Relationship Between the Normalized SPAD Index and the Nitrogen Nutrition Index: Application to Durum Wheat

In a three-year field experiment in Toulouse (in Southwest France), two indicators of plant nitrogen (N) status were compared on five durum wheat cultivars: the normalized SPAD index and the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI). SPAD value is a non-destructive measurement of chlorophyll content from the last expanded leaf. The normalized SPAD index is expressed relative to SPAD reading on a fully fertilized crop. The NNI is calculated from the crop biomass and total plant N content using a universal N-dilution curve for wheat. The normalized SPAD index and NNI were closely related irrespective of year, cultivar, and growth stage. When N was a limiting factor, the SPAD index measured at anthesis predicted grain yield and protein content accurately. Unlike NNI, SPAD index cannot be used to predict these variables when wheat is over-fertilized.     

不同施肥量对贵州高产玉米养分吸收、生物性状、产量及品质的影响

在贵州黄壤地区开展了以玉米品种(“金玉506”和“黔单24”)为主区,不同施肥量为副区处理的大田裂区试验,探讨贵州两种高密度栽培品种玉米的产量、生物性状、养分吸收和品质对不同施肥量的响应。结果表明：不同施肥量对玉米品种产量有显著影响。“金玉506”产量随施肥量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,以常规密度种植推荐施肥量增量15％处理产量最高,达10229.3 kg/hm2;而“黔单24”略有不同,其产量随施肥量增加呈降低趋势,以推荐施肥量处理最高,为9434.1 kg/hm2。从产量构成因素看,品种与施肥量对玉米穗粗和千粒重有显著影响,两种玉米品种的千粒重随施肥量增加均呈增加趋势,增幅分别为2.2％~10.3％和3.2％~6.8％。在生物性状方面,“金玉506”以推荐施肥量增量15％处理玉米的株高、穗位高和茎粗最优,分别为308.5、130.4和2.6 cm;而“黔单24”以推荐施肥量处理株高、穗位高和茎粗达最大,分别为311.6、138.0和2.43 cm。从养分吸收看,品种和施肥量对玉米植株的养分吸收有显著影响,其中“金玉506”植株氮、磷和钾的吸收量均随施肥量的增加而增加,增幅分别为24.8％~32.7％、44％~47.8％和5.9％~45.6％;而“黔单24”植株氮、磷和钾吸收量均随施肥量的增加而降低,降幅分别为3.8％~13％、11.8％~23.5％和3.9％~15％。在品质方面,合理施肥量有利于提高玉米的淀粉和粗蛋白含量,而过高施肥量会导致玉米品质的降低。因此,根据不同玉米品种的养分需求规律进行科学合理的施肥有利于促进玉米的养分吸收,提高产量和改善品质。     

不同冬小麦品种氮效率及其生理差异的研究

选育氮高效型品种是提高氮肥利用率的重要途径.本试验选用近年来鄂北岗地主栽的5个冬小麦品种(鄂麦14、鄂麦18、鄂麦23、郑麦9023、洛麦1号),在施氮和不施氮条件下,对不同品种的产量性状及5个生育期叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性等生理指标进行分析.结果表明:不同冬小麦品种的氮效率差异显著,洛麦1号(LM1)的氮效率高于其它品种.扬花后氮效率高的小麦品种,其叶绿素含量及硝酸还原酶活性水平相对较高,并且产量也相对较高,氮分配到籽粒的效率较高.     

Influence of irrigation on dry matter production,leaf composition,and nutrient removal by turnip

Irrigation scheduling of leafy greens generally consists of applying 19 mm of water every four days, which leads to irrigation depths that exceed the soil water deficit, and requires fertilizer applications higher than recommended rates. We determined the influence of irrigation scheduled by class A pan evaporation and a variable crop factor on leaf tissue composition and nutrient removal by turnips using a continuous moisture gradient and different N fertilizer conditions. Irrigation maintained foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the sufficiency range. During dry periods, increasing irrigation increased P, decreased Mg, and had little effect on N, Ca, or K foliar concentrations. Micro‐nutrient concentrations in the leaves responded to irrigation rates, but within a narrow range. Excessive water applications, due to rainfall or to irrigation rates higher than the model rate, consistently reduced nutrient crop removal. Since a combination of water applications that did not exceed soil water deficit and current fertilizer applications maintained adequate nutrient status and maximized nutrient crop removal, apparent need for N fertilization in excess of the recommended rate for turnips is due to excessive water applications.     

