Nitrogen Sources and Rates Effect on Yield,Nutritional Status,and Yield Components of Sunflower

Due to the high levels of crude protein in the achene, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the main oilseeds grown worldwide, particularly for the oil and meal production for animal feed. Despite these advantages, there are few studies on nutrient use efficiency under tropical conditions, especially nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of N sources and rates on sunflower achene yield (AY), yield and physiological components, and nutritional status of sunflower. The five N sources (calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), ammonium nitrate (NO₃NH₄), ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), and urea (CO(NH₂)₂)), and four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg^?1) were studied. AY was reduced with the ammonia sources application from the 100 mg N kg^?1. Plant height and capitulum dry weight (CDW), capitulum diameter, shoot dry weight (SDW), and chlorophyll content were significantly related with N sources and rates. Except for potassium (K), the N rates changed the N, P, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and N concentration in achene. In the comparison of sources, on the average of N rates, urea application was more effective than the other N fertilizers in the AY.     

化肥减量配施秸秆对温室黄瓜产量及其构成因素的影响

  目的  设施蔬菜生产中,盲目大量使用化肥导致的土壤障碍、蔬菜产量和质量降低等系列问题限制了设施蔬菜的可持续发展,有机物料（有机肥、秸秆等）替代部分化肥势在必行,但有机物料替代部分化肥对蔬菜产量构成因素的影响尚未明确。  方法  本文依托温室内有机物料替代部分化肥长期定位试验,以黄瓜为供试作物,选取其中6个处理:不施肥对照（CK）、100%化肥（CF100）、75%化肥（CF75）、25%玉米秸秆N替代化肥N处理（S25）、50%玉米秸秆N替代化肥N处理（S50）以及100%玉米秸秆N替代化肥N（S100）。  结果  结果表明,CF100和CF75处理在根系生长参数、叶片光合特性以及黄瓜产量和品质上未表现出显著差异,但CF75处理最终经济效益上却提高了1.4%;相比CF100处理,S25和S50处理显著提高了黄瓜根系鲜重和根系活力,且S50处理优于S25处理;S25处理还显著增加了盛果期植株叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、叶面积,降低了胞间CO₂浓度;S25和S50处理均提高了黄瓜品质,且S25处理优于S50处理;S25和S50处理分别较CF100处理增产11.9%和15.2%,收益也相应提高了12.8%和16.4%。  结论  化肥减量25%不会对黄瓜产量及构成因素产生不利影响,50%玉米秸秆N替代化肥N能促进植株的生长发育,提高黄瓜叶片光合作用和黄瓜产量与品质,降低投入,增加收益。     

Seasonal Variation in Yield Fruit Quality and Nutritional Status of Greenhouse Tomato under Different Fertilization Management Plans

A study was conducted in the region of Pella, Stavrodromi, northern Greece for two consecutive years. The work investigated the effect of various fertilization plans at various growth stages on the vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, and nutritional status of a greenhouse semi-long-life tomato cv. Formula. It was found that the recommended fertilization plan [a combination of application of nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizers until harvest] gave the greatest yields (104 and 137 t ha^?1 at years 1 and 2 of the experiment, respectively) when compared to other treatments [different combinations of N and calcium (Ca) applied to soil at weekly intervals until harvest]. Soil application of Ca at different weekly intervals until harvest had no substantial effect in greenhouse tomato. It was concluded that the recommended NPK fertilization in combination with application of K during harvest could be the basis for an effective nutrient management in greenhouse tomatoes established on areas with similar soil climatic conditions.     

Influence of Boron on Sunflower Yield and Nutritional Status

Sunflower has been mentioned in the literature as a plant that requires large amounts of boron (B) to achieve a successful crop. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of sunflower fertilization with boron on the soil nutrient concentration, index leaf, seed yield, fatty acids’ composition of sunflower oil, and oil content. Cultivar M734 was selected for boron fertilization at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 kg ha^?1 rates. The maximum economic return was obtained with 3.13 kg ha^?1. Neither oil content nor fatty acid composition was affected by boron. With proper irrigation, the M734 cultivar was able to absorb boron in the 0 ? 40-cm layer, ultimately producing about 3000 kg ha^?1 of seeds in soils with only 0.30 mg kg^?1 of boron. Based on these results, it is suggested that the boron fertilization program be expanded to include the soil strata at 0?20 cm and 20?40 cm.     

