再生水滴灌对黄瓜生长及产量的影响研究

再生水的灌溉利用是国内外有效缓解农业用水紧张的重要举措之一。采用大田试验方法,以地下水滴灌为对照,分析研究了不同比例再生水滴灌对黄瓜生长及产量的影响。结果表明,和正常施肥的对照处理相比,在不施肥的情况下,全部采用再生水滴灌处理对黄瓜的生长发育和产量形成均表现出一定的促进作用,而其他也不进行施肥的较小比例的再生水滴灌处理中,黄瓜生长指标和产量表现出和对照相当或者略低的水平。因此,只要配以适当的农艺措施和灌溉制度,可以采取全部再生水滴灌,或者采用一定比例再生水灌溉和适当施肥相结合的方式,进行黄瓜的种植。     

再生水滴灌对黄瓜地土壤特性的影响

再生水滴灌是解决水资源短缺的有效途径之一。采用大田试验方法,以地下水滴灌为对照,分析研究了滴灌条件下不同再生水水质对黄瓜根际土壤特性的影响。结果表明:在土壤理化性状方面,再生水滴灌情况下,黄瓜地土壤pH与对照相比无显著差异;再生水滴灌处理土壤EC值高于地下水滴灌;在土壤养分方面,与对照相比,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量差异不显著;再生水浓度越大,对土壤呼吸的增强效应越明显。     

Potassium Availability as Related to Clay Mineralogy and Rates of Potassium Application

Availability of applied potassium (K) as a fertilizer to plants is influenced by soil mineralogy, environmental factors, and rates of K application. The objective of this research was to study the effects of clay minerals and K application on K supply characteristics of calcareous soils in Iran. Surface and subsurface horizons of six sites with different ranges of clay content and exchangeable K were selected. The soils were treated with potassium chloride (KCl) solution with different K concentrations. Four wet–dry cycles were sequentially applied. Illites, vermiculites, and chlorites were present in all soils. Smectites were present in larger amounts in one soil. The increase in soluble and exchangeable K was expressed by linear equations in which the slops influenced by the dominant clay minerals. Potassium fixation was much higher in soils with more illites and vermiculites. Results revealed that different forms of K were affected by the dominant clay minerals but were independent from the rate of applied K.     

节水灌溉方式与磷钾肥减施对小麦产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响

为探明滴灌、微喷灌和磷钾肥减施对小麦产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,通过田间试验,以漫灌常量施肥为对照（CK）,设滴灌（W₁）和微喷灌（W₂）2种节水灌溉方式,生育期均灌水4次,即越冬水+返青水+拔节水+灌浆水（越冬水、拔节水灌水量600 m³/hm²、返青水和灌浆水灌水量300 m³/hm²）;W₁和W₂下设磷钾肥常量（R_PK）和磷钾肥减施20%（R_PK-20）,30%（R_PK-30）和40%（R_PK-40）,施用方式均底肥撒施50%,返青期和拔节期水肥一体化各施25%;以磷钾肥常量全部底施为相对对照（CK_相）,11个处理,调查分析产量及其构成、品质特性和水肥利用效率等。结果表明,W₁和W₂减施处理的产量均随磷钾肥减施量增加而减少,其中滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时显著增产,较CK增产15.49%,增产主要与成穗数和穗粒数增加有关;相同减施处理W₂产量低于W₁;W₁、W₂处理的蛋白质含量、沉降值及稳定时间均较CK显著提高,R_PK和减施处理的沉降值W₁>W₂。相同减施处理生育期耗水量W₁2,水分利用效率则相反,其中W₁较CK提高42.35%~105.24%,W₂较CK提高36.06%~56.18%。磷钾肥底施+水肥一体化追施的水分利用效率高于CK_相;W₁、W₂较CK氮磷钾肥偏生产力提高,相同减施处理氮磷钾肥偏生产力W₁>W₂,滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时氮肥偏生产力显著提高;滴灌磷钾肥减施对0—40 cm土壤养分含量影响较小,但使有效磷含量有所提高。综合分析,山西省南部麦区,冬小麦采用滴灌浇水,生育期灌4水（1 800 m³/hm²）,磷钾肥减施且采用50%底施+返青期和拔节期水肥一体化追施25%时,减施20%产量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力最高,是高产高效水肥管理模式,减施30%虽产量次高,但品质性状最好,是稳产提质水肥管理模式。     