磷素子粒生产效率不同品种的小麦磷素吸收利用差异

盆栽试验研究了130份小麦不同生育时期的干物重、磷素含量、子粒产量等指标,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按磷素子粒生产效率从低到高依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ 6个类型,研究不同类型磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明: 1）供试品种的磷素子粒生产效率差异较大（CV=1660%）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ类品种的平均磷素子粒生产效率为P 13629、15167、16916、18589、20132、24466 g/g。子粒产量随磷素子粒生产效率提高呈增加趋势（r=03203**）。2）不同生育时期,小麦植株磷浓度与吸磷量类型间差异显著或极显著。成熟期磷素子粒生产效率与植株磷浓度极显著正相关（r=06969**）,子粒产量与抽穗期、成熟期植株吸磷量显著或极显著相关（r=02966*、r=09271**）。3）不同生育时期磷素干物质生产效率的类间差异均达显著水平; 成熟期磷素干物质生产效率与磷素子粒生产效率极显著正相关 （r=07391**）。4）拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期干物重均表现出随磷素子粒生产效率增加而增加的趋势,成熟期尤为突出。拔节期成熟期磷素吸收量是影响子粒产量形成的重要因素,磷素子粒生产效率高的品种在拔节期后有较强干物质和子粒产量形成能力。     

氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响。结果表明,适宜氮肥运筹方式、配施有机肥和坐水种均能显著增加春玉米产量,氮肥两次追肥处理的产量较一次追肥处理的产量增加10.6%～17.0%,配施有机肥增产10.3%～18.0%,坐水种增产9.1%,配施有机肥并坐水种增产20.4%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥及配施有机肥并坐水种均能显著提高春玉米干物质最大积累速率和积累总量,分别提高干物质最大积累速率11.1%～29.5%、28.0%～28.8%和32.1%,依次提高干物质积累总量11.9%～15.5%、21.2%～24.4%和26.9%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均可提高N、P、K养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,养分最大吸收速率以K最高,N居中,P最低;养分吸收总量以N最高,K居中,P最低;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早（57.2～60.4 d）,N居中（65.3～68.5 d）,P最晚（71.4～74.8 d）,三者均早于干物质积累最大速率出现的时间（82.5～89.3 d）。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均有利于N、P、K养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率、籽粒中养分含量以及氮肥利用率的提高,养分转运效率以P最高（59.3%～66.1%）,其次是N（41.5%～55.1%）,K最低（35.9%～38.0%）。在本实验条件下,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基肥:拔节肥比1:3,配施有机肥结合坐水种,为最佳施肥处理。     

Effects of Salinity and Drought Stress on Grain Quality of Durum Wheat

This work aimed to assess the influences of soil salinity and drought stresses on grain quality characteristics of selected salt-tolerant genotypes differing in salinity tolerance in durum wheat. This study was conducted under control, drought, and saline field conditions in separate experiments during 2 years. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for each experiment. The results showed significant effects of genotype and environmental conditions on all grain-quality related traits. Salt and drought stress caused the significant increment of grain protein content, wet and dry gluten contents, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume. Thousand-grain weight, grain protein yield, and test weight reduced significantly under both salinity and drought stress conditions. Protein content showed positive correlation with wet gluten, dry gluten, SDS sedimentation, and volume and strong negative correlation with other traits. It is concluded that influence of salinity stress was greater than drought stress on grain protein yield and some other grain-quality-related traits.     

减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡

【目的】我国化肥过量施用现象普遍,不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续生产。研究化肥减量施用对小麦产量、籽粒灌浆和肥料利用率的影响,可以为我国化肥高效施用和零增长目标提供理论依据。【方法】在四川盆地进行了两个大田试验,以习惯施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 180、120、45 kg/hm2) 为对照,设置减量施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 96、60、45 kg/hm2) 处理,测定了小麦产量及构成、籽粒灌浆、花后干物质转运、旗叶叶绿素含量、养分平衡和肥料利用率。【结果】与习惯施肥相比,减量施肥下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数没有显著变化,小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦千粒重显著提高 5.8%。根据 Logistics 方程拟合结果,减量施肥显著提高了小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦理论最大千粒重,渐增期、缓增期籽粒净增重,对其他灌浆参数影响不显著。减量施肥下小麦干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献率增加 28.5%、17.5% 和 20.7%,但花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降速度加快。习惯施肥和减量施肥土壤氮素盈余分别为 22.6 和 –30.2 kg/hm2,土壤磷盈余分别为 80.4 和 22.8 kg/hm2。减量施肥后氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率比习惯施肥提高 79.2%、69.1% 和 27.9%,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率提高 91.1%、72.7% 和 68.5%。【结论】本试验的两年时间内,减量施肥可以维持小麦产量,促进小麦干物质转运及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献,但花后功能叶衰退加速。减量施肥下肥料利用率提高,土壤磷素盈余降低,土壤氮素亏缺,需要在确保维持小麦产量、土壤肥力和养分平衡的基础上,继续优化减氮量。     