包膜控释尿素对大棚黄瓜的增产及品质效应的研究

对包膜控释尿素的大棚黄瓜进行了田间试验,并对黄瓜的品质进行了测试分析。结果表明:控释尿素D90产量比对照增产67.6%;比普通尿素增产36.9%;D60虽比对照和普通尿素增产,但产量差异未达显著水平。对品质的影响主要表现在降低黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量、增加Vc含量和可溶性糖含量方面,以D90综合品质为最优,D60次之,普通尿素为最劣。综合各项,在黄瓜生产中以选用控释期为90天的包膜控释尿素为最好。     

Effect of Soil Management on Olive Yield and Nutritional Status of Trees in Rainfed Orchards

Studies on the effect of groundcover treatments on perennial tree crops have been common in recent decades. However, few have included leaf analysis as an aid to understand the effects of groundcover treatments on tree crop growth and yield, in particular in rainfed olive orchards. Field experiments took place in northeast Portugal, over the course of eight consecutive years, in two commercial orchards selected on the basis of their contrasting situation regarding the floor-management system before the trial started. An orchard located in Bragança, currently managed as a sheep-walk, received the following treatments: sheep-walk (SW), where the natural vegetation was managed with a flock of sheep; mechanical cultivation (MC), which consisted of two tillage trips per year in the spring; and glyphosate (Gly), where the herbicide was applied once during the first fortnight of April. Another orchard near Mirandela, currently managed by tillage, received the following treatments: mechanical cultivation (MC); glyphosate (Gly); and residual herbicide (RH), where an herbicide with a residual component was applied late in the winter. The trees that underwent Gly treatments produced the greatest tree crop growth and olive yield. The worst results were achieved with the SW and MC treatments in the Bragança and Mirandela experiments, respectively. Leaf nitrogen (N) and boron (B) concentrations were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the treatments that caused the higher and lower olive yields in both experiments. In the Mirandela orchard, where the leaf potassium (K) concentrations were close to the lower limit of the adequate range, the leaf K levels followed the pattern registered for N and B. The results showed a strong link between tree crop nutritional status and tree crop growth and olive yield. The groundcover treatments that facilitate nutrient absorption by olive trees yielded more crops.     

The Effect of Chloride on Yield and Nutrient Interaction in Greenhouse Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Grown in Rockwool

The effect of increasing chloride content in nutrient solution on nutrient composition in root environment, interaction of nutrients in leaves and yield of greenhouse tomato cv. ‘Grace F₁’ grown in rockwool were searched. In Experiment I (2004–2005) the levels of 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg Cl·L^?1 but in Experiment II (2006) 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg Cl·L^?1 of nutrient solution were tested. The sources of chloride were water (9.6–10.7 mg Cl·L^?1) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂·2H₂O) but the rest of nutrients and sodium in all treatments were on the same levels. It was found that increasing content of chloride from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L^?1 enhanced the total and marketable fruit yield. Within the range of 60 to 90 mg Cl·L^?1 the yield was on the optimum level but the content of 120 mg Cl·L^?1 declined it. Increasing chloride content in the nutrient solutions was reflected in rising of chlorine content in leaves. The concentration of chloride above 60 mg C·L^?1 reduced the content of nitrogen but above 90 mg C·L^?1 declined the content of calcium, sulfur and zinc in leaves. The antagonism between Cl:N, Cl:Ca: Cl:S and Cl:Zn was appeared. More variable interaction were between Cl:K and Cl:B. At the low levels of chloride, from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L^?1, potassium and boron content were decreased but at the higher ones, from 90 to 120 mg·L^?1, these nutrients had increasing course. It was not found out the effect of chloride contents on macro and microelement contents in nutrient solution emitted from drippers however their content upraising in root medium (rockwool). The highest increase was found out for Na 95.1 and 64.9 % (Exp. I and II - respectively), next for Ca (76.0, 70.1 %), Cu (62.5 and 71.0 %), Cl (43.6, 24.4), B (33.3, 21.0 %), N-NO₃ (30.4, 49.6 %), Zn (29.5, 32.8 %), S-SO₄ (25.9, 25.5 %), K (24.5, 24.1 %), Fe (19.8, 19.2 %), Mn (17.5, 21.3 %) and Mg (14.9, 11.7). Advantageous effect of chloride on tomato yield justified the need to introduce for the practice adequate chlorine nutrition, and recommend to maintain 60 to 90 mg Cl·L^?1 in nutrient solution. The best yield appeared when content of chlorine in leaves (8th or 9th leaf from the top) was in the range 0.48-0.60 % of Cl in d. m.     

