氮肥贡献率随施肥量的增加而呈递减的趋势。不同的分析方法都表明，在永乐店节水灌溉中心，冬小麦施尿素400 kg/hm²和200 kg/hm²两个施肥水平的试验处理所获得的水(肥)分生产率最高(在不同农田供水状况下)，由于两者的水分生产率差异不大，为提高施肥效率，建议在生产上考虑选择200 kg/hm²的施肥方案较合理。     

红三叶草丛枝菌根对有机磷的吸收

The capacities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus mosseae and Glomus versderme, tomineralize added organic P were studied in a sterilized calcareous soil. Mycorrhizal (inoculated with either of the AM fungi) and non-mycorrhizal red clover (Trghlium pmtense L.) plants were grown for eight weeksin pots with upper root, central hyphal and lower soil compartments. The hyphal and soil compartmentsreceived either organic P (as Na-phytate) or inorganic P (as KH₂PO₄) at tbe rate of 50 mg P kg^-1. No P wasadded to the root compartments. Control pots received no added P. Yields were higher in mycorrhizal than innon-mycorrhizal clover. Mycorrhizal inoculation doubled shoot P concentration and more than doubled total P uptake of plaflts in P-amended soil, irrespective of the form of applied P. The mycorrhizal contributionto inorganic P uptake was 80% or 76% in plants inoculated with G. mosseae or G. verefforme, respectively. Corresponding values were 74% and 82% when Na-phytate was applied. In the root compartments of the mycorrhizal treatments, the proportion of root length infected, hyphal length density and phosphatase activity were all higher when organic P was applied than when inorganic P was added.     

Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and Quality of Stevia as Affected by Organic Sources of Nutrient

A field experiment was conducted during 2008 and 2009 at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India, to study the effect of organic sources of nutrient on yield, nutrient uptake, fertility status of soil, and quality of stevia crop in the western Himalayan region. The experiment comprised eight different combinations of organic manure [farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), and apple pomace manure (AP)]. Total leaf dry biomass increased by 149% over the control with application of VC 1.5 t ha^?1 + AP 5 t ha^?1. Application of organic manures enhanced organic carbon and available nutrient status of soil more than the control. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in stem were significantly affected by the application of organic manures over the control. Stevia plants supplied with FYM 10 t ha^?1 + AP 2.5 t ha^?1 recorded more total glycoside than other treatments. Stevioside yield (kg ha^?1) was greater with application of FYM 10 t ha^?1 + AP 2.5 t ha^?1.     

糖醇螯合钙肥对马铃薯产量、品质及养分吸收的影响

采用恒温水浴加热的方法合成糖醇螯合钙(自制钙肥),与美国布兰特公司生产的糖醇螯合钙(市售钙肥)同时进行马铃薯大田喷施试验,研究糖醇钙对马铃薯产量、品质和钙素吸收、迁移转化的影响。研究结果表明:①与不施钙肥(喷施等量清水)相比,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理分别增产10.9%和12.1%,大薯率分别提高5.4%和3.7%,两种钙肥处理均降低了中、小薯率;自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理块茎硝态氮含量分别下降28.8%和31.6%,自制钙肥处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白的含量和氮素积累量分别增加7.2%和20.9%,市售糖醇钙处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白含量和氮素积累量均降低3.2%。②钙肥处理均提高了马铃薯各器官的钙素含量,在出苗后80 d,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙含量分别增加8.0%和9.0%,茎中钙含量分别增加10.1%和6.8%,叶片中钙含量分别增加1.8%和6.8%,块茎中钙含量分别增加26.7%和20.0%。③施用钙肥均提高了马铃薯各器官与全株的钙素累积量,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙素累积量均提高20.0%,茎中钙素积累量分别提升97.1%和55.7%,叶片中钙素积累量分别提升56.5%...     

