Effect of lime,P, and Mg on growth and elemental concentrations of mugwort

Abstract

There is evidence that mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) may have potential for use as a livestock forage. This study was undertaken to determine mugwort growth response to lime, P, and Mg, and their effect on elemental concentration of plant material.

Factorial combinations of 0, 5.6, and 11.2 mt lime/ha; 0, 112, and 224 kg P/ha; and 0, 224, and 448 kg Mg/ha were applied to low pH soil in greenhouse pots and planted to mugwort. In the absence of lime and Mg, growth was very poor. Lime was the most effective treatment in promoting mugwort growth. Growth response to Mg was greatest in the absence of lime, and response to P was dependent on lime and/or Mg application. Macronutrient concentrations of mugwort plants were considered adequate for use as forage for non‐lactating beef cows. Concentrations of several of the micronutrients were very high, especially at low lime and Mg. Copper was high at all treatments.     

Standardization of Leaf Sampling Technique in Bael

Abstract

The chemical diagnosis of nutritional status of Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) tree by leaf analysis was done to study the effect of leaf age and leaf position on foliar nutrient composition of Bael. The results showed that leaf age has significant influence on leaf mineral content, whereas the position of leaf on shoot did not have any significant effect. Interactions between leaf age and position were found to be significant for nitrogen, boron and iron content. In general, stability in level of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents was observed in November–December (6‐ to 7‐month‐old leaves) and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) showed their stability in 2‐to 3‐month‐old leaves (July–August). The contents of boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were found stabilized in September–October (3‐ to 4‐month‐old leaves), indicating their suitability for sampling in Bael.     

Use of Treated Wastewater as Fertilization and Irrigation Amendment in Pot-grown Processing Tomatoes

ABSTRACT

Plants of tomato cultivar ‘TITANO M’ were grown under glasshouse conditions, in plastic pots filled with the upper (Ap, Soil A) and the underlying horizons (Bt, Soil B) of an Alfisol from central Greece in a randomized complete block design. Four treatments were utilized: no fertilization and irrigation with distilled water (C), irrigation with wastewater without fertilization (W), complete fertilization (110 kg N ha^?1, 150 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1, 150 kg K₂O ha^?1) and irrigation with distilled water (CF), complete fertilization and irrigation with wastewater (WF) each replicated four times. The results showed that wastewater significantly increased electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), exchangeable magnesium (Mg), and extractable zinc (Zn). A three-fold increase of above ground biomass (AGB) compared to C treatment was recorded in Soil A. Photosynthates allocation to AGB and water use efficiency (WUE) were promoted by effluent application. Wastewater could be a water source for agriculture under water limited conditions substituting partially for inorganic fertilization.     

Effects of Lead on the Content,Accumulation, and Translocation of Nutrients in Bean Plant Cultivated in Nutritive Solution

Increasing contents of lead (Pb; from 0 to 10 mg L^?1) as contaminant were added in Clark's nutritive solution to evaluate the effects on content, accumulation, and translocation of macronutrients [phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S)] and micronutrients [copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe)] in different parts of the bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Experiments were built using an entirely randomized statistical arrangement and measurements were performed after 60 days of exposure to Pb. The contents of almost all nutrients decreased when Pb was added, except for P in root, Mg in fruits, and S in root and fruits. Reduction in accumulation of all nutrients in the three parts of plants was determined, and an increase in the translocation index was observed for the following nutrients: Mg and Zn in fruits and S in fruits and leaves. For the remaining nutrients, the translocation index diminished.     

Seasonal changes of macro- and micro-nutrients concentration in olive leaves

Leaves of olive (Olea europaea var. minor rotunda) were collected from mature non-irrigated trees in an “off” year, at monthly intervals, from May 2015 to April 2016. Leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were determined. Seasonal fluctuation curves were developed for each nutrient, in order to use them for interpretation of leaf analysis. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg showed significant fluctuation throughout the year, while B, Fe, Mn and Zn showed less intense changes. Nutrient accumulation varied according to tree vegetative growth and weather conditions.     

TRV介导的葡萄叶片VvANR基因瞬时表达分析

为建立葡萄叶片TRV-VIGS系统,分析验证VvANR基因功能,本研究以烟草脆裂病毒(Tobacco rattle virus,TRV)介导基因沉默表达载体pTRV2-ANR,采用真空侵染和主叶脉针孔注射法分别侵染葡萄幼嫩、成熟叶片,观察表型并测定原花青素含量,实时荧光定量PCR测定被侵染叶片中VvANR及其相关基因表...     

