饲料棕榈酸/(EPA+DHA)对大黄鱼抗氧化能力和肌肉品质的影响

为探究饲料中棕榈酸/(二十碳五烯酸+二十二碳六烯酸)(EPA+DHA)对大黄鱼(Larmichthys crocea) [初始体重为(30.51±0.16) g]抗氧化能力和肌肉品质的影响,本研究以鱼粉和豆粕为主要蛋白源,EPA富含油、DHA富含油、棕榈酸和卵磷脂为主要脂肪源,分别配制棕榈酸/(EPA+DHA)比例分别为1∶5、1∶1和5∶1的3种等氮(约43%粗蛋白)、等脂(约11%粗脂肪)饲料,并分别命名为P0、P50和P100组,在海水浮式网箱中进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验,从肌肉基本指标与分子基因层面探究饲料对大黄鱼抗氧化能力与肌肉品质的影响。结果显示,P0和P50组大黄鱼肌肉具有显著高的硬度、粘附性、内聚性和咀嚼性(P<0.05)。P0组大黄鱼肌肉多不饱和脂肪酸显著高于P50和P100组(P<0.05);P100组肌肉饱和脂肪酸显著高于P0和P50组(P<0.05)。P100组大黄鱼肌肉超氧化物歧化酶2基因(SOD2)和过氧化氢酶基因(CAT)表达水平显著高于P0和P50组(P<0.05);P0组肌肉核因子E2相关因子基因(Nrf2)表达水平则显著高于P50组(P<0.05),P100和P0组、P100和P50组间相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。对于超氧化物歧化酶1基因(SOD1),P0、P50和P100组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。P50组大黄鱼肌肉的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著低于P0和P100组(P<0.05),P0、P50和P100组大黄鱼肌肉的总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、CAT活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,饲料中棕榈酸含量较高时,大黄鱼肌肉质构特性降低,抗氧化能力没有受到显著影响;在饲料棕榈酸/(EPA+DHA)值发生改变时,大黄鱼肌肉品质的变化与鱼体内氧化应激和抗氧化能力之间的关联仍需进一步探究。     

养殖密度对西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼生长、抗氧化酶活性和相关基因表达的影响

为了研究流水养殖系统中养殖密度对井冈山地区西伯利亚杂交鲟（西伯利亚鲟Acipenser baerii♀×施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii♂）幼鱼生长性能的影响,本文以初始体重为7.89±0.45 g/尾西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼为研究对象,设置了低密度组（1.16 kg/m3）、中密度组（1.74 kg/m3）和高密度组（2.32 kg/m3）三个密度组进行为期90 d的养殖生产实验,通过比较分析不同密度组西伯利亚杂交鲟生长指标、体成分含量、抗氧化酶活性和相关基因表达水平发现,低密度组幼鱼终体重、增重率及特定生长率显著高于中密度组和高密度组（P＜0.05）,各密度组实验鱼的存活率无显著性差异;水分和灰分随着养殖密度的增加而增加,且存在显著性差异,粗脂肪和粗蛋白未出现明显的差异;肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSH-ST）的酶活力在实验末期低、中密度组显著高于高密度组（P＜0.05）,随着养殖密度的增加,幼鱼肝脏丙二醛（MDA）含量不断增加,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力降低,MDA和CAT在实验期间未出现明显的差异;结果还发现,高密度组与生长相关的生长激素受体（GHR）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）、胰岛素样生长因子-2（IGF-2）基因表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）;高密度组与应激相关的热休克蛋白70（HSP70）基因表达水平在45d出现差异（P＜0.05）,90 d后高密度组显著高于低密度组（P＜0.05）,低密度组热休克蛋白90（HSP90）基因表达水平在30d时显著低于中、高密度组（P＜0.05）,实验末期,3个密度组间均存在显著的差异（P＜0.05）。 研究结果表明,实验条件下,中、低密度条件下西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼表现出良好的生长性能,因此建议,井冈山地区西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼养殖密度控制在1.16 kg/m3-1.74 kg/m3之间。     