覆盖与灌溉条件下农田耕层土壤养分含量的动态变化

试验于2002-2003年在中国科学院地理所禹城综合试验站进行，研究了秸秆覆盖和灌溉相结合条件下冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田耕层土壤有机质及速效养分含量的动态变化．结果表明：秸秆覆盖对提高土壤有机质含量有重要作用。不覆盖农田中，灌溉可降低有机质含量。而覆盖农田中，这种降低作用不显著。在冬小麦生育期间，灌溉可使碱解氮的含量下降．覆盖处理下降的程度更大。秸秆覆蓝可明显提高速效磷的含量，灌溉可使其含量进一步增加。秸秆覆盖可明显提高耕层内速效钾的含量，夏玉米生育期间．灌溉处理速效钾含量升高。     

调亏对膜上灌春小麦生长特性及产量效应的研究

借助于国家高科技农业“863”课题,以春小麦为供试作物,2004年和2005年在甘肃省张掖市甘州区进行了膜上灌春小麦调亏灌大田试验研究,研究了地膜覆盖(设丰水F(FM)、轻度L(FM)和中度M(FM))、露地(设丰水F(B)和中度M(B))。结果表明,与露地相比,覆膜处理春小麦出苗时间提前7~9 d;最大叶面积指数较露地提高12.34%~40.11%,增温1.5~1.7℃;同一水分处理下覆膜丰水处理F(FM)比露地丰水处理F(B)增产54.22%,WUE提高了4.67 kg/(mm.hm2);覆膜中度处理M(FM)比露地中度处理M(B)增产70.46%,WUE提高了4.91 kg/(mm.hm2)。最高产量所需的土壤适宜水分下限为50%~60%,较露地下降10%~15%。将亏缺灌溉与地膜覆盖两种措施相结合,旨在探讨其对产量形成过程的影响和相互作用,结果表明同一水分处理下覆膜小麦不仅具有较高的生物产量,而且茎、叶、穗等器官营养物质的输出率、分配率、转换率均高于露地小麦,相同水分条件下覆膜处理具有明显的增温、保墒增产作用。     

深松对玉米产量和养分吸收的影响

为了研究深松对我国玉米主产区产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤养分分布的影响,于2011—2014年在我国东北、华北以及西北地区的9个试验站进行深松改土与常规旋耕对比的联网试验。结果表明,相比于传统耕作,3个区域深松均表现出了增产趋势,产量增加的中值为5.8%,其中,东北和西北区域的增产幅度高于华北区域,而东北区域秋季深松增产的变异低于春季深松。相比于常规旋耕,深松对玉米植株地上部氮和磷的吸收有显著的促进作用,在东北、西北和华北区域深松处理的地上部吸氮量和吸磷量均有所增加,中值分别为24%,5%和10%以及17%,8%和19%。深松处理增加了东北和西北区域土壤表层(0—15cm)和亚表层(15—25cm)的有效磷含量,而在华北区域没有趋势性变化。     

Improving mineral nitrogen control by combining catch crops,fertilisation, and straw management in a clay loam soil

This experiment was conducted on a clay loam Cambisol and set out to determine the effects of combining catch crops, variable fertilisation levels, and straw management on the productivity of a spring barley-catch crop agrosystem, on the enrichment of soil with organic matter and nitrogen (N), and on soil mineral N control. Research was carried out in a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop without catch crops, with undersown red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and with post-crop white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The barley was unfertilised, fertilised at moderate rates or at high rates. Straw was managed by either removing it from the field or chopping and spreading it. The quantity of organic matter and N incorporated into the soil depended on the fertilisation level of the barley crop. Soil mineral N stocks in the spring were reduced when straw was used together with red clover. When white mustard mass was incorporated alone in the autumn during ploughing, soil mineral N was reduced in the spring; however, when it was incorporated with straw, the effect was the opposite. Soil mineral N content is controllable when organic matter components are combined according to their decomposition rates, masses, and incorporation times.     