遮光处理对温室黄瓜幼龄植株叶片光合参数的影响

以黄瓜品种“津优35号”为试材,在温室内设置遮光20%（T1）、遮光40%（T2）和遮光60%（T3）3个处理,处理时间为5、10、15、20、25d,以自然光强为对照（CK）,测定不同处理下黄瓜幼龄植株叶片光合参数和荧光参数。结果表明：遮光处理下黄瓜叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均有不同程度增加,叶绿素a/b的值减小,遮光25d后,T3、T2、T1处理的叶绿素a含量较CK分别高30.6%、16.5%、15.4%;不同遮光处理下黄瓜叶片的光饱和点（LSP）、最大光合速率（Pmax）以及表观量子效率（AQE）随着处理天数的增加而减小,光补偿点（LCP）则随处理天数的增加而升高。处理25d后,T1、T2、T3处理的黄瓜叶片气孔导度分别较CK低47.3%、57.4%、57.9%,蒸腾速率分别比CK低34.7%、34.0%和52.4%;随着处理天数的增加,黄瓜叶片的气孔限制值（Ls）和水分利用效率（WUE）均呈增加趋势;遮光处理黄瓜叶片的光系统II潜在效率（Fv/Fm）随着遮光天数的增加呈下降趋势,而光化学淬灭（qP）减小,同时非光化学淬灭(qN)增大。本研究证实遮光导致黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量增加,光合能力降低。     

Zinc and Amino-Acids on the Yield and Nutritional State of Alfalfa Grown in the Tropical Soil

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is common among crops grown in the tropics in acid and weathered soils. In response, the use of amino-acids (AAs) to increase the uptake of this nutrient has been increasing dramatically in recent years. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of results reported on the effect of applying AAs and adequate quantities of Zn on alfalfa grown under tropical edaphoclimatic conditions. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block in a factorial scheme (4×2) of four Zn rates of 0, 4, 8, and 16 mg kg^?1) with and without spraying of AAs during the sprouting phase, to study the effects on the shoot dry weight (SDW) yield, nutritional state, physiological parameters, and soil fertility. The harvests were repeated over time (three cuts). The SDW yield was significantly influenced up to a rate of 4.0 mg kg^?1 of Zn, after which it stabilized. Independent of the Zn rate, the application of AAs did not influence the SDW yield. Based on the averages for the three cuts, only the Zn rates altered the photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, with no effect of the AAs. The concentrations of Zn in the soil extracted by the Mehlich 1 and diethylenetraminepenta acetic acid (DTPA)- triethanolamine (TEA) methods were strongly and significantly correlated (r = 0.99, P ≤ 0.05) with the Zn rates and the Zn concentrations in the plant tissue. The agronomic, physiological, and zinc use efficiencies diminished with increased Zn rates, while the inverse occurred with the Zn efficiency index.     

水氮调控对设施土壤氨挥发特征的影响

基于连续6年设施番茄水氮调控定位试验,采用高分辨激光光谱法观测分析灌水下限(土壤水吸力为W_1:25 kPa、W_2:35 kPa、W_3:45 kPa)和施氮量(N_1:75 kg N/hm~2、N_2:300 kg N/hm~2、N_3:525 kg N/hm~2)对设施土壤氨挥发通量、累积挥发量、番茄产量及单产累积排放量的影响。结果表明:灌水下限、施氮量及两者交互作用极显著的影响设施土壤氨挥发通量峰值、累积挥发量、单产氨挥发累积量、氨挥发损失率和番茄产量。氨挥发通量表现为施氮后6～8天氨挥发达到峰值。经验S模型可以较好地表征基肥和追肥2个时期氨挥发累积量随时间的变化,氨挥发特征参数表现为基肥期以灌水下限和水氮交互影响为主,追肥期以施氮量和水氮交互影响为主。与基肥相比,采用滴灌追肥可显著的降低氨挥发累积量94.78%～96.30%。受土壤pH和土壤NH_4~+-N含量及施肥带比例影响,氨挥发的氮损失率在0～2%。施氮量为300 kg N/hm~2和灌水下限25 kPa组合的水氮处理(W_1N_2)是协调氨挥发量和设施番茄产量的最佳水氮管理模式。     

Effect of Glyphosate and Zinc Application on Yield,Soil Fertility,Yield Components,and Nutritional Status of Soybean