The Effect of Chloride on Yield and Nutrient Interaction in Greenhouse Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Grown in Rockwool

The effect of increasing chloride content in nutrient solution on nutrient composition in root environment, interaction of nutrients in leaves and yield of greenhouse tomato cv. ‘Grace F₁’ grown in rockwool were searched. In Experiment I (2004–2005) the levels of 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg Cl·L^?1 but in Experiment II (2006) 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg Cl·L^?1 of nutrient solution were tested. The sources of chloride were water (9.6–10.7 mg Cl·L^?1) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂·2H₂O) but the rest of nutrients and sodium in all treatments were on the same levels. It was found that increasing content of chloride from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L^?1 enhanced the total and marketable fruit yield. Within the range of 60 to 90 mg Cl·L^?1 the yield was on the optimum level but the content of 120 mg Cl·L^?1 declined it. Increasing chloride content in the nutrient solutions was reflected in rising of chlorine content in leaves. The concentration of chloride above 60 mg C·L^?1 reduced the content of nitrogen but above 90 mg C·L^?1 declined the content of calcium, sulfur and zinc in leaves. The antagonism between Cl:N, Cl:Ca: Cl:S and Cl:Zn was appeared. More variable interaction were between Cl:K and Cl:B. At the low levels of chloride, from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L^?1, potassium and boron content were decreased but at the higher ones, from 90 to 120 mg·L^?1, these nutrients had increasing course. It was not found out the effect of chloride contents on macro and microelement contents in nutrient solution emitted from drippers however their content upraising in root medium (rockwool). The highest increase was found out for Na 95.1 and 64.9 % (Exp. I and II - respectively), next for Ca (76.0, 70.1 %), Cu (62.5 and 71.0 %), Cl (43.6, 24.4), B (33.3, 21.0 %), N-NO₃ (30.4, 49.6 %), Zn (29.5, 32.8 %), S-SO₄ (25.9, 25.5 %), K (24.5, 24.1 %), Fe (19.8, 19.2 %), Mn (17.5, 21.3 %) and Mg (14.9, 11.7). Advantageous effect of chloride on tomato yield justified the need to introduce for the practice adequate chlorine nutrition, and recommend to maintain 60 to 90 mg Cl·L^?1 in nutrient solution. The best yield appeared when content of chlorine in leaves (8th or 9th leaf from the top) was in the range 0.48-0.60 % of Cl in d. m.     

Standardization of Litchi Leaf Nutrient Composition for Tissue Analysis in Sub Tropics of India

ABSTRACT

Variation in leaf nutrient composition with leaf age and position of leaflets was assessed for ‘Calcuttia’ and ‘Dehradun’ litchi cultivars under loam to sandy loam soils of north India. Leaf samples were collected from first to sixth pair of leaflets starting from the apex of terminal shoots to downward positions during December to May at monthly intervals at two locations for three successive years. The leaves were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations. In both litchi cultivars, leaf N, P, Zn and Cu contents remained more in young leaves; whereas, leaf Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe contents were observed higher in older leaves. Leaf K concentration exhibited inconsistent patterns; however, leaf K concentration in pair of leaflets on the shoot declined basipetal, being maximum in upper pair of leaflets and minimum in lower pair of leaflets. Levels of macro and micronutrients exhibited a degree of stability at second and third pair of leaflets when sampled during February–March. Leaf compositions differed significantly during active vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit development. The results revealed that 4–5 months old leaves from autumn flush at second and third pair of leaflets from the apex of terminal litchi shoots at the advent of panicle initiation (February–March) should be collected to assess the nutritional concentrations of litchi orchards under North India conditions.     

Nutrients uptake and utilization efficiency of wheat (Triticum Turgidum L. Var) as affected by filter cake and bagasse ash amendment in nitisol

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of six rates of filter cake and bagasse ash each separately (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ton ha^?1) on nutrients uptake and utilization efficiency of wheat in nitisol. Filter cake application was found to better increase in nitrogen (N), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) uptake and utilization efficiency while bagasse ash influenced zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) uptake. Bagasse ash application also reduced the uptake of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) by wheat. Multiple regression analysis showed that the soil properties explained selected macronutrients and micronutrients uptake. Exchangeable acidity negatively explained some of the nutrient uptakes. In general, filter cake and bagasse ash were found effective in enhancing the nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency by wheat cultivated in acidic soils such as nitisol.     