牛磺酸对急性氨中毒的鲫和草鱼抗氧化及炎症相关基因表达影响的比较

为了比较牛磺酸对急性氨中毒的鲫和草鱼缓释作用的差异,实验分别构建了4个处理组,组1实验鱼通过腹腔注射生理盐水,组2注射醋酸铵(鲫7 mmol/g,草鱼9 mmol/g),组3注射醋酸铵和牛磺酸(100μg/g),组4注射牛磺酸。毒性实验持续96 h。结果显示,组2鲫肝脏中SOD、CuZnSOD和CAT基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1和组3;组2和组3鲫肝脏中GPx基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1;组1鲫大脑中SOD、CuZnSOD、CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量最高;组2草鱼肝脏中SOD、CuZnSOD、CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量显著高于其他组;组2和组4草鱼大脑中SOD和CuZnSOD基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1和组3;组3草鱼大脑中CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量最高;此外,组2鲫和草鱼肝脏及大脑中TNF和IL基因mRNA表达量均显著高于其他组。研究表明,鱼类氨中毒会扰乱机体的抗氧化酶系统和免疫应答,引起氧化损伤和炎症反应;草鱼通过提高抗氧化相关基因表达以应对氨中毒;牛磺酸能够有效缓解氨中毒对鲫和草鱼造成的氧化伤害,但牛磺酸并不能降低氨中毒对鲫和草鱼造成的炎症反应。     

不同浓度诺氟沙星对中国对虾非特异性免疫酶活的影响

向对虾配合饲料中添加不同剂量的诺氟沙星投喂中国对虾7d,分析不同时间诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉及鳃溶菌酶(LSZ)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响.结果表明,15mg/kg诺氟沙星可以显著抑制中国对虾肌肉SOD活力(P＜0.05),而对鳃SOD活力则整体呈现促进作用,该浓度组肌肉和鳃CAT及LSZ活力整体高于对照组,而AKP和ACP活力则显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);30 mg/kg诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉SOD活力呈现先抑制后促进的作用,而对鳃SOD活力则整体呈现抑制作用,该组肌肉和鳃CAT活力显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肌肉LSZ活力呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而鳃LSZ活力则与对照组没有显著差异;向饲料中添加60 mg/kg诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉、鳃SOD、CAT、LSZ活力整体呈现促进作用,而对AKP和ACP活性则呈现显著抑制作用(P＜0.05).     

水温对糙海参幼参生长、抗氧化酶及免疫酶活力的影响

为探讨水温对糙海参(Holothuriascabra)幼参生长、抗氧化酶及免疫酶活力影响,选择体重为(1.70±0.24)g的糙海参幼参,在低温组(23℃)、对照组(28℃)和高温组(33℃)温度控制养殖箱中养殖30 d,每10 d测定其特定生长率(SGR),体壁、体腔液、肠道及呼吸树中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示:(1) 30 d时对照组幼参SGR显著高于高温组和低温组(P<0.05),且高温组显著高于低温组(P<0.05),说明长期低温对幼参影响大于长期高温。(2)在低温组, 0 d时幼参体腔液中SOD、AKP、LZM活力以及MDA含量与对照组间无显著差异, 30 d时SOD、CAT以及AKP活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0 d时体壁中SOD、CAT、LZM活力以及MDA含量与对照组间无显著差异, 30 d时SOD、CAT活力以及MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05); 0 d时肠道中除MDA含量外,所有酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 30 d...     

高糖饲料中添加沙棘粉对黄河鲤生长性能、抗氧化能力和非特异性免疫的影响

为研究沙棘粉对黄河鲤生长性能、抗氧化能力和非特异性免疫的影响，实验选用初始体重约为7.55 g的黄河鲤450尾，随机分为5组，即对照组(control组)、高糖组(HG组)、高糖+0.1%沙棘粉组(G-LSP组)、高糖+0.3%沙棘粉组(G-MSP组)和高糖+0.5%沙棘粉组(G-HSP组)，开展为期10周的养殖实验。结果显示，与高糖组相比，G-HSP组黄河鲤的增重率(WGR)显著提高。与对照组相比，高糖组黄河鲤血清和肝胰脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量升高，过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(TAOC)降低，而补充沙棘粉可减轻这些负面影响。高糖饲料抑制了肝胰脏和肌肉中nrf2mRNA的表达水平，上调了keap1 mRNA的表达水平。沙棘粉对高糖引起的nrf2 mRNA表达水平的降低和keap1 mRNA表达水平的升高有显著的抑制作用。沙棘粉可显著提高受Nrf2调控的下游转录因子(gr、cat、gpx和sod)的mRNA表达水平。此外，添加0.5%的沙棘粉能显著提高血清、脾脏和肠道中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LZM)活性和白蛋白(Alb)...     

