Effects of Long‐Term Irrigation using Industrial Wastewater on Soil Properties and Elemental Contents of Rice,Spinach, Clover,and Grass

Abstract

Application of industrial wastewater on agricultural lands increased the amounts of elements in soil and plants. To investigate the effects of wastewater on soil properties and element content in soil and plants, wastewaters of three industries (chrome chemical, wood and paper, and textiles) were examined in 2005. At harvest time, the soil samples were taken from depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm, and the roots and shoots of rice, spinach, clover, and grass and grain of rice in an industrial wastewater–treated area and untreated area were sampled. Results indicated that the concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) increased in river water when wastewater was discharged into it. Use of the river water, influenced by industrial wastewater, for irrigation of rice and other plants increased the amounts of organic matter and available Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in soil. Cation exchange capacity was correlated with available Cu and Fe in soil (+0.431** and +0.499**, respectively). Soil organic matter was correlated with available Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in soil. However, the clay content in soil did not correlate with these elements. Meanwhile, in roots, shoots, and grains of rice and roots and shoots of spinach, clover, and grasses of agricultural land influenced by industrial wastewater, the amounts of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe increased. Therefore, by increasing the amount of Mn in the soil, the concentration of Zn in rice grain decreased and the concentration of Cu and Mn increased. Transferred Zn concentrations to rice grain and shoots of spinach, clover, and grass were more than Cu and Mn and increased in rice grain.     

土壤锌、铁、铜、锰形态的分布及其与植物有效性的关系

The distribution of various fractions of Zn,Fe,Cu and Mn in 15 types of soils in China and its relationship with plant availability were studied.Fractions of various elements were found to have some similar characterstic distribution regularities in various types of soils,but various soil types differed to varying degrees in the distribution of each fraction.Soil physico-chemical properties,such as pH,CEC and the contents of OM,CaCO3,free Fe,free Mn and P2O5,were significantly correlated with the distribution of elemental fractions,and a significant correlation also existed between the distribution and plant availability of elemental fractions.Various fractions of each element were divided into two groups based on their plant availability.The correlation between the distribution of combination fractions and plat availability indicated a significantly or an extremely significantly positive correlation for Group I but a significantly or an extremely significantly negative correlation for Group II.Therefore,the fractions in Goup I were primary pools of available nutrients,while those in Group II could hardly provide available nutrients for plants.Decreasing the transformation of corresponding elements into fractions of Group II and increasing the storage capacity of various fractions of Group I were an important direction for regulation and controlling of soil nutrients.However,some Particular soils with too high contents of Zn,Fe,Cu and Mn should be regulated and controlled adversely.     

畜禽粪肥对土壤有效铜锌铁锰含量的影响

采用室内培养和DTPA浸提法研究了鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等有机肥料对土壤有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量的影响。结果表明,在供试条件下施用鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪均可使土壤中有效Cu、Mn含量增加,但有效Zn含量降低;施用鸡粪可使土壤有效Fe含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪使土壤有效Fe含量降低。增加鸡粪施用量,可使土壤中有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量增加;培养期间有效Cu、Zn含量变化幅度较小,有效Fe、Mn含量变化较大。     

三江平原白浆土中Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn生物有效性的研究

在三江平原上,测定 42 个小区中玉米、大豆、小麦籽实 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 含量和土壤中各形态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和Zn含量.通过相关分析和通径分析,探讨了土壤中各形态Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 的生物有效性,旨在为该地区合理施用微量元素提供科学依据.试验结果表明,玉米、大豆和小麦籽实含 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 量与土壤中有效态和交换态 Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量呈显著或极显著正相关.有机态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量与玉米、大豆和小麦籽实Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量也有很好的相关关系.交换态对有效态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 影响最大,其次是有机质结合态.铁锰氧化物结合态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 及碳酸盐结合态 Mn、Zn 对有效态 Mn、Zn 具有一定正效应.而残留态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Mn 对有效态 Mn 产生负效应.     