基于转录组测序的文心兰花香形成分析

文心兰具有很高的观赏价值,但花香形成分子机制研究相对薄弱。本研究以香水文心、黄梦香和白梦香为材料,利用气相色谱-质谱分析其花香挥发物成分。结果表明,3个品种的花香挥发物均以萜类化合物为主,但种类差异较大。盛花期花香挥发物总量由高到低依次为黄梦香、香水文心、白梦香。从转录组数据中共获得459 756个单基因(unigenes),大约40.61%的unigenes被公共数据库注释。MEP和MVA途径中的多数基因在黄梦香中表达量最高,香水文心次之,白梦香最低,与花香挥发物释放总量相符。转录组数据中共筛选出5个显著差异表达的萜类合成酶基因(TPS)。其中,OnTPS4在3个品种中均高表达,说明OnTPS4在3个品种中对香气的形成起重要作用;OnTPS1、OnTPS2和OnTPS5在香水文心中表达偏高,是调控香水文心萜类挥发物形成的重要基因;OnTPS3在黄梦香中表达较高,是调控黄梦香萜类挥发物形成的重要基因。由上述结果可知,MEP和MVA途径的基因表达水平与花香挥发物释放总量相一致,TPS的表达与具体萜类挥发物释放密切相关。 本研究通过花香形成机理研究,为文心兰花香改良提供了依据。     

Influence of Organic,Chemical, and Integrated Management Practices on Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Nutrient Status under Semi-arid Tropical Conditions in Central India

Soil organic carbon (SOC), macro- and micronutrient status, and nitrogen (N) mineralization were studied in a soil profile managed with organic (OMP), chemical (CMP), and integrated (IMP) management practices for 3 years (2004–7) under a soybean–durum wheat cropping sequence. The most significant buildup of SOC and nutrients was in OMP, followed by IMP and then CMP. The OMP had 15.8 and 7.3% more SOC content than the CMP and IMP, respectively. The concentration of nitrate N was significantly greater in the OMP and IMP than in the CMP. The amount of ammonium N was less than nitrate N in OMP and IMP, indicating the high nitrification ability of the soil. A buildup of the micronutrient cation content was also noticed in the surface layer in the OMP and IMP plots. The OMP and IMP had a significantly greater mineralization rate of N than did CMP, and it was greatest in the top 0- to 15-cm soil layer.     

Nutrient concentration and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) after vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in conventional and reduced tillage systems

The effects of tillage on plant availability nutrients are critical to develop nutrient management strategies to optimize yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in the concentration of 19-nutrient and yield after 4-year of conventional [moldboard plough (MT)] and two reduced [rototiller (ST) and chisel (CT)] tillage systems in maize (Zea mays L.) after winter vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in double crop one year. Three tillage systems were compared from 2005 to 2008 in area located in the western region of Turkey under semi-arid Mediterranean clay-loam soils. Nutrients were determined in maize leaves, stems, roots and soils. Results show that the concentration of macronutrients were found to be higher in leaves and stems of maize than roots in three tillage systems of all years, while the opposite was true for micronutrients. Among the macro and micro-nutrients, there was no effect of tillage on nutrient concentration in all maize tissues for sulfur, magnesium, sodium and copper (S, Mg, Na and Cu). However, the nitrogen, potassium, calcium, boron, zinc, manganese, iron, aluminum, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, lead and selenium (N, K, Ca, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Se) were affected by tillage. ST increased N in stems of 2006 compared with other systems. K in roots of 2006 was 52 and 30% greater in CT than in ST and MT, respectively, while ST and MT of 2007 resulted in 38 and 41% greater than CT. In two of four years, ST contributed to higher grain yield compared with other systems. In general, ST can effectively contribute to increase maize yield following winter vetch compared with MT under this region. Results suggested the need for different management systems associated with reduced tillage including rotation, particularly for basic nutrients. Further, results showed similarities and differences with other studies under tillage with maize following winter vetch.     