拥挤胁迫对已接种疫苗的大菱鲆部分免疫和应激指标的影响

通过对3个养殖初始密度(低、中、高密度组分别为5、10、20 kg/m~2)的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)接种减毒迟缓爱德华氏菌疫苗,观察其血液、脾脏、头肾、鳃和皮肤中部分免疫和应激指标的变化规律,研究经接种疫苗操作后大菱鲆应对拥挤胁迫的应激响应。结果显示,低密度养殖的白细胞介素(1L-1β)、补体(C3)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、溶菌酶(LZM)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)等免疫指标显著高于中、高密度组(P0.05),高密度组血液中皮质醇的含量高于中、低密度组(P0.05);通过基因表达分析发现,高密度组的热休克蛋白(HSP70)表达量显著高于中、低密度组;低密度组的免疫球蛋白M(IGM)表达量高于中、高密度组。研究表明,为提高大菱鲆的免疫效果、减少应激反应,可以采用低密度(5 kg/m~2)养殖。     

培养温度对LPS诱导的离体大黄鱼头肾巨噬细胞抗氧化能力和炎性反应的影响

为研究温度对离体大黄鱼头肾巨噬细胞抗氧化能力和炎性反应的影响,从大黄鱼头肾组织中分离巨噬细胞结合贴壁筛选法得到细胞单层后,在不同温度(16、22和28°C)下培养备用。使用25μg/mL的脂多糖(LPS)孵育细胞2 h后,测定不同培养温度下离体细胞活力、呼吸爆发活性、抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活性以及相关基因(SOD、CAT、Hsp70和IL-1β)表达的情况。结果显示,体外培养细胞36 h后,16°C和22°C条件下培养的细胞活力显著高于28°C处理组;LPS处理组大黄鱼头肾巨噬细胞呼吸爆发活性显著升高,但SOD和CAT酶活性较对照组显著下降。高温(28°C)显著提高了细胞CAT酶的活性和基因表达水平,但SOD酶活性和基因表达变化差异不显著;LPS显著促进了大黄鱼头肾巨噬细胞IL-1β基因的表达,并且随培养温度升高细胞IL-1β基因的表达水平显著降低;但大黄鱼头肾巨噬细胞Nrf2和Hsp70的基因表达量随温度升高而显著增加,且LPS处理组细胞基因表达水平显著高于对照组。研究表明,温度显著影响了离体大黄鱼头肾巨噬细胞的抗氧化能力和LPS所诱导的促炎基因的表达,Nrf2和Hsp70在这一过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

养殖密度对鹦鹉鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响

为了解养殖密度对鹦鹉鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响,设置三个养殖密度梯度组进行实验:低密度组(5.04 kg/m^3)、中密度组(10.12 kg/m^3)、高密度组(15.35 kg/m^3),每组设3个平行,实验鱼投喂56 d后测定其生长及生理生化指标。结果表明,中密度组鹦鹉鱼末体重显著高于高密度组(P<0.05),与低密度组无显著差异(P>0.05);低密度组鹦鹉鱼增重率显著高于中密度和高密度组(P<0.05);低密度组鹦鹉鱼血清和肝脏中SOD、GSH-PX、GPT和GOT显著高于其他组(P<0.05);中密度组鹦鹉鱼血清和肝脏中的MDA显著高于高密度组(P<0.05),与低密度组无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此表明,当养殖密度达到较高密度(15.35±0.25)kg/m^3时,会显著影响鹦鹉鱼的健康,产生较为严重的负面影响。     