Glyphosate is a widely used nonselective herbicide for the control of agricultural weeds. It is being increasingly used in glyphosate resistant genetically modified plants. However, there are few studies on its effects on the nutritional status of soybean, particularly on the uptake of zinc (Zn). Two experiments were conducted under field conditions in a Typic Quartzipsamment and an Orthic Ferralsol to investigate the effect of glyphosate application × Zn interaction on soil fertility, yield components, seed yield (SY), shoot dry weight (SDW) yield, and nutritional status of soybean. The five Zn rates 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 kg ha^?1 were used in two soybean varieties [BRS 133 (conventional—NGM) and its essentially derived transgenic line BRS 245RR (GM), which was divided into: with (+Gly) and without (–Gly) glyphosate application. Only the P (phosphorus) and Zn available concentrations in the soil were impacted by Zn rates. However, the available P concentration only decreased in the soil planted with GM soybean. Mehlich 1 and diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid–triethanolamine (DTPA–TEA), 7.3 extractants were effective to determine the available Zn. In the two crop sites, the number of pods per plant (NPP) and the SDW yield were affected by the interaction varieties × Zn. SY was influenced by the application of the herbicide, reducing a potential phytotoxic effect with the use of high rates. Regarding the nutrients, only the foliar calcium (Ca), boron (B), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) concentrations were negatively affected by glyphosate, and in the case of Zn, the difference occurred only between the varieties BRS 133 and BRS 245RR.     

Effect of root exudates on growth of newly isolated nitrifying bacteria from barley rhizoplane

An ammonia-oxidizing bacterium, strain PJA1, and nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, strain PJN1, were newly isolated from the rhizoplane of barley. The cells of strain PJA1 were lobate, compartmentalized, and showed characteristics of the genus Nitrosolobus. The similarity of the 16S rRNA gene to Nitrosolobus multiformis ATCC25196 was 99.04%. The cells of strain PJN1 were rod-shaped. The similarity of the 16S rRNA gene to Nitrobacter agilis ATCC14123 was 98.57%. These newly isolated bacteria were identified as Nitrosolobus sp. PJA1 and Nitrobacter sp. PJN1, respectively. The exudates prepared from barley roots of both the pre-heading and post-heading stages promoted the growth of strain PJA1 (15–20% increase). The growth of the non-rhizoplane strains like Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC25978 was remarkably inhibited by the exudates. The growth of strain PJN1 was also remarkably promoted by the root exudates at the pre-heading stage (6 time increase), and by the root exudates at the post-heading stage (2.5 time increase). The root exudates did not effect the growth of Nitrobacter winogradskyi IFO14297, isolated from the non-rhizoplane.     

Effect of Boron Application on Yield,Quality, and Nutritional Status of Peach Cultivar Andross

During the cultivation period of 2005–2007, a project was carried out in the region of Eirinoupolis, prefecture of Imathia, Macedonia, northern Greece. The study investigated the application of boron (B) timing (flowering, fruit set, fruit growth) and method (soil and foliage) on the vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality, and nutritional status of the cling-stone peach variety Andross. The cultivar was grafted onto an 8-year-old rootstock GF 677. The results showed that the greatest marketable yield (135 kg tree^–1) was achieved in peach trees where B was applied on soil during the flowering stage in combination with a balanced nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) basal application. Boron concentration in fruits of that treatment was increased in both cultivation years compared to most of the applied treatments. Foliar application of B at flowering, fruit set, and fruit growth, primarily in combination with foliar calcium (Ca) application, showed fruits to be less affected by cracking and Monilinia over all treatments. However, foliar application of Ca did not significantly promote leaf or fruit Ca concentration.     

Spacing and Plant Density in the Yield Components,Nutritional Status,and Soil Fertility of Guarana Varieties Grown in Humid Tropical Amazon