磁化水灌溉对土壤水盐分布和春玉米产量的影响

以春玉米为研究对象,通过磁化水灌溉试验,研究磁化水灌溉条件下不同灌水量(4200,4800,5400 m3/hm2)对土壤水盐分布、玉米干物质量积累、产量及生长特性的影响,以探寻3500 Gs磁化强度磁化水灌溉条件下适宜的灌水量,为促进塔里木盆地农业资源高效利用提供相关数据支持.结果表明:不同灌水量下磁化水灌溉均能提高...     

有机物料施用对旱地红壤作物产量和有机质活性组分的影响

为了探讨不同有机物料施用对作物产量和土壤有机质活性组分的影响,以达到农田增产和土壤培肥的目的,本研究依托2015年在江西省红壤研究所布置的田间施肥试验,设置不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(CF)、减量化肥(RF)、减量化肥配施秸秆(RFR)、减量化肥配施生物黑炭(RFB)、减量化肥配施猪粪(RFP)、减量化肥配施蚓粪(RFV)7种不同施肥处理,研究减量化肥40%条件下配施不同有机物料对作物产量及耕层土壤有机质活性组分的影响。结果表明:在红薯-油菜轮作制度下,减肥配施有机物料处理的作物产量较常量化肥处理都有不同程度的增加,其中RFP、RFV处理油菜籽产量显著高于CF处理(P0.05);减肥配施有机物料处理的土壤微生物生物量有机质(MBOM)、水溶性有机质(DOM)、颗粒性有机质(POM)、易氧化有机质(LOM)含量均高于CF处理,其中油菜季POM含量较红薯季有明显的提升;相关性分析表明,经过两季的施肥处理,SOM和有机质活性组分与作物产量均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),MBOM、POM、LOM与SOM呈极显著正相关性(P0.01)。可见,不同有机物料替代部分化肥,可以一定程度提高作物产量,更重要的是可以促进土壤有机质活性组分的提高,对于土壤培肥至关重要。     

施氮量对不同小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为给鲁中山区小麦的栽培选育及氮素利用率的提高提供科学依据,连续2年选用鲁中山区栽培面积较广的泰农18号临麦4号和汶农5号3个优质小麦品种,设置0,120,240 kg/hm~2施氮水平,采用大田试验,研究不同小麦品种的产量及氮素利用效率等对施氮量的响应。结果表明,增施氮肥可以增加小麦叶片光合色素的合成与积累,促进光合作用,提高小麦干物质积累及其向籽粒的转运,有利于小麦群体的构建,促进产量形成,3个小麦品种在N120和N240水平下的产量较N0水平分别增加0.67～2.10,0.97～2.62倍;随着施氮量的增加,小麦对氮肥的响应度减小,氮素吸收、利用效率和氮肥偏生产力、农学效率显著降低。品种差异对小麦生长和产量形成有显著影响。相同施氮量下,小麦各项指标均表现为泰农18号临麦4号汶农5号,泰农18号产量最高,具有更强的氮素吸收和利用能力,而汶农5号对氮素最为敏感,泰农18号在N0水平下的产量较临麦4号和汶农5号分别增加15.83%～26.42%和34.50%～42.43%,在N120水平下分别增加4.97%～5.05%和12.23%～12.54%,在N240水平下分别增加4.13%～5.75%和8.49%～11.08%。综上,在本试验条件下,鲁中山区小麦最佳施氮量为240 kg/hm~2,泰农18号为最适宜推广小麦品种,汶农5号具有较大的增产潜力,可为小麦品种选育提供科学依据。     

