硅对籼稻和粳稻品种磷积累的影响

硅(Si)可以改善磷(P)的营养,但是其内在机制尚不明确。本研究以4个籼稻和3个粳稻品种为研究对象,通过水培试验探究硅对不同水稻品种磷积累的影响。在营养液中添加硅显著降低了籼稻和粳稻品种的地上部磷含量,但几乎不影响根部磷含量。加硅处理不影响所有供试水稻品种的磷吸收及磷从根系向地上部的转移,但提高了磷的利用效率,增加了植株P/Mn和P/Zn比率。磷转运蛋白(PT)基因表达分析表明,在粳稻品种中只有OsPT6被硅下调,而Os PT6在籼稻品种中没有显著性变化;其他PT基因的表达不受硅的影响。由此,硅对不同水稻品种的磷积累有不同的影响,磷利用率的提高可能归因于较高的P/Mn和P/Zn比率,从而导致植物中较高的有效磷。     

Zinc Requirement of Maize Hybrids and Indigenous Varieties on Udic Haplustalf

ABSTRACT

A pot study was conducted on Gujranwala series (Udic Haplustalf) to compare zinc (Zn) requirement of maize hybrids (FHY- 456, FHY- 396, and FHY- 421) and indigenous varieties (EV-1089, Golden, and Soneri). Uniform rates of nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium (N:P:K) and four rates of Zn were applied in triplicate according to CRD. There was a significant (P < 0.05) main and interactive effect of maize genotypes and zinc application on shoot growth and Zn uptake. The three maize varieties uniformly produced maximum shoot dry weight at 3 mg Zn kg^?1 soil. The maize hybrids produced maximum shoot dry weight at 9 mg Zn applied kg^?1 soil. A 6.3 mg Zn kg^?1 plant tissue was optimum for FHY-421 (hybrid) and 9.5 mg Zn kg^?1 plant tissue was optimum for Soneri (variety). Hence, more pronounced response in maize hybrids than indigenous varieties require higher rates of Zn application. However, further verification of the results is warranted under field conditions.     

韭园沟流域典型淤地坝淤粗排细作用研究

对韭园沟流域8座典型淤地坝坝内淤积物进行野外挖探坑观测取样,将坝内淤积物和马兰黄土颗粒级配进行对比,初步分析淤地坝的淤粗排细作用机理。在空间分布上,垂直分布,淤地坝坝内淤积物具有一定的沉积层理,即粉土层与黏土层相间分布;水平分布,同一沟道上游淤地坝较下游淤地坝淤积物粒径粗,单坝远坝处较近坝处淤积物粒径粗。工程结构上,有放水建筑物的淤地坝,控制面积决定了其淤粗排细效果;控制面积相近的淤地坝,有无放水建筑物决定了其淤粗排细效果;水毁坝也具有一定淤粗排细作用。     

四川单季稻区主栽水稻品种的生长模拟*4

利用四川单季稻区7个农业气象观测站5个主栽品种的田间观测数据,结合当地栽培管理措施、土壤条件及逐日气象资料对ORYZA2000模型进行参数调试,并确定四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的作物参数值;利用4～5a各主栽品种的观测数据对单季稻生育期、叶面积指数、生物量和产量等指标的模拟结果进行验证和评价。结果表明,合系39营养生长期发育速率最大,而生殖生长期发育速率最小,Ⅱ优838营养生长期发育速率最小,而D优63和汕优2生殖生长期发育速率最大;模型对5个单季稻主栽品种的生育期模拟效果较好,各品种开花期与成熟期的相对模拟误差均在1～2d,归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）均小于1%;各品种产量的NRMSE在5.26%～10.01%,叶面积指数的NRMSE为10.37%～19.19%,地上部总生物量、茎生物量、绿叶生物量及穗生物量的 NRMSE 分别为13.17%～18.69%、14.31%～20.41%、18.95%～24.74%和20.85%～25.39%。由此可见,ORYZA2000模型能够较为准确地模拟四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的发育及产量形成过程,适应能力较强,可以应用于四川单季稻生产。     