鸡粪等有机肥料的养分释放及对土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响

采用室内培养法研究鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等畜禽有机肥料的矿化率和速效氮、磷、钾养分释放特性,并探讨施用有机肥料对土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响。结果表明,鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等畜禽有机肥料当季(120d)有机碳矿化率分别为87．5％、71．9％和55．4％,碱解氮释放量分别为39．9％、20．6％和35．3％,速效磷释放量分别为24．6％、61．3％和34．8％,速效钾释放量分别为78．8％、36．8％和41．5％。供试条件下土壤有效铜、锰含量增加,但有效锌含量降低,施用鸡粪可使土壤有效铁含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪则使土壤有效铁含量降低。     

Comparison of MnSO4 and MnEDTA for soybeans grown on two soils in the greenhouse

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare MnSO₄ and MnEDTA as Mn sources. Four soil‐applied rates of each source were applied to two Coastal Plain soils, a Leefield s (pH 6.3) and an Alapaha is (pH 7.0). Plants were grown for 40 days and dry tissue weights were recorded along with leaf contents of Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu. The same ions were extracted from the soil with DTPA. The chelate source caused no differences in either extractable soil Mn or plant Mn between soils or among rates even when added at its highest rate of 2 μgMn/g. The sulfate source increased extractable soil Mn and plant Mn over the various rates but more so for the Alapaha soil than for the Leefield. Plant weights were not different between sources except on the averages for the Leefield soil. However, for the Leefield soil and the sulfate source, plant weights were lower for the check than for intermediate Mn rates due to Mn deficiency and lower for the high Ma rate (50 μg/g) presumably due to toxicity. A correlation coefficient of 0.866** was obtained for soil‐extracted Mn versus plant Mn concentration indicating that the DTPA was a good extractant for these two soils. High correlations between plant and soil Mn versus plant and soil Zn, Fe, and Cu for the chelate source showed that the MnEDTA affected metal ion availabilities other than just Mn. It was concluded that the MnSO₄ was the better source at the rates used and that for these soils the best rate was S μgMn/g applied to the soil.     

The extractable trace element content of acid soils and the influence of pH,organic matter and clay content

Abstract

The analysis of extractable trace elements was carried out on 434 soils using 0.1 N HC1 as the extractant for copper, manganese, iron, zinc and cobalt, 0.2 M ammonium oxalate at pH 3.0 for molybdenum and boiling water for boron. Results indicated that on the average from about 1 to 20 percent of the total element content of the soil uas extractable, the percentage varying with the element. Comparing the amount of extractable elements in the 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm layers indicated that only manganese, zinc and boron were significantly different.

Correlation studies showed that the pH significantly influenced the quantity of manganese, iron, zinc and boron extracted, while organic matter influenced copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt and boron and clay content the copper, manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt and boron.     

我国主要麦区土壤有效铁锰铜锌丰缺状况评价及影响因素

明确我国主要麦区土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量分布和影响因素,对了解麦田土壤微量元素供应能力、指导小麦丰产与优质生产至关重要。于2016—2021年连续6年,在我国17个小麦主产省/市采集1 314份耕层土壤样品,参考中国土壤有效微量元素分级标准,评价了我国麦田土壤有效铁锰铜锌丰缺状况,并采用随机森林方法定量分析了主要土壤化学性质对铁锰铜锌有效性的贡献。结果表明,我国主要麦区土壤有效铁含量介于1.8~612 mg?kg-1,平均为49.1 mg?kg-1,8.9%的样本未达到缺铁临界值4.5 mg?kg-1,且主要集中在北方、西北麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃等地,西南和长江中下游麦区有效铁较高。土壤有效锰介于0.1~176 mg?kg-1,平均为22.1 mg?kg-1,低于缺锰临界值5 mg?kg-1的样本占6.9%,缺锰土壤分布在西北、北方麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古等地,西南、长江中下游麦区土壤有效锰含量较高。土壤有效铜介于0.1~10.8 mg?kg-1,平均为1.9 mg?kg-1,仅1.8%样本未达到缺铜临界值0.5 mg?kg-1。土壤有效锌介于0.1~26.0 mg?kg-1,平均为1.4 mg?kg-1,14.3%的样本低于缺锌临界值0.5 mg?kg-1,主要分布在西北和北方麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古等省份,云南、贵州等西南麦区的有效锌较高。土壤基本化学性质中,pH对有效铁、有效锰含量影响最大,有效铁是铜有效性的重要因素,影响有效锌的主要因素是有效磷和有效铜。我国麦田土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量存在较大的区域变异,铁、锰、锌不足主要发生在北方石灰性土壤,南方麦田供应充足,几乎所有麦田土壤有效铜可满足作物铜需求。     