锡林郭勒草原蒸散发月季动态及相关因子分析

蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)的时空动态对理解水热对植被的影响具有重要作用。利用MODIS MOD16A2和MOD13A3月产品数据及气象数据,通过回归分析和相关分析等方法,研究了锡林郭勒草原不同类型草地近15年(2000—2014年)的ET月季动态及相关因子。结果表明:3—10月的ET均表现出草甸草原典型草原和沙地植被荒漠草原,1—2月和11—12月的ET均表现出草甸草原典型草原和沙地植被荒漠草原。荒漠草原11月ET最大,其余各类草原均在7月达到最大值;各类草原的最小ET均为5月。各类草原3—5月和10月的ET均为下降趋势,而1月、6月、7月和12月的ET均为上升趋势。春季、夏季和秋季的ET均表现出草甸草原典型草原和沙地植被荒漠草原,而冬季的ET表现出草甸草原典型草原和沙地植被荒漠草原。荒漠草原冬季ET最大,其余各类草原的ET均在夏季达到最大值。各类草原春季和秋季的ET均为下降趋势,而夏季和冬季的ET均为上升趋势。Pearson相关分析表明3—10月及春季、夏季和秋季的ET与NDVI和降水量显著正相关,与平均气温显著负相关(p0.05);相反,1—2月、11—12月及冬季的ET与降水量负相关,而与平均气温显著正相关(p0.05)。     

Evaluation of Macro and Micro Nutritive Elemental Levels in the Mealy-Bug (Maconellicoccus Hirsutus)- Infested Leaves of Mulberry (Morus Sp.)

The quality of mulberry leaf supports good growth and development of silkworm larvae. Mulberry leaves are hampered by the various detrimental diseases and pests. The mealy bug is one of the important insect pests of mulberry; its sap sucking nature may alter nutritive levels. An attempt was made to evaluate the macro and micro nutritive elemental levels in the infested leaves. There was a large variation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, manganese and molybdenum in almost all the varieties. There was a small difference in calcium, sulphur, iron, copper, boron and chloride. However, there was no change in zinc content in all the varieties of infested leaves. Disparity shown in majority of the macro nutrients in almost all the mulberry cultivars leads to variation in their quality. This feature of the leaves may hinder the good growth and development of silkworm, in turns producing low quality and poor yield of silk.     

Biomass Yield and Nutrients Concentration in Shoot Dry Weight of Winter Cover Crops for No-Tillage System

The aim of this study was to identify the cutting time for winter cover crops used as green manure in no-tillage systems that results in the highest dry weight yield (DWY) and nutrient accumulation. We tested Avena strigosa, Secale cereale, Vicia sativa, Raphanus sativus, and Lupinus albus, in five management times, determining the fresh weight yield (FWY), DWY, and the chemical composition of the shoot tissue. The highest FWY was obtained using R. sativus and L. albus. At 145 days after sowing; these species also had the highest DWYs, over 15 t ha^?1. L. albus and S. cereale had the highest carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio (60:1). The nutrient content of most crops decreased over time. However, the accumulation of nutrients increased over time, especially for R. sativus. L. albus had the highest level and manganese (Mn) accumulation, while the zinc (Zn) and cooper (Cu) accumulation was highest in A. strigosa, and that of boron (B) was highest in S. cereale. Thus, R. sativus provided the best soil cover among the species tested, due to its high biomass yield and greater nutrient cycling.     

Seasonal Changes in Macronutrients in the Leaves and Fruit of Kiwiberry: Nitrogen Level and Cultivar Effects

ABSTRACT

Nutrient use efficiency and overall plant fertilization strategies are key issues in food production in increasingly adverse environmental conditions. The plant Actinidia arguta (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. is a species that has increased cultivation in recent years. The aim of this study was to assess seasonal leaf macronutrient changes and the relationship between soil nitrogen (N) fertility and N, as well as the concentration of other leaf essential macronutrients. The experiment was conducted during the growing seasons of 2015–2016 and tested two cultivars: “Weiki” and “Geneva”. Soil N level had a significant impact on the concentration of all leaf macronutrients, except sulfur, in both cultivars. Leaf macronutrient concentration was significantly lower in 2015, which was characterized by a higher average temperature and lower precipitation than the long term averages. A clear downward trend for leaf N and potassium concentrations was observed during the vegetation period. In contrast, leaf calcium and magnesium concentrations increased gradually throughout the season, while phosphorus and sulfur concentration changes were more cultivar dependent. In the soil and climatic conditions in which study was conducted (Central Europe), a time from mid-July to mid-August seems to be the suitable for leaf sampling for diagnostic purposes. Fruit macronutrient composition was predominantly cultivar and year dependent.     