四川单季稻区主栽水稻品种的生长模拟

利用四川单季稻区7个农业气象观测站5个主栽品种的田间观测数据,结合当地栽培管理措施、土壤条件及逐日气象资料对ORYZA2000模型进行参数调试,并确定四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的作物参数值;利用4～5a各主栽品种的观测数据对单季稻生育期、叶面积指数、生物量和产量等指标的模拟结果进行验证和评价。结果表明,合系39营养生长期发育速率最大,而生殖生长期发育速率最小,Ⅱ优838营养生长期发育速率最小,而D优63和汕优2生殖生长期发育速率最大;模型对5个单季稻主栽品种的生育期模拟效果较好,各品种开花期与成熟期的相对模拟误差均在1～2d,归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）均小于1%;各品种产量的NRMSE在5.26%～10.01%,叶面积指数的NRMSE为10.37%～19.19%,地上部总生物量、茎生物量、绿叶生物量及穗生物量的NRMSE分别为13.17%～18.69%、14.31%～20.41%、18.95%～24.74%和20.85%～25.39%。由此可见,ORYZA2000模型能够较为准确地模拟四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的发育及产量形成过程,适应能力较强,可以应用于四川单季稻生产。     

水稻黑条矮缩病抗病品种的筛选及其抗病机制初探

为有效防治水稻黑条矮缩病的大面积发生,本研究通过室内大量饲养无毒灰飞虱,饲毒后对浙江省20个主栽水稻品种进行传毒,人工接种水稻黑条矮缩病毒(rice black-streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV)后移栽田间,观察病苗症状,测量株高,统计发病率并分析病毒含量。结果表明,籼稻品种深两优5814和Y两优302的抗性较强,粳稻品种淮5和秀水14的抗性较弱。此外,病毒侵染后,籼稻品种深两优5814和Y两优302的OsMYC2和OsNPR1的mRNA表达水平显著高于粳稻品种淮5和秀水14。上述结果表明,籼稻品种深两优5814和Y两优302抗病毒能力与其体内茉莉酸(JA)和水杨酸(SA)激素水平相关,这为今后筛选抗RBSDV材料提供了新的策略和思路。     

Establishing Soil Silicon Test Procedure and Critical Silicon Level for Rice in Louisiana Soils

Calibration of crop responses to applied silicon (Si) serves as a basis for developing Si fertilizer recommendation guidelines. A greenhouse experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with five replications, two sources of Si (wollastonite and slag) and four Si rates (0, 170, 340 and 680 kg ha^?1) to calibrate plant-available Si for growing rice in Louisiana soils. Silicon concentrations were determined in soils using seven different extraction procedures. Based on a quadratic model (p < 0.05), the estimated soil Si critical level using 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) for Sharkey clay soil was 110 mg kg^?1 while for Crowley silt loam and Commerce silt loam, levels were 37 and 43 mg kg^?1, respectively. These results suggest that suitability of an extractant that gives the best estimate of plant-available Si could considerably depend on soil type and it is unlikely that there is a universal extractant for all soils.     

叶面喷施硅调理剂对水稻砷累积及其赋存形态的影响

采用营养液培养生物学模拟方法,研究了喷施8种不同的叶面硅调理剂对苗期水稻累积总砷(As)和砷形态的影响。结果表明,叶面施用硅调理剂可降低水稻根和茎叶中砷含量,其中叶面施用Na2SiO3+鼠李糖脂处理(Si6)的水稻根系和地上部砷含量最低,分别为10.04,0.31mg/kg,比对照降低25.35%和33.10%(P<0.05);水稻中砷的赋存形态主要为As(Ⅲ),喷施该叶面硅调理剂减少水稻地上部和根系As(Ⅲ)含量,降幅分别为27.74%和21.50%(P<0.05);综合考虑水稻根系和地上部砷累积及砷由根系向地上部的转运,对不同的叶面硅调理剂处理进行聚类分析发现,喷施Na2SiO3+鼠李糖脂的处理为水稻砷低积累类群。因此,生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂与含硅溶液配施是抑制水稻幼苗吸收和积累砷效果最好的叶面硅调理剂,可为我国砷污染区稻米生产安全提供技术支撑。     