复方中草药对白点鲑和亚东鲑抗氧化、非特异性免疫及消化酶指标的影响

在水温10～12℃下,将体质量(224.14±26.73)g的白点鲑Salvelinus pluvius和体质量(152.12±7.46)g的亚东鲑Salmo trutta fario饲养在直径1m、水深0.7m的玻璃钢材质圆桶中,在基础饲料中添加0.5%的复方中草药(大黄、黄芪、连翅、黄苓和丹皮)进行投喂,在投喂0d、7d、14d、21d和28d时从鱼尾柄腹侧用肝素处理的容器抽血采样,测定血液中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)和蛋白酶活性,及丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,研究复方中草药对鱼血液抗氧化能力、非特异性免疫力及消化酶活力的影响。结果表明:摄食含复方中草药饲料14d时的亚东鲑血液T-AOC活力和SOD活力显著高于0d(P0.05),MDA含量和CAT活力各组间差异不显著(P0.05);7d和14d的亚东鲑血液AKP活力和ACP活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),14d时NO浓度和LZM活性与0d差异显著(P0.05);肠道蛋白酶活力差异不显著(P0.05),淀粉酶活力和脂肪酶活力在14d时在显著高于其他组(P0.05)。摄食含复方中草药饲料14d的白点鲑血液T-AOC活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),MDA含量和SOD活力差异不显著(P0.05),21d时CAT活力显著高于其他组(P0.05);AKP活力差异不显著(P0.05),7d、14d时ACP活力和NO浓度显著高于其他组(P0.05),21d时LZM含量显著高于其他组(P0.05);14 d时淀粉酶活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),肠道蛋白酶活力和脂肪酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,摄食含复方中草药的饲料,对白点鲑、亚东鲑血液的抗氧化性、非特异性及消化酶指标有促进作用,投喂14 d时的效果最佳。     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin on the growth,innate immunity and antioxidant defence system of Paramisgurnus dabryanus

The effects of astaxanthin supplementationon the growth, innate immunity and antioxidant defence system of loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus) were investigated in this study. A total of 450 fish (initial average weights of 3.00 ± 0.10 g) were fed five diets with graded levels of astaxanthin (0.00, 50.00, 100.00, 150.00 and 200.00 mg/kg) for 56 days. The results showed that astaxanthin supplementation significantly stimulated the growth (FBW, WG, FER, HSI), innate immunity (AKP activity in the hepatopancreas, intestinal tract, muscle and skin and LZM activity in the hepatopancreas, intestinal tract and skin), antioxidant ability (T‐SOD, GSH‐PX and CAT activities and T‐AOC, GSH and MDA contents in the hepatopancreas, intestinal tract, muscle and skin) of loach. Moreover, dietary astaxanthin supplementation significantly up‐regulated the relative mRNA levels of Nrf2 and Maf, and down‐regulated the relative mRNA level of Keap1 in the hepatopancreas when the supplementation levels of astaxanthin were 50–200 mg/kg. In conclusion, the diets with 100–151.06 mg/kg astaxanthin supplementation were optimal for loach, which based on the growth, immunity and antioxidant‐related indicators, and the astaxanthin supplementation regulated the antioxidant ability partially referring to Keap1‐Nrf2 signallings.     