控释钾肥对玉米产量、钾肥利用率和土壤速效钾的影响

通过玉米—小麦轮作条件下连续2年的大田定位试验,以钾空白(CK)、普通氯化钾常量(K1)、普通氯化钾高量(K2)为对照处理,研究通过控释氯化钾常量(CRK1)、控释氯化钾高量(CRK2)、氯化钾与控释氯化钾等比掺混常量(BBF1)、氯化钾与控释氯化钾等比掺混高量(BBF2)处理对玉米产量、钾肥利用率和土壤速效钾的影响。结果表明:(1)BBF2玉米-小麦季产量分别为11 697.8kg/hm2和11 921.1kg/hm2,增产和增收效果最好,较K1分别显著增产13.3%和15.7%,较K1分别显著增收16.6%和19.6%;(2)BBF2钾肥农学利用率较K1分别显著提高了49.0%和41.9%,生理利用率较K1分别显著提高了17.6%和34.8%;BBF1钾肥表观利用率最高,玉米—小麦分别为23.73%和35.22%;(3)施用钾肥显著提高了玉米的株高和茎粗;BBF2提高了玉米吐絮后期至成熟期的株高;CRK1、CRK2、BBF1、BBF2均提高了玉米吐絮后期叶片SPAD值。本试验条件下,控释氯化钾与普通氯化钾掺混施用可满足玉米整个生育期的钾素需求,提高玉米产量和钾肥利用率,BBF2处理为玉米最佳钾肥施用方案。     

钾肥用量对大蒜—棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素有效性的影响

为明确钾肥用量对大蒜—棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素有效性的影响,确定2季作物最佳钾肥施用量,为黄淮海平原大蒜—棉花套作地区合理施用钾肥提供依据。于2013—2016年在山东省金乡县进行连续4年7季的田间定位试验,试验设CK(0kg/hm~2),K90(90kg/hm~2),K180(180kg/hm~2),K270(270kg/hm~2)4个不同施钾量(K_2O)处理。大蒜和棉花单季施钾量相同(K_2O 0,90,180,270kg/hm~2),各处理氮肥和磷肥施用量一致。分析不同施钾量对大蒜、棉花产量及产量构成的影响,明确不同施钾量对棉花收获后0—100cm土层速效钾含量和0—20cm土壤钾素形态的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,不同施钾处理棉花显著增产18.4%~72.7%,皮棉产量随施钾量的增加而增加,但K270与K180处理皮棉产量和经济效益差异不显著;施钾显著提高了棉花单株成铃数和单铃重,对衣分含量无显著影响。与CK相比,不同施钾处理大蒜蒜薹显著增产10.1%~64.2%,鳞茎显著增产8.7%~93.3%。2016年K270处理蒜薹产量较其他处理显著增产6.6%~64.8%,鳞茎显著增产32.5%~93.3%。大蒜经济效益以K270处理最高。增加钾肥施用量显著提高了棉花收获后0—20cm土壤速效钾含量,但各处理60—100cm土层速效钾含量差异不显著。经过4年7季施肥后,K90,K180,K270处理较CK不同程度提高了0—20cm土壤水溶性钾(13.6,20.1,26.1mg/kg)、非特殊吸附钾(10.4,19.6,53.4mg/kg)、非交换性钾(34.3,53.9,140.1mg/kg)和全钾含量,提高了水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾的比例。综合土壤环境因素、作物产量和经济效益,建议该大蒜—棉花套作区棉花施钾量为K_2O 180kg/hm~2、大蒜施钾量为K_2O 270kg/hm~2。     

Influence of Exogenous Application of Silicon and Potassium on Physiological Responses,Yield, and Yield Components of Salt-Stressed Wheat

To investigate the effect of exogenous application of silicon and potassium on some physiological responses, yield, and yield components of two wheat cultivars (Pishgam and Alvand) grown under salt-stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre in East Azerbaijan, Iran, during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. The experiment was arranged in factorial design based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in each year. Wheat seeds were sown in saline soil (10 dS m^?1) and irrigated with saline water (4 dS m^?1). The plants were sprayed with silicon and potassium solutions at 0, 2, and 4 mM and 0, 100, 200, and 300 mM concentrations, respectively. The results demonstrated that silicon and potassium application improved antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, potassium uptake, yield, and yield components in both wheat cultivars. Although silicon and potassium had significant effects on all studied traits, there was a great interactive effect between them. When these two elements were applied on plants, the positive effect was more pronounced. Among all treatments, the most effective treatment was 4 mM silicon and 300 mM potassium. The greatest enzyme activity, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, potassium uptake, yield, and yield components and the lowest proline, malondialdehyde, and sodium accumulations were observed in this treatment.     