Study of Silicon Effects on Plant Growth and Resistance to Stem Borer in Rice

This research was conducted to evaluate silicon (Si) effects on the morphological characteristics and resistance to rice stem borer under greenhouse conditions at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2009. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a complete randomized design (two factors) with three replications. The factors included four levels of silicon (Si) (Si₀ = 0, Si₁ = 5, Si₂ = 10, Si₃ = 20 g Si kg^?1 soil) and three rice cultivars (Parto, Line 34, and Neda). The results showed Si fertilizer had a significant effect on percentage of white head, length of leaf, width of leaf, diameter of stem, and percentage of reproductive tiller. Also, increased stem Si increased the resistance to striped stem borer in the rice cultivars studied. The greatest resistance to striped stem borer was observed with the application of 20 g Si kg^?1 soil. The application of Si at the rate of 20 g Si kg^?1 soil significantly reduced the percentage of white head from 18.10% (without Si) to 0.11% (with 20 g Si kg^?1 soil) in Parto cultivar.     

不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素分馏的影响

为探明不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素组成及分馏的影响,本研究以红壤、黑土和褐土作为供试土壤,以水稻品种嘉58作为供试材料进行盆栽试验,测定土壤理化性质,水稻各器官干重、硅含量、硅同位素组成等指标。结果表明,不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素分馏效应均影响明显,红壤、黑土、褐土栽培的水稻硅同位素分馏系数(α_Pre-Dsi)分别为0.998 8、0.997 8、0.997 5,其中褐土栽培的水稻体内硅同位素分馏程度最大,黑土次之,红壤最小;相关性分析表明,水稻δ³⁰Si值(整株和叶片)与土壤pH值、有机质、有效硅、游离氧化铁和游离氧化铝含量之间均存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),其中土壤游离氧化铁、游离氧化铝含量随着土壤风化程度的增加均呈升高趋势。由此推断,水稻硅同位素组成可能主要受土壤pH值、有机质、有效硅含量及土壤风化程度的影响。本研究结果为利用硅稳定同位素示踪技术探索自然界的硅循环模式提供了理论依据。     

白浆型水稻土生物硅肥生理效应的研究

采用田间试验以基肥和返青肥两种施肥方式,施生物硅肥量为0、150、300、450、600、750 kg hm-2六个水平,研究了白浆型水稻土不同生物硅肥施用量对水稻生理指标的影响。结果表明,适宜的生物硅肥施用量(450 kg hm-2)对水稻叶片叶绿素含量有显著的影响,可使叶绿素的含量提高9.6%,从而延缓了水稻功能叶片的光合功能期;水稻叶片的保护酶(CAT、POD)在施用生物硅肥后可维持较高的活性或受到抑制程度较低,使所受膜脂过氧化程度(MDA的含量)相对较低,生物硅肥施用量为450 kg hm-2时水稻叶片的CAT、POD活性达最大值,MDA的含量达到最低值,这说明施用生物硅肥促进了膜脂脱氧化作用,延缓功能叶片的衰老;施用生物硅肥后提高了植株干物质的合成与积累,促进了可溶性糖向淀粉的转移和碳水化合物的运输,协调了源、库关系。在本试验中,生物硅肥施用量为450 kg hm-2效果最好,施肥效果各处理表现为:Si3>Si4>Si5>Si2>Si1>Si0,各处理间差异达到极显著,两种施肥方式做基肥的要比返青肥的效果好。     

Effect of Silicon Fertilization on Growth,Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of Rice

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of silicon (diatomaceous earth, DE) fertilization on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of rice during the kharif season of 2012 and 2013 in the new alluvial zone of West Bengal, India. Results showed that application of silicon significantly increased grain and straw yield as well as yield-attributing parameters such as plant height (cm), number of tillers m^?2, number of panicle m^?2, and 1000-grain weight (g) of rice. The greatest grain and straw yields were observed in the treatment T₆ (DE at 600 kg ha^?1 in combination with standard fertilizer practice (SFP). The concentration and uptake of silicon, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in grain and straw were also greater under this treatment compared to others. It was concluded that application of DE at 600 kg ha^?1 along with SFP resulted increased grain, straw, and uptake of NPK.     