Micronutrient Concentration in Horticultural Crops Grown on a Soil Amended with the Solid Phase of Pig Slurry

Abstract

Previous studies carried out on metal fractionation have shown that more than 95% of metals are in the solid phase of pig slurries (SPPS), with copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) being the commonly occurring micronutrients in animal slurries. The input of micronutrients associated with the application of SPPS could be an important pathway for the supply of these essential elements to arable crops in bioavailable forms, especially in calcareous soils, which induce the immobilization of these elements. The aim of this work was to study the effect of application of pig manures (fresh and composted) derived from the SPPS on the micronutrient—iron (Fe), Cu, Magnesium (Mn), and Zn—concentration on amended calcareous soils in horticultural plants (cucumber and Milan cabbage). In addition, the effect of composting and application rates were analyzed. The experiment was conducted in field conditions on a Xerofluvent soil with a clayey‐loam texture. The organic wastes used in this study were uncomposted and composted solid fractions of swine manure slurry (UC‐SPPS and C‐SPPS, respectively) at two different rates (supplying 300 kg N ha^?1 and 450 kg N ha^?1 respectively). A mineral fertilizer treatment equivalent to 300 kg N ha^?1 and a control treatment without fertilization were also included for comparison. The use of SPPS amendment induced a biomass production similar to the mineral fertilizer for cucumber, but higher in Milan cabbage plants, without any yield increment associated with the increased application rate of SPPS or composting. Micronutrient concentration in cucumber and cabbage plants was affected by the SPPS amendment, with an increase of Mn and Zn uptake and a decrease of Cu, compared to the control. The increasing application rate of SPPS did not induce a general increase in the plant uptake of micronutrients; the opposite was true for the crops grown in the C‐SPPS‐amended soils.     

Heavy‐metal toxicity in plants 1. A crisis in embryo

Abstract

Heavy metals are often added indiscriminantly to soils in pesticides, fertilizers, manures, sewage sludges, and mine wastes, causing an imbalance in nutrient elements in soils. Heavy‐metal toxicity causes plant stress in various degrees dependent on the tolerance of the plant to a specific heavy metal. The objectives of this study were (i) to show that plant species and soils respond differently to heavy metals and (ii) to show the necessity for proper quantity and balance of heavy metals in soils for plant growth.

Three Fe‐inefficient and three Fe‐efficient selections of soybean, corn, and tomato were grown on two alkaline soils with Cu and Zn ranging from 14 to 340 and Mn from 20 to 480 kg/ha. Heavy‐metal toxicity caused Fe deficiency to develop in these plants. The Fe‐inefficient T3238fer tomato and ys₁/ys₁ corn developed Fe deficiency on all treatments and both soils. T3238FER tomato (Fe‐efficient) did not develop heavy metal toxicity symptoms on any treatment or soil. The soybean varieties and WF9 corn were intermediate in their response.

The unpredictable response of both the soil and the plant to heavy metals make general recommendations difficult. In order to maintain highly productive soils, we need to know what we are adding to soils and the consequences. Without some control, the continued addition of heavy metals to soils is a crisis in embryo.     