In agriculture there is a tendency to reduce spacing between plant rows, both for perennial and annual plants. Yield gains have been associated with the use of this technique. However, in the case of perennial plants, this technique was found to reduce productivity in older orchards because of the greater competition between plants caused by the increased volume of the crown and root system, resulting in lower photosynthetic efficiency, increased infestation with fungal diseases, and greater competition in nutrient uptake. In addition to yield, efficient management should consider soil fertility, nutritional status, and the growth of the guarana variety. The present study aimed to assess the effects of spacing and plant density on grain yield, soil fertility, and nutritional status of two guarana varieties (BRS Amazonas and BRS Maués). The plant density studied were 625 (4 m × 4 m), 833 (4 m × 3 m), 1,111 (3 m × 3 m), 1,666 (3 m × 2 m), 2,500 (2 m × 2 m), and 5,000 (2 m × 1 m) plants per hectare distributed in randomized block design with three replicates. The high plant density has significantly increased grain yield in the guarana varieties, with changes in launch number, trunk diameter, and crown diameter. Regarding macronutrients, in the average of the varieties, the mean foliar concentration had the following sequence: nitrogen (N) > potassium (K) > calcium (Ca) > phosphorus (P) > sulfur (S) > magnesium (Mg), whereas for micronutrients it was manganese (Mn) > iron (Fe) > boron (B) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu). The differences in the foliar concentrations of the varieties and in soil fertility are important tools for the selection of materials with better capacity of uptake and/or translocation of nutrients, resulting in greater grain yield.     

双氰胺在不同温度下对碱性土尿素氮转化的影响

[目的]为了提高氮素的利用效率,减少NO_3~-—N淋溶污染,本试验研究了硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对碱性土壤中氮素转化的影响,为氮素的合理高效利用,增加作物产量提供参考。[方法]采用实验室人工气候箱培养法,研究双氰胺在15,25和35℃不同温度下对山西省晋城市菜园土(碱性)的pH值、氨挥发量及NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N转化的影响。[结果]在碱性土壤中施加双氰胺后,其pH值高于对照,且pH值随土壤温度的升高而升高;同时碱性土壤中氨挥发量也随温度升高而增大,每升高10℃,氮素以氨气形式损失的增加率约为6.90%;而土壤NO_3~-—N量却随温度的升高有所下降,其变化趋势与土壤NH_4~+—N量变化相反,此外温度的升高可导致NH_4~+—N含量峰值的出现时间提前,每增加10℃提前约为1周左右。双氰胺的施加可减少了NH_4~+—N转化为NO_3~-—N的量。[结论]双氰胺的施加可减少碱性土壤中氮素转化为NO_3~-—N所带来的淋溶污染问题,且随温度的升高pH值、氨挥发量和NH_4~+—N量增加。     

硅在Cd胁迫下对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

研究石灰性土壤Si对Cd胁迫下黄瓜产量和品质的影响,对实际土壤Cd毒害植物防治具有重要意义。采用盆栽完全随机设计方案,以黄瓜(密刺60)为试验材料,研究Si在Cd胁迫下对黄瓜产量和品质的影响。研究证明,随着Cd浓度的增加,黄瓜株高和鲜重显著降低,还原糖和维生素C含量降低,硝酸盐和果实中Cd含量明显增加。施入Si后,能显著改善黄瓜的产量和品质。当Cd含量为3 mg kg^-1,Si施加量为300 mg kg^-1时,黄瓜株高增加了31.9%。当Cd含量为5 mg kg^-1,Si施加量≥200 mg kg^-1情况下,黄瓜中硝酸盐含量下降21%～37%。Cd含量≤3 mg kg^-1,施Si量200 mg kg^-1时黄瓜中的维生素C含量达到最大值。当Cd含量≤3 mg kg^-1时,100mg kg^-1的Si施加量能使黄瓜果实中的Cd含量降至国家食品安全标准。试验结果可知,在石灰性土壤上,Cd会明显抑制黄瓜的生长,施加硅后可以显著改善Cd毒害,进而提高黄瓜的产量和品质。     

有限性灌溉对设施草莓产量及水分利用效率的影响

在日光温室环境及盆栽条件下,通过与全灌(FI)比较,研究了亏缺灌溉(DI)及分根交替灌溉(PRD)对草莓产量和灌水利用效率(IWUE)的影响.试验从开花期开始到果实成熟期结束.共分5个处理,全灌(FI);分根灌溉PRD分2个处理水平,即PRD1和PRD2;限制灌溉DI也分两个处理水平,即D11和D12.与F1处理相比,DI1和DI2处理的叶水势和气孔导度明显偏低,单株叶面积、鲜果重、平均单果重也显著低于FI处理.但水分利用效率却比FI处理的高(分别高15.8%和29.3%);PRD1处理的叶水势与FI处理的相当.且高于其它处理,而气孔导度比FI,DI1和D12处理的明显降低,与PRD2处理的相近.PRD1处理的鲜果重、平均单果重与FI处理的相当,比DI1,DI2和PRD2处理的显著提高;与FI处理相比,DI1,DI2,PRD1和PRD2处理分别节水31.5%,50.0%,31.5%和50.0%,水分利用效率分别提高了15.8%,29.3%,44.4%和84.4%,从草莓产量和水分利用效率各指标可以看出,PRD1处理比DI1,DI2和PRD2处理表现出明显的优势,其综合效益最佳.     