猪场废水灌溉对地下水中钾、钙、钠、镁含量的影响

应用猪场废水处理工程中产出的厌氧水不同灌溉量和3个处理阶段出水与地下水按体积比1∶5混合对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统进行3年的小区灌溉试验,监测地下水的总矿化度及钾、钙、钠、镁等含量的变化。结果表明：（1）地下水中钾含量在厌氧水不同灌溉量条件下呈现高量厌氧水（Ha）〉中量厌氧水（Ma）〉低量厌氧水（La）的变化趋势,在混水灌溉处理地下水中钾含量均呈厌氧水与地下水1∶5混合（Tag）〉原水与地下水1∶5混合（Tog）〉仿生态塘水与地下水1∶5混合（Teg）的变化趋势;（2）地下水中钠、钙、镁含量大致呈现低量厌氧水（La）〉中量厌氧水（Ma）〉高量厌氧水（Ha）,仿生态塘水与地下水1∶5混合（Teg）〉原水与地下水1∶5混合（Tog）〉厌氧水与地下水1∶5混合（Tag）的变化趋势。     

宽垄覆膜沟灌模式下温室农作物高效节水灌溉研究

灌溉是实现温室农作物补充水分的唯一方式,高效灌溉温室农作物对水分节约与区域农业经济发展具有重要的意义。本文以山西省太原市某温室农作物试验基地为例,通过引入新型宽垄覆盖沟灌技术,研究在宽垄覆盖沟灌模式下农作物的生长规律。研究发现:①温室农作物不同生长时期给水率对农作物生长的影响程度不同,苗期灌水量影响较低,开花坐果期高供水量下对植株的产量产生劣化效应,而结果期高供水量可促进温室番茄的产量,但当供水量达到一定水平后,这种促进效果开始降低直至平稳;②采用宽垄覆膜沟灌技术后温室农作物最高水分利用效率达38.90kg/m^3,较常规灌溉模式有较大的提高。     

Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes and Mulches on Yield and Macronutrition Levels of Drip-Irrigated Cucumber Under Open Field Conditions

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of different mulch types on fruit yield, leaf-nutrient composition, and normal plant growth parameters was investigated in order to maximize water use efficiency (WUE) in cucumber grown under water stress. Treatments were (1) bare soil + water stress (WS), (2) bare soil + unstressed (control, C), (3) black polyethylene mulch + water stress (BPM + WS), (4) wheat straw mulch + water stress (WSM + WS), and (5) wheat straw mulch plus black polyethylene mulch + water stress (WSM + BPM + WS). Seasonal crop evapotranspiration was between 492 and 960 mm. Seasonal irrigation water amounts were 965 and 485 mm for the C and WS treatments, respectively. The WUE ranged from 3.40 to 5.78 kg m^?3, while irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) was between 3.39 and 6.08 kg m^?3. IWUE and WUE were increased under WS treatments with mulching compared with the control treatment, as mulching significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water required. Both BPM and WSM improved the fruit yield, fruit size, plant dry matter, total leaf area, and chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in leaves under the stressed treatments, while these two mulches in combination (BPM + WSM) caused further increases in these parameters. This study confirms that limiting soil evaporation with mulches is a key action to take to save irrigation water and to improve WUE and IWUE. Because use of drip irrigation with mulching can increase WUE, this strategy might be used for vegetable production in semi-arid regions where irrigation water is limited.     

Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Rates on Growth,Yield, and Quality of Muskmelon in Semiarid Regions