Comparative Evaluation of Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for Determining DTPA-Extractable Micronutrients in Soils

A study was conducted for comparative evaluation of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for determining extractable zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in sixty diverse soil samples having a wide range in pH and organic carbon (C). The results were significantly affected by the method of analysis and soil type but generally did not follow a definite trend. Results for extractable Fe in Alfisol samples were significantly greater when using ICP-OES than AAS; and the results for Zn, Cu, and Mn were not significantly different for the two methods. For Vertisol samples, the results for extractable Cu were significantly greater by ICP-OES than by AAS, whereas extractable Fe and Zn were significantly greater by AAS than by ICP-OES, and the results for Mn were not significantly different for the two methods. The results are discussed relative to soil type and differences in soil organic carbon and pH of the samples used in the study.     

河西绿洲茄子铁、锰、锌肥配施量化管理指标研究

采用3因素2次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究了铁、锰、锌肥配施对茄子生长的影响,得到茄子产量对3因素的回归数学模型。结果表明:3因素影响茄子产量的顺序为施锰量施铁量施锌量。各因素间存在交互作用,铁与锰、铁与锌、锰和锌在低于0.525和1.268、0.525和0.416、1.268和0.416施肥水平时对产量存在正相关关系,在分别高于以上水平时又会呈负相关关系。经过计算机模拟,得到茄子最高产量达34.62 t/hm2时,相对应的铁、锰、锌肥用量分别为47.85、35.85、6.15 kg/hm2。对试验结果进行的验证表明,构建的模型准确可靠。     

BCR法在污染农田黑土重金属形态分布研究中的应用

通过对东北地区污染农田黑土剖面的取样调查分析,对重金属Cd、Ph、Cu、Zn在农田黑土中的污染状况及其迁移特征进行了对比研究,并就BCR（the Community Bureau of Reference）连续提取法在农田土壤重金属污染评估中的应用进行了探讨。结果表明,重金属的迁移率大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn,Cd的酸可溶态占全量的比率高于其它重金属。Pb的酸可提取态浓度随土壤深度增加而增大,公路附近土壤中PL、Cu及城市郊区土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的氧化物结合态含量均随土壤深度的增加而升高,已存在向下迁移的趋势。4种重金属有机结合态在采样区土壤中基本都表现为耕层高于非耕层。研究表明,应用BCR连续提取法有助于确定土壤重金属污染以及重金属向下迁移状况,借助该法可以有效、可靠地对土壤重金属污染进行评估。     

Response of Wheat Plants to Zinc,Iron, and Manganese Applications and Uptake and Concentration of Zinc,Iron, and Manganese in Wheat Grains

This experiment was conducted at Zahak Agricultural Research Station in the Sistan region in southeast Iran. A factorial design with three replications was used to determine the effects of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) applications on wheat yield, Zn, Fe, and Mn uptakes and concentrations in grains. Four levels of Zn [soil applications of 0, 40, and 80 kg ha^?1 and foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution], two levels of iron sulfate (FeSO₄; 0 and 1%) as foliar application, and two levels of Mn (0 and 0.5%) also as foliar application were used in this study. Results showed that the interactive effects of Zn and Mn were significant on the number of grains in each spike. The highest number of grains resulted from the application of 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 and foliar Mn. The interactive effects of Zn and Fe were significant on weight of 1000 grains. The highest weight of 1000 grains resulted from application of 80 kg Zn and foliar Fe. Application of 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 alone and 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 with foliar application of Mn significantly increased grain yield in 2003. The 2‐year results showed that foliar application of Zn increased Zn concentration and Fe concentration in grains 99% and 8%, respectively. Foliar application of Fe resulted in a 21% increase in Fe concentration and a 13% increase in Zn concentration in grains. The foliar application of Mn resulted in a 7% increased in Mn concentration in grains.     