菌根化育苗对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染作物根系形成菌根共生体系对于作物吸收磷具有重要作用,但该结果大多来源于室内受控试验,有限的田间试验因环境条件、试验材料与接种技术等差异致使AMF菌剂应用效果不一。本研究通过玉米菌根化育苗和田间移栽,分析了接种AMF对玉米生长、养分吸收、籽粒产量及养分含量的影响,以期推进菌根技术的实际生产应用。【方法】以自交品系玉米B73为供试作物,于2018年5月至10月在北京市延庆区进行了田间试验。田间小区设置基施磷(+P)和不施磷(–P)处理。供试AMF为Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck&Smith BGC AH01。玉米种子催芽后,分别播入加入AMF菌剂(+M)和菌剂过滤液(–M)的育苗钵内,培养两周后移栽至田间。玉米在田间条件下生长至拔节期时,使用便携式光合仪测定叶片光合速率与气孔导度,取样测定地上部与根部干重和养分元素含量,同时测定菌根侵染率;在玉米完熟期取样,测定籽粒百粒重、籽粒产量及养分含量。【结果】无论田间施磷与否,接菌植株根系的菌根侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著高于不接菌植株。不施磷情况下,+M处理显著提高了玉米根系干重,玉米生长的菌根依赖性(163.7%)显著高于施磷情形(124.1%)。–P–M处理玉米叶片的光合速率和气孔导度显著低于其他3个处理。–P+M处理玉米叶片的光合参数、玉米地上部和根部磷含量与+P+M均无显著差异。与–P–M处理相比,–P+M显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和百粒重,同时也提高了籽粒中锌、锰、镁等矿质养分的含量,且与+P+M处理相比均无显著差异。【结论】玉米幼苗接种AMF后再移栽到田间,可以显著提高拔节期玉米根系的菌根侵染率,促进玉米地上部和根部对磷及锌、锰和镁的吸收,进而促进玉米的生长,提高籽粒产量和养分含量。本试验条件下,菌根化育苗可以达到与施磷同样的效果,在保障作物不减产的前提下减少磷肥施用量。     

Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat through leaf color measurements using a chlorophyll meter

A field trial was conducted over a 3-year period at the Hokkaido Kitami Agricultural Experiment Station to examine whether the grain protein content (GPC) of a winter wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chihokukomugi) suitable for Japanese noodle-making could be predicted before harvest. The prediction of the GPC was accurate based on the color of the second leaf (just below the flag leaf) at the end of the emergence of the inflorescence, when nitrogen application was graded. In order to evaluate the reliability of this test, a survey of 95 wheat fields in the eastern part of Hokkaido was also carried out during a 3-year period. The prediction of the GPC for this cultivar based on the color of the second leaf was less accurate across many sites. The results of this survey, however, suggested that the leaf color could be used as an index for ranking the GPC as low or high in relation to processing requirements. When the leaf color value of the second leaf measured with a chlorophyll meter at the end of the emergence of the inflorescence was less than 40, it was predicted that the GPC would be lower than the processing requirement. This index could be applied to the cultivars grown in the eastern part of Hokkaido, except for those grown on peat soils.     