鳗弧菌O1/O2二价灭活疫苗免疫大菱鲆的抗体持续期和免疫保护期

本研究分析了鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)O1/O2血清型二价灭活疫苗免疫大菱鲆后的抗体持续期和免疫保护期。以鳗弧菌O1血清型VAM003株和O2血清型VAM007株为抗原制备了福尔马林灭活二价疫苗,将疫苗按照三种剂量(10~7 cells/尾、10~8 cells/尾、10~9 cells/尾)以腹腔注射途径免疫大菱鲆,在免疫后3 d、7 d、14 d、30 d、60 d、90 d、120 d、150 d,用血清凝集实验检测了免疫鱼血清的VAM003和VAM007抗体效价,用攻毒实验检测了疫苗的免疫保护率(RPS)。结果显示,在免疫后7 d三个剂量组的大菱鲆均产生了特异抗体,并获得27%～60%的RPS。三个剂量组大菱鲆的O1血清型抗体持续期分别90 d (10~7 cells/尾组)、150 d (10~8 cells/尾组)、150 d (10~9cells/尾组),而三个剂量组大菱鲆的O2血清型抗体持续期均150 d。三个剂量组的大菱鲆获得的免疫保护持续期均150 d;以RPS75%为有效免疫保护,各剂量组大菱鲆抵抗O1血清型病原感染的有效免疫保护期为:14～120d(10~7 cells组)、14～120 d (10~8 cells/尾)、14～150 d (10~9 cells/尾),抵抗O2血清型病原感染的有效免疫保护期为:14～60 d (10~7 cells组)、14～120 d (10~8 cells/尾)、14～120 d (10~9 cells/尾)。研究结果表明鳗弧菌二价灭活疫苗可为大菱鲆提供有效而稳定的免疫保护,获得的抗体持续期和免疫保护期为该疫苗的临床中试研究提供了基础。     

The effect of dietary folic acid on flesh quality and muscle antioxidant status referring to Nrf2 signalling pathway in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

To investigate the effect of dietary folic acid on fish flesh quality, muscle antioxidant status and the potential mechanism, young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were fed diets containing 0.10–3.12 mg/kg diet of folic acid for 8 weeks. The results showed that optimum folic acid increased muscle contents of protein, lipid, pH, shear force, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, hydroxyproline and glutathione, whereas contents of moisture, cooking loss, lactate and saturated fatty acids and cathepsin L activity showed an opposite trend (p < .05). Moreover, optimum folic acid elevated antioxidant enzyme activities and mRNA levels, as well as NF‐E2‐related factor 2 and casein kinase 2 mRNA levels (p < .05). However, optimum folic acid decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1a (Keap1a) and Keap1b mRNA levels (p < .05). Interestingly, excess folic acid induced negative effects on above‐mentioned parameters (p < .05). Summarily, this study indicated that optimum folic acid improved fish flesh quality and muscle antioxidant system associated with Nrf2‐Keap1 pathway. Based on muscle cathepsin L activity and ROS content, the folic acid requirements for young grass carp were 1.87 and 1.80 mg/kg diet, respectively, regarding to the flesh quality and antioxidant status.     

Dietary histidine affects intestinal antioxidant enzyme activities,antioxidant gene expressions and inflammatory factors in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Six semipurified diets of graded histidine levels (from 4.1 to 14.2 g/kg) were fed to fish for 8 weeks. The results showed that the intestinal content of malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were noticeably lower in 8.0 g/kg diet compared to control group. While the lowest activities of copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD) were observed in 9.9 g/kg diet, the intestinal activities of total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and catalase (CAT) in 14.2 g/kg diet were noticeably higher than those in 8.0 and 9.9 g/kg diets. Plasma biochemical indexes were not significantly affected by dietary histidine levels. In the intestine, the Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) mRNA levels were increased in 8.0 g/kg diet, which suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), and subsequently decreased CAT, GPx1, Cu/Zn‐SOD and Mn‐SOD expression levels. The lowest mRNA levels of interleukin 8 (IL‐8) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were observed in 8.0 g/kg diet, whereas the highest mRNA levels of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and interleukin 10 (IL‐10) were observed in 8.0 g/kg diet. These results indicated that dietary histidine plays a major role in maintaining intestinal health in juvenile blunt snout bream.     

异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因的cDNA克隆及其摄食功能

旨在研究异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o’connori)缩胆囊素(cholecystokinin, CCK)基因的摄食功能。本研究克隆得到了异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因的cDNA全长,通过生物信息学分析发现其属于CCK-1亚型。异齿裂腹鱼CCK的cDNA全长为773bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)为372bp,可以编码123个氨基酸。异齿裂腹鱼CCK由1个信号肽和1个典型的CCK-8肽保守结构域组成,为亲水性蛋白,但没有跨膜结构。运用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-timePCR)检测异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因在组织中的分布情况,以及餐前餐后和禁食复喂对其表达量的影响。结果表明,异齿裂腹鱼CCK在各组织中均有表达,其中在脑中表达量最高,在肠道、心脏、肝、脾、肾、皮肤、鳃、眼和鳔中表达量相对较高,在肌肉中表达量最低。餐后CCK基因的表达量显著升高,禁食使异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因的表达量显著下降,而复喂使CCK基因的表达量显著上升,表明CCK基因既是异齿裂腹鱼的餐后饱感信号因子,又是长期调控摄食因子。本研究为异齿裂腹鱼的人工饲养和品种保护等提供了理论依据。     