不同调控措施下温室土壤微生物多样性变化及其对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

在日光温室栽培条件下,采用Biolog检测法研究了不施肥(CK)、习惯施肥(CF)、秸秆还田(RS)和膜下滴灌(DI)等不同施肥措施下土壤微生物多样性的变化,及其对黄瓜产量、品质的影响。结果表明,反映微生物代谢活性的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)以RS处理最高,CK最低。微生物培养72 h代谢旺盛,各处理AWCD值在0.494~0.881之间,其中RS处理AWCD值较CF显著增加,是CF的1.3倍;DI处理AWCD比CF略低,但差异不显著。不同处理下土壤微生物多样性不同,土壤微生物物种丰富度指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)均以CF最低,通过秸秆还田调控土壤C/N和滴灌措施对习惯施肥模式进行改进,两指数显著提高。主成分分析结果表明,不同处理土壤微生物碳源代谢特征发生分异,秸秆还田处理分布于第1主成分正方向,得分系数在4.91~5.50之间;其他处理分布在第1主成分负方向,得分系数在-3.26~-0.18之间。与CF相比,RS和DI处理黄瓜产量和品质均无显著变化。多样性指数中优势度指数(Ds)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S)与黄瓜产量、果实可溶性糖、Vc含量成正相关,其中S与黄瓜果实Vc含量的相关系数达0.692。综合考虑,秸秆还田措施有助于改善土壤微生态环境,推动设施农业的可持续发展,较滴灌措施更有应用价值。     

保水剂与秸秆深施对砂质潮土水肥状况及小麦产量的影响

保水剂与秸秆深施对砂质潮土培肥效应的研究,为中低产田砂质潮土的改良提供科学合理的依据。于典型的砂质潮土区设置了五种不同的田间处理方式:秸秆翻埋还田(TS)、秸秆深施(DS)、秸秆与保水剂深施(DS+W)、保水剂深施(DW)和不处理对照(CK)。比较分析了小麦生育期不同土层中水分、有机质、速效氮以及小麦产量。研究结果表明:(1)与CK相比,从孕穗期到灌浆期,秸秆与保水剂的施用均使0~80 cm土层的含水量有所提高,且DS+W与DW均显著提高了60~80 cm土层水分,其中在孕穗期两处理水分含量分别是CK的3倍和2倍,灌浆期为CK的2倍和1.5倍。(2)与CK相比,其余各处理均显著提高了小麦产量(P<0.05),TS、DS和DS+W分别增产了30.7%、27.3%和48.9%。(3)与CK相比,TS、DS、DS+W和DW的水分利用效率显著增加,分别增加了0.63、0.57 0.93和0.29 kg m~(-3)。(4)与CK相比,20~80 cm土层中,深埋处理DS、DS+W、DW均提高了土壤中有机质含量,DS+W处理下土壤有机质含量与其他处理之间差异显著(P<0.05)。(5)与CK相比,TS和DS处理能够有效的提高各土层中硝态氮含量,保水剂的施用在40~80 cm土层中对土壤硝态氮未见显著影响。(6)各处理间单茎小麦各器官干物质积累量大小为:DS+W>DS>TS>DW>CK,且从不同器官的干物质积累量的比例来看,TS、DS、DS+W处理下的籽粒所占比重较CK的籽粒所占比重有所增加,茎+叶所占比例相应减少,植株干物质的积累逐渐向籽粒偏斜。(7)从小麦产量与土壤水分和硝态氮含量的相关分析结果来看,土壤水分主要在小麦灌浆期影响小麦产量,且是砂质潮土中影响小麦产量的最主要因素。综上所述,保水剂与秸秆的施用均能不同程度的改善砂质潮土的理化性状,提高农作物产量,以保水剂与秸秆的配合深施对砂质潮土的改良效果最佳。     

滴灌条件下水肥耦合对温室番茄产量效应的研究

以番茄为供试作物,在温室内采用二次D-饱和最优设计进行水肥试验,探讨了滴灌条件下水、肥交互对温室番茄产量的影响。试验结果表明:影响番茄产量的主要因素是灌水量与钾肥用量的交互作用,其次是氮肥用量;仅从产量角度评价,以中等氮肥用量、高钾肥用量和高灌水量为水肥调控的最佳组合。