微肥对玉米生长发育、养分吸收及产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了覆膜滴灌条件下施用铁、锰、锌等微肥对玉米生长发育、养分吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:玉米干物质累积最快的时期是在播种后62～99 d,NPK+Fe、NPK+Mn和NPK+Zn处理的玉米单株干物质的积累量分别比NPK处理增加8.84、4.74、15.69 g。NPK+Zn处理的玉米吸N量比NPK处理提高了3.07%,达到了显著差异,而NPK+Fe和NPK+Mn处理的玉米吸N量与NPK处理没有显著差异。NPK+Fe、NPK+Mn和NPK+Zn处理的玉米吸P量和吸K量与NPK处理相比均没有显著差异。施用铁、锌肥可以显著提高玉米的产量,增加玉米的百粒重,增产率分别为6.61%和4.46%,但施用锰肥效果不显著。     

小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯体系中玉米产量及养分吸收的差异

分别在四川2个玉米主产区川中丘区射洪县和川西山区雅安市,采用单因素随机区组设计,通过3年田间试验对比研究了小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下玉米产量、养分吸收积累规律以及与耕层土壤养分的关系。结果表明:两种套作模式经过一年种植后,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米产量均高于小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下的玉米产量,但差异不显著,第二、三年分带轮作后,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米产量显著高于小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下的玉米产量,二年平均分别高出 679.5 kg/hm2和 839.1 kg/hm2,增产9.4%和12.6%,射洪试验点增产作用较雅安试验点显著;分带轮作后两种套作体系玉米氮素吸收积累在拔节前差异不显著,拔节后小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米氮素积累量显著高于小麦/玉米/甘薯,磷的吸收积累则相反,从拔节期到开花期,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米磷的吸收积累均显著低于小麦/玉米/甘薯,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米钾素吸收积累量高于小麦/玉米/甘薯;不同作物带耕层土壤养分含量差异达显著水平,大豆带残留的硝态氮、速效氮、速效钾2个试验点平均分别比甘薯带高18.4%、24.1%、6.0%,而铵态氮和速效磷甘薯带较大豆带分别高18.9%和17.1%,两种套作模式中玉米带耕层土壤养分含量差异不显著,经第二、三年分带轮作后,耕层土壤养分含量差异减小,表明分带轮作玉米能较好均衡田间养分。     

施钴对冬小麦产量品质的影响

在潮土上采用田间小区试验,研究了钴元素对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用适量的钴可以显著提高冬小麦的产量,改善冬小麦的品质。各施钴处理较对照增产7.4%～20.3%。施钴量在1.05kg.hm2以内,随着施钴量的增加,增产效应提高,当施钴量超过1.05kg.hm2时,随着施钴量的增加,冬小麦的产量增加,但增产效应下降。各施钴处理子粒蛋白质含量与蛋白质产量均有不同程度的提高,以Co2处理最高。此外,低浓度的钴(施钴量0.45～0.75kg.hm2)可以提高冬小麦子粒面粉的沉降值、总评价值和湿、干面筋含量,而高浓度的钴(施钴量大于1.35kg.hm2)则降低冬小麦子粒面粉沉降值、总评价值和湿、干面筋含量。土壤有效钴含量与施钴量呈极显著正相关,小麦籽粒中钴含量与施钴量呈显著正相关,地下部的钴含量显著大于地上部。     

追氮量对不同品质类型小麦产量和品质的调节效应

以不同品质类型的4个小麦品种为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究了品种和氮肥运筹对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在底肥相同的条件下,在一定范围内增加追施氮肥,产量显著提高。增施氮肥可显著提高各品种子粒蛋白质含量。除吸水率外,不同品种各项品质指标均随施氮量增加而提高,处理间差异显著。B2和B3(增加追施氮肥)的拉伸度、拉伸面积、面包体积和面包评分均显著优于B1(未追施氮肥)。子粒蛋白质含量与其它14项品质指标呈正相关。吸水率、沉降值、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力、拉伸比值、最大拉伸阻力、最大拉伸比值、拉伸面积、面包体积、面包评分等11项指标间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系。试验结果表明,强筋小麦品种并非各项品质性状均优于中筋小麦品种。     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

Effects of zinc activity in nutrient solution on uptake,translocation, and root export of cadmium and zinc in three wheat genotypes with different zinc efficiencies