Different effects of low- and high-dose waterborne zinc on Zn accumulation,ROS levels,oxidative damage and antioxidant responses in the liver of large yellow croaker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudosciaena crocea</Emphasis>

The aim of the present study was to assess survival rate, Zn accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, oxidative damage and antioxidant responses after Zn exposure (2 and 8 mg L^?1 Zn) at different exposure times (6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h) in the liver of large yellow croaker. Survival rate was reduced at 96 h, and hepatic Zn content increased during 24–96 by 8 mg L^?1 Zn. In the 2 mg L^?1 Zn group, no fish died and the increase in Zn content merely occurred at 96 h. Exposure to 8 mg L^?1 Zn induced accumulation of ROS, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation during the late stage of exposure. In contrast, exposure to 2 mg L^?1 Zn did not result in oxidative damage, which may result from the up-regulation of antioxidant defenses. Although exposure to 8 mg L^?1 Zn increased activities and mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes during the early stage of exposure, including Cu/Zn–SOD, Mn–SOD, CAT, GPx and GR, the activities of these enzymes except Cu/Zn–SOD were inhibited at 96 h. Furthermore, a sharp increase in Nrf2 expression was observed in fish exposed to 8 mg L^?1 at 6 and 12 h, and 2 mg L^?1 at 12 h and 24 h, suggesting that Nrf2 was required for the protracted induction of these genes. The late increase in Keap1 expression may support its role in switching off the Nrf2 response. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated different effects of low- and high-dose waterborne Zn on antioxidant responses, which could contribute to the understanding of antioxidant and toxic roles of zinc on a molecular level.     

银鲳卵黄发生期间组织中抗氧化水平的变化及饲料n-3 LC-PUFA对其的影响

研究了银鲳(Papus argenteus)肝及卵巢组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及丙二醛(MDA)含量在整个卵黄发生过程中的变化情况,并分析了饲料n-3 LC-PUFA对卵黄发生期间组织中抗氧化水平的影响。分别以100%鱼油(FO组)、70%鱼油和30%大豆油(FSO组)、30%鱼油和70%大豆油(SFO组)、100%大豆油(SO组)为脂肪源,配制了4组等氮、等能及等脂的试验饲料。以1年龄雌性银鲳为试验对象,每组饲料设3重复,试验周期185 d。研究结果表明,肝与卵巢组织SOD、CAT活性、T-AOC水平及MDA含量在卵黄发生过程中均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,且卵黄发生后期各指标水平均显著高于卵黄发生前期(P0.05)。肝SOD(除SO饲料组外)、CAT活性、T-AOC水平及MDA含量在卵黄发生中期与前期之间未表现出显著性差异(P0.05),而卵黄发生中期FO与FSO饲料组卵巢SOD、CAT活性及T-AOC水平则均显著高于卵黄发生前期(P0.05)。FSO饲料组肝与卵巢SOD、CAT活性在卵黄发生过程中均为最高值,且在卵黄发生中、后期均显著高于SO饲料组(P0.05),但与FO饲料组无显著性差异(P0.05)。各饲料组间肝与卵巢T-AOC水平在卵黄发生前期均未表现出显著性差异(P0.05),而在卵黄发生后期,FO与FSO饲料组肝与卵巢T-AOC水平均显著高于SO饲料组(P0.05),但FO与FSO饲料组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。肝与卵巢中MDA含量随着饲料n-3 LC-PUFA含量的升高而呈现出升高趋势,且这种升高趋势在肝组织中表现更为明显,卵巢组织MDA含量在卵黄发生中、后期仅FO饲料组表现出显著性升高趋势(P0.05),其他各饲料组在卵黄发生各期均未表现出显著性差异(P0.05)。统计分析表明,银鲳卵黄发生过程中组织中抗氧化水平逐渐升高,适宜的饲料n-3 LC-PUFA含量(4.01%,FSO饲料组)可明显改善银鲳卵黄发生中期与后期组织中的抗氧化水平。双因素方差分析结果表明,试验饲料与卵黄发生时期对银鲳组织抗氧化水平均具有极显著性影响(P0.01),且两者对肝T-AOC水平与MDA含量存在显著性的交互作用(P0.05)。     

盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼鳃Na+/HCO3-共转运子、碳酸酐酶基因表达的影响

为了探讨盐碱胁迫条件下鱼类渗透生理调节机制,以尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验材料, PCR扩增得到了Na⁺/HCO₃^-共转运子(NBCe1)基因cDNA部分序列,比较了单盐(盐度10、盐度15)、单碱(1.5 g/L、3 g/L NaHCO₃)、盐碱混合(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L;盐度15,碱度3 g/L)胁迫后不同时间(0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h)血清渗透压、离子浓度(Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺)以及鳃碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化。结果显示,不同胁迫条件下,血清渗透压、离子浓度、鳃组织CA酶活、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化均与胁迫强度呈正相关。随时间推移,血清渗透压、离子浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,单盐、盐碱混合组血清渗透压值较单碱组高。单盐、单碱、盐碱混合组中, NBCe1基因mRNA在鳃中均呈略微上调,但不显著(P>0.05)。单碱组和盐碱混合组鳃CA活性较单盐组高,低盐碱胁迫(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L)下CA活性较晚达最高值;不同胁迫条件下, CA基因mRNA表达均表现上调,单碱、盐碱混合组更为显著(P<0.05),推测CA较NBCe1对体内HCO₃^-转运作用更为显著。研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼盐碱适应生理调节提供了基础资料。     

Effects of chronic confinement on physiological responses of juvenile gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., to acute handling

Understanding how gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., an important Mediterranean Sea species for aquaculture, respond physiologically to stressors commonly encountered in intensive rearing is important for effective production, as managing for stress is a major factor in maintaining healthy fish stocks. Our objective was to determine whether holding juvenile gilthead sea bream at a high density (HD), as a chronic stressor, would affect their physiological responses to a subsequent acute handling stressor. After acclimation at a low density (LD) of 6 kg m^?3 in 200‐L circular tanks containing 33–36 g L^?1 recirculating seawater at 19°C under a normal photoperiod, juvenile 37‐g gilthead sea bream were confined for 14 days at a HD of 26 kg m^?3 and then subjected to 30‐s aerial emersion in a dipnet. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality and chloride were determined in fish held in separate lots during LD (control) and HD confinement at 0, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days, and then after handling at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. Although plasma cortisol levels were similar in LD and HD fish groups after 14 d of confinement (15 and 23 ng mL^?1, respectively), the cortisol response in fish from the HD treatment at 1 and 2 h following acute handling (70 and 37 ng mL^?1, respectively) was only about half of that measured in the control group (139 and 102 ng mL^?1); plasma cortisol was similar in both groups by 4 and 8 h. In contrast, plasma glucose elevations in response to handling were higher at 4 and 8 h in the HD‐held fish (94 and 72 mg dL^?1, respectively) than in those from the LD treatment (59 and 51 mg dL^?1); glucose responses were similar in both groups at 1 and 2 h after handling and throughout confinement. Plasma lactate levels were higher in LD fish than in the HD group at the beginning of the experiment but were similar after 14 d confinement and responses to handling were similar (e.g. 33 and 35 mg dL^?1 at 1 h). Plasma osmolality showed increases during the first 2 h after acute handling but no differences were evident between the two density treatments at any time during confinement or posthandling. Plasma chloride levels did not change throughout the experiment. The reduced plasma cortisol response to acute handling likely resulted from negative feedback of mildly but chronically elevated circulating cortisol caused by the confinement stressor on the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis. While other post‐handling physiological changes also showed differences between treatment groups, the suppressed cortisol response in the HD‐held fish suggests a reduction in the gilthead sea bream's normal capacity to respond to an acute stressor.