不同土壤肥力水平下施氮对甘薯产量与氮肥利用率的影响

为探明不同土壤肥力条件下施用氮肥对甘薯产量和氮肥利用率的影响,选取鲜食型甘薯品种烟薯25号为试验材料,采用大田试验,研究了施氮对不同土壤肥力下甘薯产量及产量构成因素、干物质积累规律和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:不施氮条件下,甘薯蔓数、最大蔓长度、叶面积指数和产量均表现为高肥力中肥力低肥力(P0.05)。3种土壤肥力条件下,增施氮肥均能显著增加甘薯蔓数、最大蔓长度和叶面积指数(P0.05),但对最大蔓节间数影响不显著。高肥力、中肥力和低肥力地块分别在施氮量为50,100,150kg/hm~2时获得最高产量,分别较不施氮处理(N0)增产16.06%,29.63%和33.33%。与地力条件无关,增施氮肥均能提高甘薯地上部干物质累积量。中、低土壤肥力条件下,甘薯氮累积量随施氮量增加逐渐增加,而高土壤肥力条件下呈先增加后降低的趋势;高肥力地块氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而逐渐降低,中肥力地块先增加后逐渐降低,在100kg/hm~2时氮肥利用率最高,低肥力地块逐渐增加。综合产量和氮肥利用率,可知高肥力、中肥力和低肥力地块甘薯适宜施氮量分别为50,100,150kg/hm~2。     

Effects of Mycorrhizae and Fertilization on Soybean Yield and Nutrient Uptake

Soybean (local variety Ar?soy) was grown for 45 days on calcareous Karaburun and Menek?e soils. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased both shoot and root yields in the soils. Sulfur (S) fertilization alone did not affect the shoot and root yields in Karaburun soil, whereas there was a great increase in the shoot yield and relatively smaller increase in the root yield for nonmycorrhizal treatments in Menek?e soil. The combination of mycorrhizae and S in Menek?e soil resulted in a yield less than that obtained for mycorrhizae treatments alone. There was a fluctuation in shoot and root yield upon S and/or phosphorus (P) fertilization. There was an accumulation of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in the mycorrhizal treatments, whereas there was a dilution of those elements upon yield increases in the nonmycorrhizal treatments. Apart from those, co-application of mycorrhizae, P, and S, resulted in the greatest root yields in both soils, indicating the potential to increase the shoot yield, too, in a longer growth period.     

侵蚀程度对红壤团聚体分布及养分含量的影响

[目的]探讨不同侵蚀程度下红壤团聚体和养分的变化规律,为侵蚀红壤的肥力提升和合理开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]将红壤表层按照不同深度剥离来模拟不同土壤侵蚀程度,比较分析不同侵蚀程度下团聚体稳定性、有机质和各养分的变化规律及其相互关系。[结果]各侵蚀程度红壤团聚体干筛粒级分布规律大体相似,以≥2mm粒级团聚体为优势粒级,与无明显侵蚀土壤相比,强烈侵蚀土壤≥2mm水稳性团聚体含量降低近1/3;随着土壤侵蚀程度增加,土壤碳、氮、磷等养分含量均表现出逐渐减少的规律,其中强烈侵蚀土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量减少了30%左右,碱解氮含量减少了近50%,速效磷含量减少了80%以上。相关分析表明,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮含量均与≥2 mm团聚体含量、WSA,MWD和GMD值具有较好的正相关性(p0.05),与D和PAD值呈负相关。[结论]不同侵蚀程度对红壤团聚体分布及养分含量有一定影响,可通过增加有机肥来改善侵蚀红壤结构,提高土壤肥力。     

微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分和作物产量的影响研究

为探讨微咸水灌溉利用模式,在天津市静海县进行了微咸水灌溉试验,研究了微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分动态与作物产量的影响.结果表明,微咸水灌溉下,施用改良剂能提高土壤渗透性,降低土壤pH值和土壤电导率(EC),降低了土壤含盐量,同时在试验周期0 60 cm的土层内未出现积盐现象.此外,微咸水灌溉时,施用改良剂可显著增加小麦穗数和玉米穗粒数,提高作物产量.采用3.7 g/L微咸水灌溉配合施用改良剂是该地区适宜的微咸水灌溉模式.     