Yield and Nutritional Status of Cucumis sativus under Different Growing Conditions in the Pacific Coast of Ecuador

The growth of cucumber under open field conditions in the coast of Ecuador results in low yields being the growth under protected conditions a tentative solution, but there is little information about the nutritional status of this crop in this region. The objectives were to determine the yield, nutritional status as well as the water and nutrient use efficiencies. The different growing conditions were: multitunnel greenhouse with soilless system (GSL), multitunnel greenhouse with soil system (GS) and open field conditions with soil system (OFS). Cucumber plants grown under GSL had the highest yield. The nutrient concentration in leaf showed different trends: nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) remained unchanged. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) showed variations according to the growing conditions and phenological stages. The highest values of water and nutrient use efficiencies under GSL were related to the highest yield.     

Influence of Mineral Fertilizer,Farmyard Manure,Natural Zeolite,and their Mixture on Fruit Quality and Leaf Micronutrient Levels of Apple Trees

Adequate soil conditions and fertilization as a cultural practice are the basis of fruit crops production. This study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 to determine impact of soil application of complex nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) mineral fertilizer alone and its mixture with cattle manure (M) and natural zeolite (A) on yield, fruit physico-chemical traits and leaf micronutrient amounts at 120 days after full bloom (DAFB) in “Idared” and “Melrose apples grown on heavy and acidic soil under Serbian conditions. Results showed that NPK increased yield in “Idared” and both NPK+A and NPK+M in “Melrose.” Fertilizer applications were not influenced by fruit physico-chemical attributes, but differences between cultivars were significant. Fertilizers induced changes of leaf micronutrients amount, but effect was not consistent. In “Idared,” NPK+A and NPK+M mixtures improved amounts of the most micronutrients, whereas in “Melrose,” NPK and mixture NPK+A+M increased leaf micronutrients in more cases. According to deviation from optimum percentage (DOP and ΣDOP indexes), excessive leaf iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) was found and deficiency of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). “Melrose” exhibited much better balanced nutritional values for nutrients as compared to “Idared,” whereas NPK+M in “Idared” and NPK alone in “Melrose” promoted better balanced nutritional values. Since the impact of nutrients on the studied features is not consistent, more research will need to be conducted to investigate the long-term effect of NPK alone or in mixture with natural zeolite and manure fertilization on apples.     

花期高温对水稻花器官性状和结实的影响

为探讨花期高温对水稻花粉育性的生理生态影响,以耐热品种钱江3号B与热敏感品种协青早B为材料,在花期进行不同方式的高温胁迫处理,比较分析了花期高温对水稻花粉粒直径、花粉活力、结实率等的影响。结果表明,与适温处理相比,高温胁迫对钱江3号B的花粉活力、花药开裂率和开裂孔长度的影响很小,而对协青早B的影响则达极显著,且长期的持续高温胁迫同样危害耐热水稻品种的结实率。此外,2个水稻品种对高温胁迫最敏感时期均为抽穗开花第3天。本研究可为选育耐热性水稻品种提供理论依据。     

Diagnosis of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) nutrient imbalance by DRIS and CND-clr methods at two stages during early growth

High yield of sugar beet require adequate mineral nutrition. To be diagnosed across interacting nutrients using appropriate interpretation models, the plant must be sampled at a critical physiological stage. This study aimed to develop and validate norms at the 7-leaf and well-developed rosette stages, for diagnostic purposes using the Diagnosis and Recommended Integrated System (DRIS) and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis based on centered log ratios (CND-clr). Data on nutrient concentrations and plant performance were obtained from 409 plots in West-Central Poland. With respect to the growth stages, for physiological and practical reasons, the 7-leaf stage is preferable for diagnostic purposes. At this growth stage, the high-yield subpopulation characterized by higher concentration of potassium and sodium compared to other nutrients. CND-clr indices were closely related to DRIS indices (R² > 0.93). The CND-clr indices, however, better explained the differences in the white sugar yield within the validated dataset than the DRIS indices.