Abstract

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. cv. ‘Polidor’) were grown under field conditions to investigate the effects of different nitrogen (N) levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^{? 1}) on plant growth, water use efficiency, fruit yield and quality (weight, sizes, and water-soluble dry matter), leaf relative water content, and macro nutrition under three different irrigation regimes. Irrigation was applied based on cumulative class A pan evaporation (Ep). Plant treatments were as follows: (1) well-watered treatment (C) received 100% replenishment of Ep on a daily basis, (2) water-stressed treatment (WS) received 75% replenishment of Ep at three-day intervals, and (3) severely water-stressed (SWS): treatment received 50% replenishment of Ep at six- day intervals. Plants grown under C at 120 kg N ha^{? 1} produced significantly higher biomass (175.6 g plant^{? 1}), fruit yield (36.05 t ha^{? 1}), fruit weight (2.25 kg fruit^{? 1}), and leaf relative water content (93.5%) under increasing N levels than did the two deficit irrigation treatments. The WS or SWS treatments caused reductions in all parameters measured except water-soluble dry matter (SDM) concentrations in fruits compared with those receiving unstressed (C) treatment. The WS irrigation regime with 80 kg ha^{? 1} N significantly improved the fruit yield and size, plant dry matter, leaf area, and IWUE compared with the SWS regime. Increased N significantly enhanced foliar N in the unstressed plants. Increasing N rate in the SWS treatment did not increase fruit yield with the same trend found in the WS and C treatments with increasing N levels. The yield reduction under severe water shortage was much more severe at high N rates. Water use (ET) at the C treatment at 120 kg ha^{? 1} N ranged between 160 and 165 cm, while SWS reduced ET to 90 cm at 0 and 40 kg ha^{? 1} N. Nitrogen supply modified water use at C and WS irrigation regimes. Muskmelon yield response to N rate was quadratic and differed with the level of irrigation. This moderate water deficit (SW) may be an alternative irrigation choice with a suitable N application rate for muskmelon growers in arid and semi-arid regions if the goal is to irrigate an agricultural area with limited water supply for more growers, but not if it is maximizing economic yield. Growers should accept a significant yield reduction in exchange for water conservation.     

不同用量包膜氯化钾对马铃薯产量、品质及土壤钾供应的影响

利用马铃薯盆栽试验,通过设置不施钾肥、普通氯化钾、30%、50%、70%以及全量(等量于普通氯化钾)包膜氯化钾的处理,研究不同用量包膜氯化钾对马铃薯产量、品质及土壤钾素供应的影响。结果表明:包膜氯化钾25℃静水浸泡的钾素日均释放量约为1.2%,符合控释肥行业标准,在土埋下的钾素释放率呈S型,于70~90天释放率达到最大值,与马铃薯块茎形成及膨大时期相吻合,有利于产量形成;较普通氯化钾,包膜氯化钾的马铃薯增产幅度为13.92%~36.54%;包膜氯化钾全量处理的Vc含量、可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量显著高于普通氯化钾,而包膜氯化钾全量施用的马铃薯还原性糖含量显著低于其他处理,降低幅度为13.9%~36.2%;包膜氯化钾钾素缓慢释放,满足植株后期对钾的需求,在块茎形成期后,包膜氯化钾50%以上用量处理的植株吸钾量显著高于其他处理;包膜氯化钾50%以上用量的土壤速效钾含量在块茎形成期后显著高于通氯化钾,同时,土壤水溶性钾与非特殊吸附钾含量较普通氯化钾分别增加8.4%~25.1%和9.3%~36.1%,土壤钾素供应充足。综上,包膜氯化钾50%以上用量有利于提高马铃薯产量、商品薯率和品质,同时增加土壤钾素供应。     

施氮量对双季稻产量及氮磷钾吸收利用的影响

研究不同施氮量对双季稻产量、氮磷钾积累量及氮磷钾利用率的影响,同时探讨双季稻吸收利用氮、磷、钾素三者间的相互关系。通过田间试验研究施氮量不同、磷钾投入量相同条件下的双季稻产量、双季稻氮、磷、钾积累量、双季稻氮、磷、钾素利用效率及磷钾吸收利用与氮吸收利用的关系。结果表明:双季稻产量在一定范围内(早稻0～105 kg/hm~2,晚稻0～146 kg/hm~2)随施氮量的增加而提高,之后产量随施氮量增加而降低。本试验施氮条件下,早稻产量最高的处理为75%N(105 kg/hm~2),比CK(不施化肥)增产58.1%;晚稻产量最高的处理为100%N(146 kg/hm~2)处理,比CK增产67.6%。施氮水平对双季稻植株氮、磷、钾养分积累量有显著影响,早、晚稻稻谷氮、磷、钾积累量均以100%N处理最高。不同施氮水平对氮、磷、钾养分利用效率也有显著影响。适宜的施氮量可以增加双季稻产量,促进水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,同时提高双季稻的氮、磷、钾素利用效率。综合考虑双季稻产量效应及氮磷钾养分的有效吸收利用,双季稻施氮量为105～146 kg/hm~2较为适宜。     

栽培方式与土壤水分对黄瓜产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

以津春四号黄瓜为试验材料,研究了不同栽培方式﹝日光温室(G),遮雨棚(S)﹞及土壤水分条件﹝土壤含水率分别为田间持水量的60%~70%(W1)和90%~100%(W2)﹞对黄瓜产量、品质和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:(1)低水条件下,植株根冠比较大,但生物量、产量较低。耗水量随土壤含水率上升而增加,含水率较低的土壤有利于WUE提高幅度较大;日光温室内植株根冠比较小,生物量和产量高于遮雨棚;(2)较低的土壤含水率利于果实品质提高,其维生素C(Vc)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性固形物含量较高;遮雨棚内黄瓜营养品质优于日光温室内的黄瓜。     