氮磷钾配施对滴灌甜菜经济产量的影响

为探寻干旱区滴灌甜菜氮磷钾最佳施用模式,以KWS9147为材料,采用“3414”试验设计,分析氮磷钾配比对甜菜经济产量的影响。结果表明,不同肥料配比对甜菜块根产量、含糖率与产糖量影响显著。施肥因子对甜菜块根产量的单独效应为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥;对含糖率与产糖量的单独效应均为磷肥>氮肥>钾肥。在本试验中,单独施以足量的氮、磷肥有利于提高甜菜产量。然而,当钾肥(K2O)施入量超过46.74 kg·hm-2时产量下降,施入量超过72.79 kg·hm-2时产糖量下降;磷肥(P2O5)施入量超过35.91 kg·hm-2时块根含糖率下降。氮磷肥配施条件下,在施氮肥(N)0～39.1 kg·hm-2、磷肥(P2O5)0～89.5 kg·hm-2范围内,随着施用水平的增加,甜菜产糖量显著增加。氮磷肥、磷钾肥与氮钾肥互作均可以有效提高甜菜块根含糖率。本试验中施肥配比N∶P2O5∶K2O为2.7∶1∶1.1时,可获得最高产糖量(26772.1 kg ·hm-2)。     

不同参龄人参及其根际土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn含量研究

通过对不同参龄人参药材与根际土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn3种微量元素动态变化特征的分析,探讨人参与土壤中微量元素间的相互关系,找出人参对Cu、Zn、Mn的吸收积累规律和参地土壤Cu、Zn、Mn含量的变化规律,为确定人参适宜的生产环境和建立标准化的田间管理提供依据,结果表明,人参根际土壤中Cu含量随人参种植年限的增加有明显的累积趋势,该人参基地土壤Zn含量偏低,应适当施用Zn肥来提高土壤Zn含量;7月份是各参龄人参药材Cu含量和单株根Cu积累量增加最快的时期,7、8月份是各参龄人参药材Mn含量和单株根Mn积累量增加最快的时期,9月份是6年生人参对Zn元素需求旺盛的时期,在整个人参生长期,6年生人参药材Cu、Mn、Zn含量和单株根积累量都高于4、5年生人参,在本试验的采样年限内,以生长6年为最佳采收年限。     

长期施用微肥条件下微量元素和有机官能团在团聚体中的积累特征

微量元素对作物生长至关重要,长期施用微肥可能影响微量元素在农田土壤中的分布,进而影响作物产量及土壤有机碳结构。以渭北旱塬35年锌（Zn）、锰（Mn）、铜（Cu）微肥处理农田为研究对象,分别测定耕层土壤≥250、250~125、125~63、63~20、≤20 μm粒级中Zn、Mn、Cu元素含量,并通过傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）测定各粒级有机官能团类型及含量,以期揭示长期微肥下微量元素积累与有机官能团之间的相互关系。结果表明,试验区土壤有机碳含量处于较低水平（6~12 g?kg-1）,长期施用Zn、Mn、Cu肥并未显著改善土壤有机碳含量,但导致Zn、Cu元素在表层土壤中明显富集（幅度分别为10%、100%以上）,而 Mn元素无明显富集（幅度在10%以内）。三种元素在微小团聚体（≤20 μm）中的富集程度最高,但该粒级有机碳抗分解能力最小（0.30~0.32）,这主要因为该粒级不稳定官能团C-O含量较高且矿物含量较高,与有机碳稳定性正相关的C=O、C=N、C=C含量少。试验区土壤中Cu元素积累与C-O、C=O、C=N呈正相关,而Zn、Mn元素与官能团之间无相关性,这与有机碳丰富的土壤存在较大差异。综上,长期施用微肥未显著改变试验区表层土壤有机碳含量及结构,但导致Zn、Mn、Cu元素在表层微小团聚体中产生不同程度的积累,这主要与有机碳总量、有机官能团含量及类型、元素吸附效率有关。