水稻品种区域试验统计分析软件开发和应用

在水稻品种区域试验实践的基础上,将专业知识和电脑编程技术完美结合起来,研发出一款适用的统计分析软件《水稻品种试验统计大师》。系统阐述了该软件产生的背景、目的和意义、软件特点和适用范围,以及软件功能模块应用等,为水稻品种试验统计工作提供了技术方案。     

水稻秃穗突变体nsp1的遗传分析和精细定位

开展穗相关突变基因的定位与克隆有利于解析穗发育的分子调控机理,对水稻超高产分子设计育种具有重要理论价值。为探究水稻穗发育分子机理,在甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变的水稻突变体库中鉴定到了一个能稳定遗传的秃穗突变体nsp1。遗传分析表明,该突变性状是由一对单隐性核基因控制。通过SSR和STS分子标记对F2分离群体进行遗传定位,最终将NSP1精细定位在4号染色体分子标记zd38和zd30之间约41.6 Kb的区间内,发现该区间共有7个预测基因,其中LOC_Os04g56780为一个与分生组织发育相关的WUSCHEL的同源基因,可能为NSP1的候选基因。本研究结果为进一步克隆该基因和功能分析奠定了基础。     

The Positive Effects of Silicon on Rice Seedlings Under Saline-Alkali Mixed Stress

Saline-alkali mixed stress is a widespread environmental problem in agriculture. To examine the effects of silicon on rice under saline-alkali stress, the effects of silicon on germination, morphogenesis, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidases including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were investigated in rice seedlings. The results showed that germination percentage, germination rate, and germination index were increased significantly by the silicon compared with the nonsilicon treatment. Meanwhile, silicon application improved the growth of rice seedlings remarkably under saline-alkali stress, which was consistent with the elevation of chlorophyll contents. The MDA contents were decreased markedly with different silicon treatments. In contrast, the activities of SOD and POD were enhanced significantly with appropriate silicon treatment, which were in accordance with the increasing of soluble protein contents. All the analysis showed that 5 and 10 mmol/L silicon concentrations were more effective in alleviating the injury of rice seedlings under saline-alkali stress.     

Determination of Critical Soil Silicon Levels for Rice Production in Louisiana Using Different Extraction Procedures

While silicon (Si) fertilization is widely practiced in rice production, establishing critical soil Si levels has remained understudied. Field trials were established at 12 sites across Louisiana from 2013 to 2015 to determine critical soil Si for rice cultivation. Five silica slag (14% Si) rates at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Mg ha^?1 and two lime rates (2 and 4 Mg ha^?1) were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Post harvest soil samples were analyzed for Si using seven extraction procedures. The critical soil Si levels established by the linear plateau model using 0.5 M acetic acid-1 hr (OAc-1) extraction procedure were 36, 41 and 50 mg kg^?1 for plant Si uptake, grain yield, and relative yield as response variables, respectively. Generally, soils having high initial Si and pH had minimal responses to Si fertilization, whereas Si content of soils with low initial Si was significantly increased.     

Screening of Basmati Rice Varieties for their Arsenic Accumulation in Punjab,North-West India

A pot study was conducted to screen different basmati rice varieties for their accumulation of arsenic (As). Different amounts of arsenic (0–800 µg/L) were applied through irrigation water to four basmati rice varieties (Pusa basmati-1121, Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, Punjab basmati-2, and Punjab basmati-3). Highest arsenic concentration was found in the grains of Punjab basmati-3 and lowest in the grains of Pusa Punjab basmati-1509. In all varieties, grain As concentration ranged from 0.038 to 0.288 mg/kg, which was within the permissible limit of 1.0 mg/kg in rice grain recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). In husk, highest As concentration was found in Pusa basmati-1121 and lowest in Punjab basmati-2. Among the four varieties, highest content of As was accumulated in roots and straw of Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, whereas least was accumulated in Punjab basmati-2. The distribution of arsenic among plant parts was found in the order: roots > straw > husk > grain. The mean arsenic concentrations in grain, husk, straw, and root of basmati rice varieties increased with increasing concentration of arsenic in irrigation water. Highest grain yield was obtained in Pusa Punjab basmati-1509 variety due to lesser accumulation of arsenic compared with other varieties. Rice yield, plant height, root weight, straw weight, test weight, effective tiller, and filled grain per panicle decreased with increase in arsenic concentration in irrigated water.     