覆盖方式对玉米农田土壤水分、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了加深对地面覆盖措施保墒增产机理的认识,通过大田试验,对黄土高原南部旱塬区秸秆和地膜两种覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤水分动态、作物产量形成和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明:在试验年份,与不覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖后玉米生育期内土壤储水量提高了5.2%～8.4%(P<0.05),籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别降低了7.8%和3.5%;而地膜覆盖下土壤储水量的差异不显著,但显著提高了产量构成指标,其籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较对照提高了14.1%和10.6%(P<0.05),显示后者抑制土表蒸发所增加的土壤水分更多地、更有效地被作物根系吸收利用了。从产量形成和水分利用效率角度分析,本地区旱作玉米农田使用地膜覆盖有较好的保墒增产效果。     

砂田砾石覆盖对土壤大孔隙特征及其土壤水文过程的影响研究进展

砂田是利用砾石覆盖地表的典型节水范例,砾石覆盖对土壤大孔隙的半径、数量、连通性和密度都有重要影响。大孔隙的研究方法可分为直接观测法和间接描述法,并讨论其适用性和局限性。因为大孔隙及优先流的成因复杂,应将大量的野外实验和室内实验相结合,同时改进观测方法。土壤大孔隙研究的最终目的是调控它,为减少地下水污染、控制养分和水分的流失提供一条新途径。砾石覆盖土壤能增加大孔隙并促进降水入渗,加快壤中流的发生,减少径流和抑制蒸发,改变了土壤水文循环过程,土壤水文生态功能也随之改变。并指出了砾石覆盖下土壤优先流研究中存在的问题和今后应该加强的研究领域。     

Influence of Potassium Rates and Sources on Seed Cotton Yield and Yield Components of Some Elite Cotton Cultivars

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan on Miani soil series, silt loam soil (Calcaric, Cambisols and fine silty, mixed Hyperthermic Fluventic Haplocambids) to assess the response of four cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars to potassium (K) fertilization. The treatments consisted of four cotton cultivars (CIM-448, CIM-1100, NIAB-Karishma, S-12), four potassium rates (0, 62.5, 125, 250 kg K ha^?1), and two sources of potassium fertilizer [muriate of potash (KCl) and sulphate of potash (K₂SO₄)]. The cotton cultivars differed significantly in response to various potassium fertilizer levels and its sources with respect to seed cotton yield and its components. The highest yield was obtained with the application of 250-kg K ha^?1, however, it was economical to add 125 kg K ha^?1. Seed cotton yield of cv. CIM-448 was considerably greater than that of the other cultivars in K-unfertilized treatments, which was related to cultivar differences in K uptake efficiency in utilizing native potassium nutrient. Potassium added as muriate of potash caused a significant depression in seed cotton yield than that of sulphate of potash. The increase in yield seemed to have resulted largely from the higher K concentration of leaf tissues at bloom stage and available soil-K because of potassium application. A significant relationship between the yield and number of bolls per plant (r = 0.92**) and boll weight (r = 0.85**) indicated that these two growth attributes were responsible for enhancing the quantum of final harvest of seed cotton.     

磁化水对盐胁迫下黄瓜生长和生理特性的影响

为探究磁化水浇灌对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,采用人工气候室内进行的二因素二水平砂培试验,即2个磁化水水平(D:蒸馏水、M:磁化蒸馏水)和2个盐处理水平(Na0:0 mmol/L,Na1:100 mmol/L NaCl),共4个处理,研究了盐胁迫下磁化水浇灌对黄瓜幼苗生长、水分关系、光合气体交换、抗氧化能力、养分(N,P和K)及Na含量等的影响。结果表明:(1)无论在非盐胁迫和盐胁迫下,浇灌磁化水均具有改善黄瓜幼苗生长及/或生理活动的作用。磁化水在盐胁迫下改善黄瓜生长和生理活动的作用大于非盐胁迫下,且随盐胁迫或磁化水处理时间的延长,磁化水的效应增加。(2)盐胁迫下,磁化水浇灌改善黄瓜幼苗生长的主要生理机制在于:增加了黄瓜幼苗根系生长,改善了叶片水分关系,增加了叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率和水分利用效率,增强了叶保护酶活性从而降低了叶细胞膜受伤害程度,降低了根、茎和叶中的Na含量从而增加K⁺/Na⁺比。研究结果为磁化水用于次生盐渍化土壤上生长的黄瓜灌溉提供了理论依据。     