The interactions of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in uptake and translocation are common but not consistent. We hypothesized that Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ activity in the apoplasmic solution bathing root-cells could affect Zn accumulation in plants dependent on the wheat genotype. This hypothesis was tested using seedlings of two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Rushan and Cross) and one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Arya) with different Zn efficiencies grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solutions with three Zn²⁺ (10^?11.11, 10^?9.11, and 10^?8.81?µM) and two Cd²⁺ (10^?11.21 and 10^?10.2?µM) activity levels. Increasing Zn²⁺ activity in the nutrient solution significantly increased Zn concentration in root and shoots of all three wheat genotypes, although the magnitude of this increase was dependent on the genotype. Cadmium decreased Zn concentration in roots of “Cross” while it had no significant effect on root Zn concentration in “Rushan.” At Zn^2+?=?10^?11.11?µM, Cd decreased shoot Zn concentration in “Arya” whereas it increased shoot Zn concentration at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM. Cadmium increased shoot Zn concentration of “Rushan” and “Cross” at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM but it had no significant effect on shoot Zn concentration of these genotypes at Zn^2+?=?10^?11.11?µM. The zinc-inefficient genotype “Arya” accumulated significantly more Cd in its root in comparison with “Cross” and “Rushan.” Cadmium concentration in roots of “Arya” was decreased significantly with increasing Zn activity. The effect of Zn on accumulation of Cd in roots of “Cross” and “Rushan” was dependent on the dose provided, and therefore, both synergistic (at Zn^2+?=?10^?9.11?µM) and antagonistic (at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM) interactive effects were found in these genotypes. Zinc supply increased the Zn concentration of xylem sap in “Cross” and “Rushan” whereas Zn content in xylem sap of “Arya” was decreased at Zn^2+?=?10^?9.11?µM and thereafter increased at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM. Cadmium treatment reduced Zn concentration in xylem sap of “Arya,” while it tended to increase Zn content in xylem sap of “Cross.” At Zn-deficient conditions, greater retention of Zn in root cell walls of Zn-inefficient “Arya” resulted in lower root-to-shoot transport of Zn in this genotype. Results revealed that the effect of Cd on the root-to-shoot translocation of Zn via the xylem is dependent on wheat genotype and Zn activity in the nutrient solution.     

The crop as indicator for sidedress nitrogen demand in sugar beet production — limitations and perspectives

In 2‐years field experiments near Nienstädt (60 km west of Hannover, northern Germany), the effects of rate and timing of nitrogen (N) application on leaf N‐concentration, leaf greenness (SPAD chlorophyll meter readings), canopy greenness (canopy light reflectance), leaf area development, photosynthetic activity of leaves, and yield and quality of sugar beet were studied. In 1999 (pre‐planting soil mineral N: 15 kg ha^—1), N fertilizer was applied at rates of 0, 105, 125, 145, 165 and 205 kg N ha^—1. In 2000 (pre‐planting soil mineral N: 60 kg ha^—1), an N rate of 100 kg ha^—1 was applied at planting (100/0/0/0) or split applied at planting and 8 (60/40/0/0), 12 (60/0/40/0), and 16 (60/0/0/40) weeks after planting (WAP), respectively. In both years, canopy greenness as indicated by ”︁sensor values” (a combination of the reflectance of visible and near infrared light) changed with crop age. However, at each time of measurement, sensor values precisely reflected the different N application treatments and were significantly correlated with leaf N‐concentrations and SPAD chlorophyll meter readings. Beet yield and processed white sugar yield increased up to an N supply (fertilizer N + pre‐planting soil mineral N) of 160 kg ha^—1. Split N application slightly retarded leaf growth but had no effect on photosynthetic activity per unit leaf area. Beet yield and beet quality were not systematically affected by the timing of N application. Certain application schemes tended to favor either beet yield or beet quality, resulting in similar processed white sugar yields. Our data suggest that moderate N topdressing can be integrated in site‐specific N management systems in sugar beet production. Canopy light reflectance might serve as a useful diagnostic tool to assess the N status and sidedress N demand of sugar beets. However, due to changing sensor values over time, on‐site calibration (using established standard methods or reference plots receiving extra N at planting) will be necessary. The applicability of this approach has to be tested in further field studies.<?show $6#>     