不同肥料结构对水稻群体干物质生产及养分吸收分配的影响

大田试验研究结果表明:单施化肥的水稻植株干物质积累和养分吸收主要集中于生长中前期。而有机无机肥配施,特别是化肥与厩肥配合施用有利于水稻植株在中后期,尤其是灌浆期对养分吸收和干物质的积累,其中以植株对磷的吸收比例在各肥料结构间差异最大(p<0.01)。有机无机肥配施还可促进水稻植株养分向籽粒中转移和分配。从而明显增加了水稻结实率和千粒重,进而大大提高了水稻籽粒产量(p<0.05或p<0.01)。     

Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency of Dry Bean in Tropical Lowland Soil

Dry bean is an important source of protein for the population of South America, and yield of this legume is very low in this continent. Knowledge of nutrient uptake and use efficiency of a crop is fundamental to improve yield. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate growth, nutrient uptake, and use efficiency of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. BRS Valente) during the growth cycle. Plant samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 73, and 94 days after sowing. Root dry weight, maximum root length, shoot dry weight, and number of trifoliates were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with the advancement of plant age. Root dry weight and number of trifoliates had significant positive association with shoot dry weight. Uptake of nutrients in the grain was in the order of nitrogen (N) > potassium (K) > calcium (Ca) > magnesium (Mg) > phosphorus (P) > iron (Fe) > manganese (Mn) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu). Hence, it can be concluded the N requirements for bean is greatest and Cu is minimal compared to other essential nutrients for grain yield. Uptake efficiency for root, shoot, and grain production was in the order of P > Mg > Ca > K > N > Cu > Zn > Mn > Fe. The greatest P-use efficiency among macro- and micronutrients can be considered a positive aspect of mineral nutrition of bean, because recovery efficiency of P in acidic Inceptsols is less than 20%.     

补充灌溉对土壤水分和胡麻籽粒产量的影响

为探讨不同灌水条件下胡麻田土壤水分动态特征和增产效果,以"陇亚杂1号"为材料,研究了不同灌溉处理对胡麻田土壤水分、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验设置5个处理:不灌水(T_0)、分茎水80mm(T_1)、分茎水60mm+盛花水40mm(T_2)、分茎水80mm+盛花水40mm(T_3)、分茎水60mm+现蕾水40mm+盛花水40mm(T_4)。结果表明:分茎期灌水而现蕾期不灌水有利于增加现蕾期80—140cm土层含水量。在盛花期,T_2处理120—140cm土层含水量分别比T_3,T_4处理增加了11.40%和11.08%,这表明T_2处理对此时期深层土壤水分的提高有明显的促进作用。胡麻成熟期表层土壤的含水量与盛花期相比有所下降,而100—200cm土层的水分随灌水量的增加而明显增加,导致土壤中的无效水增多。随着灌水量增加,农田耗水量增加,而土壤贮水消耗量、降雨量和土壤贮水消耗量占农田总耗水量的比例均降低。可见,减少灌溉量可以提高胡麻对土壤贮水的吸收利用,降低了农田总耗水量,从而更有效地增加灌溉水分利用效率。与T_0处理相比,T_2处理的籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率分别显著增加36.50%和12.27%。因此,在本试验条件下,T_2处理具有明显的增产节水效益。     

Effect of Nitrate/Ammonium Ratios on Growth,Root Morphology and Nutrient Elements Uptake of Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) Seedlings

Nitrogen is taken up by most plant species in the form of nitrate and ammonium. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different nitrogen forms on the growth of watermelon seedlings. Plants were grown in hydroponic culture with five nitrate (NO₃^?)/ammonium (NH₄⁺) ratios (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100). When the proportion of NH₄⁺ was increased, the leaf number, leaf area, shoot height, net photosynthesis, biomass, and root growth were significantly decreased. Higher concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were observed when plants were supplied with mixed NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ compared to NO₃^? or NH₄⁺ alone, whereas the concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were decreased with increasing NH₄⁺. The microelements concentrations were generally increased with more NH₄⁺ added. In addition, plants fed with higher NO₃^?/NH₄⁺ ratios resulted in more minerals accumulation.