种植密度和钾肥用量对胡麻产量和钾肥利用率的影响

为研究不同施钾水平下种植密度对胡麻生长发育和钾肥利用效率的影响,以陇亚杂1号为材料,在低密度(4.5×106株·hm~(-2))、中密度(7.5×106株·hm~(-2))和高密度(10.5×106株·hm~(-2))下,设3个施钾水平0、45、90 kg·hm~(-2)(K2O),探究钾肥与密度对胡麻形态性状、籽粒产量、油产量及钾肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施钾相同时,与低密度相比,随着密度增加,中、高密度植株的株高、有效分枝数和有效蒴果数平均分别降低14.24%、42.90%和13.10%,工艺长度平均增加了10.43%;籽粒产量和油产量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,相比低密度,中、高密度下,籽粒产量分别增加9.21%和3.71%,油产量分别增加了9.25%和3.71%;钾肥农学利用率降低,与低密度相比,中、高密度平均降低26.12%,钾肥偏生产力先升高后降低,中、高密度下分别增加7.46%和1.11%。密度相同情况下,随钾肥增加,胡麻株高、分枝高度、有效分枝数、有效蒴果数和含油率逐渐增加,与不施钾相比,分别平均增加15.12%、18.80%、14.15%、23.85%和1.26%;千粒重、产量和油产量在低、高密度下,随钾肥增加而增加,相比不施钾,施钾处理下分别平均增加3.19%、27.50%和29.03%;中密度下,千粒重、产量和油产量先升高后降低,施钾45 kg·hm~(-2)时,分别增加7.46%、23.10%和23.80%,施钾90 kg·hm~(-2)时,分别增加5.25%、19.33%和21.92%;钾肥农学利用率和钾肥偏生产力显著降低,与施钾45 kg·hm~(-2)相比较,施钾90 kg·hm~(-2)时分别平均降低47.55%和49.52%。综上可知,7.5×106株·hm~(-2),45 kg·hm~(-2)(K2O)是适合当地胡麻节肥高效生产的栽培措施。因此,在胡麻的高产栽培中,可通过调节种植密度和施钾量,在获得较高的籽粒产量的同时提高钾素利用率。     

垄沟集雨种植下不同降解地膜沟覆盖对农田马铃薯产量和土壤水热的影响

为筛选适宜于西北旱作区沟垄集雨系统下马铃薯生长和产量提高的降解地膜类型,于2015—2016年设置两年田间试验,以平作不覆盖为对照(CK),研究生物地膜(DS)、麻纤维地膜(DM)和液态地膜(DY)的降解特征、土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯生长、产量的影响。结果表明,两年试验期内不同类型降解地膜的降解失重率整体表现为DY>DM>DS,DY完全降解,DM和DS两年平均降解失重率达72.3%和38.3%。两年生育期平均土壤蓄水量各处理表现为DS>DM>DY≈CK,DM和DS在生育关键期(播后70 d)有效增加0~160 cm层土壤蓄水量,2015年较CK分别增加29.0%和15.6%,2016年分别增加17.8%和11.6%;而DY与CK无显著差异。与CK相比,DY在播后30~50 d土壤保温效应显著,DM 在播后0~70 d土壤增温效果尤为显著;在播后110 d各处理土壤增温效应差异不显著。土壤水分、温度与马铃薯总产量Pearson相关分析表明,播后30 d土壤水分、温度对马铃薯总产量的形成至关重要,且播后70~90 d土壤水分对总产量的影响高于土壤温度。与CK相比,DM、DS和DY的马铃薯产量2015年分别显著增加20.3%、17.4%和9.2%,2016年分别显著增加18.1%、17.0%和12.2%;DS、DM的水分利用效率2015年分别显著增加24.1%和24.5%,2016年分别显著增加23.1%和15.2%。两年马铃薯纯收益均以DM最高,较CK分别显著增加47.8%和32.4%。综上,沟垄集雨种植下可降解地膜沟覆盖能显著改善旱地土壤水热环境,提高马铃薯产量、水分利用效率和纯收益,以沟覆盖麻纤维地膜处理效果最佳。本研究结果为降解地膜覆盖种植应用于西北旱作区马铃薯农业生产提供了理论依据和技术参考。