我国主要麦区小麦氮素吸收及其产量效应

【目的】掌握小麦氮素的吸收特征及区域差异性有利于指导小麦区域合理施肥,提高氮肥肥效,维持小麦增产稳产。本研究旨在探讨我国小麦氮素吸收特征的区域性差异及其产量效应。【方法】收集了2000年以后我国小麦田间试验产量、 籽粒和秸秆氮含量的文献数据,统计分析了黄淮海冬麦区、 西北冬春兼播麦区和长江中下游麦区的小麦产量、 地上部氮吸收、 籽粒氮含量、 秸秆氮含量、 100 kg籽粒需氮量的区域差异,并进一步分析了小麦不同产量水平下100 kg籽粒需氮量、 籽粒氮含量和秸秆氮含量。【结果】小麦产量、 籽粒氮含量、 秸秆氮含量、 地上部吸氮总量和生产100 kg籽粒需氮量的波动范围大,变异性较高,存在明显的区域差异。我国田间试验的小麦平均产量为6.18 t/hm2(n=5484,变异系数34.37%),其中以黄淮海冬麦区最高(7.06 t/hm2),西北冬春兼播麦区最低(4.71 t/hm2),长江中下游冬麦区居中(5.60 t/hm2); 生产100 kg籽粒需氮量的全国平均为2.87 kg (n=5073,变异系数25.43%),其中以黄淮海冬麦区最高(2.98 kg),长江中下游冬麦区和西北冬春兼播麦区偏低(分别为2.60 kg和2.84 kg); 籽粒氮含量、 秸秆氮含量、 地上部吸氮总量全国平均分别为2.17%(n=3456)、 0.55%(n=2460)、 180.9 kg/hm2(n=4962),变异系数分别为23.96%、 38.18%、 44.50%。籽粒氮含量、 秸秆氮含量、 地上部吸氮总量均以黄淮海麦区居高,分别为2.24%、 0.56%、 211.1　kg/hm2,长江中下游冬麦区和西北冬春兼播麦区偏低,分别为1.92%、 0.5%、 146.7 kg/hm2和2.14%、 0.53%、 138.0 kg/hm2。生产100 kg小麦籽粒需氮量、 籽粒氮含量和秸秆氮含量随小麦产量水平的增加而呈增加趋势,产量范围4.5、 4.5~6.5、 6.5~8.5、 8.5~10.5、 10.5 t/hm2,生产100 kg籽粒需氮量分别为2.79、 2.80、 2.91、 3.03和3.05 kg, 对应的籽粒氮含量分别为2.01%、 2.11%、 2.27%、 2.26%和2.40%,秸秆氮含量分别为0.46%、 0.53%、 0.58%、 0.61%和0.63%。【结论】温度、 水分等气候条件、 土壤类型、 主栽品种及田间管理技术等差异,造成了小麦氮素吸收特性的区域间差异,因此小麦施肥应根据各区域的小麦产量、 小麦氮素需求规律因地制宜地科学施肥。     

不同覆盖方式下减氮对玉米生长与氮素吸收、运转和分配的影响

以玉米正红505为试验材料,采用两因素随机区组设计,设置3个氮肥水平(常规施氮、减氮20％和减氮40％)和3种覆盖方式(地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和无覆盖),以不施氮肥无覆盖为CK,研究不同覆盖方式和氮肥水平对土壤水分与全氮含量、玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收、运转和分配及产量的影响.结果表明:(1)与CK和减氮40％处理相比,耕层...     

氮肥运筹对四川丘陵区机播套作小麦群体质量及产量的影响

以四川大面积推广应用的中筋小麦品种川麦42为材料,采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了不同施氮量和施氮方式对带式机播套作小麦（播幅为净作的50%）群体质量和产量的影响。结果表明,套作小麦拔节后的叶面积指数（LAI）、干物质积累量均随施氮量的增加而提高,粒叶比则在中等偏高施氮量（N 180 kg /hm2）时最大;底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式有效地提高了花后LAI、干物质日积累速率及粒叶比。对产量影响方面,有效穗和穗粒数随施氮量的增加而提高,成穗率和千粒重则在N 180 kg /hm2时最高,底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式提高了成穗率。相关分析表明,孕穗后的LAI、孕穗期的干物质积累以及拔节至孕穗期的干物质日积累速率与产量呈显著或极显著正相关。本试验条件下,在施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2、施氮方式为底肥:拔节肥=7:3时,套作小麦产量构成因素协调好,产量最高,达4800.4 kg/hm2,与生产上大面积净作小麦产量相当。其群体质量指标为:基本苗184.5万株/hm2,成穗数225.3万穂/hm2,成穗率72.8%,孕穗期LAI 4.68,灌浆期LAI 2.11,花后干物质积累量1600.6 kg/hm2,结实粒数9652.5万粒/hm2,粒叶比11.501mg/cm2。