Influence of Nursery Management and Seedling Age on Growth and Economic Performance of Fine Rice

Seedling vigor is the basic component of the transplanted rice, which depends on its growing environment and proper age. Thus the influence of nursery management and seedling age was evaluated after transplanting 10, 20, 30, and 40-days older seedlings raised by using seed rate (high and low) and nitrogen (N) (with and without) in rice growing season 2008 and 2009. Study revealed that 10-days older nursery seedlings, irrespective to nursery-bed treatments, showed accelerated growth start after transplanting in main field while at later stages significant interaction was observed. Transplanting of 20-days older fertilized seedlings grown at low seeding density at nursery-bed resulted in similar growth performance as in younger. Maximum net-benefit (45111, 44402 Rs. ha^?1) was recorded with transplanting 10-days older nursery seedlings while the fertilized seedlings grown at lower seeding density recorded highest net-benefit (37908, 36780 Rs. ha^?1) in both the years.     

磷硅肥配施对盐渍土壤水稻生长及养分吸收的影响

针对滨海盐渍化稻田土壤根系易受盐碱胁迫、磷素养分含量及有效性低的问题,采用田间微区试验研究磷肥与硅肥配施对滨海盐渍化稻田土壤水稻根系生长、土壤磷素含量、水稻磷营养、产量及经济效益的作用。试验采用双因素设计,磷肥设2个水平:P1,P_2O_5 64 kg/hm~2;P2,P_2O_5 128 kg/hm~2;硅肥分土施和喷施,土施设3个水平:Si1,SiO_2 0 kg/hm~2;Si2,SiO_2 60 kg/hm~2;Si3,SiO_2 120 kg/hm~2;Si4为叶面喷施SiO_215 kg/hm~2。结果表明,喷施硅肥与低量磷肥配施的P1Si4处理在各生育时期的水稻总根长、总表面积和总根体积均为最高,与P2Si4处理无显著性差异。同时,磷肥配施硅肥可有效提高滨海盐渍化水稻土壤磷素有效性,其中P2Si4处理速效磷含量显著高于P1Si3、P2Si1,分别高出35.16%,27.47%;高磷处理的土壤全磷含量高于低磷处理。且施用硅肥的P1Si3、P1Si4处理的水稻产量显著高于不施硅肥和少量施硅的P1Si1、P1Si2处理,其中P2Si3水稻产量达9 547.5 kg/hm~2;各处理的有效穗数无显著性差异,每穗实粒数P2Si3处理最高,达162.47个/穗。P2Si3处理水稻籽粒中磷积累量最高,且显著高于其他处理,比P1Si3、P2Si1处理分别高出8.46%,9.68%。在低磷或高磷施用条件下,叶面喷施硅肥(P1Si4、P2Si4)处理收入分别达到14 953.6,14 323.2元/hm~2。综上所述,与不施硅肥的处理相比,磷肥配施硅肥可显著促进滨海盐渍化土壤水稻根系生长,提高磷素有效性、水稻产量及经济效益,其中以P1Si4处理(叶面喷硅,P_2O_5 64 kg/hm~2)处理最佳。     

Calibration and Categorization of Plant Available Silicon in Rice Soils of South India

ABSTRACT

Calibration of field crop responses to nutrient availability acts as a basis for making fertilizer recommendations from soil and tissue analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and summarize silicon (Si) fertilization of rice in different soils of south India. The experiment consists of four levels of calcium silicate as Si with three replications. Initially, soils were analyzed using eleven different extractants. The grain and straw yield were recorded and analyzed for Si content. The critical levels for plant available Si in the soil ranged from 14 mg kg^?1 (distilled water-1) to 207 mg kg^?1 [0.005 M sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)]. There was a wide variation in low, medium, and high categories of plant available Si for different extractants calculated based on percent relative yield. The critical level of Si in straw and grain were 2.9 and 1.2%, respectively.