Sources,Rates and Time of Nitrogen Application on Maize Crops under No-Tillage System

Quantitatively, nitrogen (N) is the foremost nutrient for maize crops (Zea mays L.), but the N source to increase the grain productivity still needs more investigation. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to study sources, rates and time of N application on the crop yield and agronomic characteristics of the maize under no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons on an Oxisol under the factorial 5 × 3 × 3 scheme with five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1) and three sources (ammonium-sulfate-nitrate as inhibitor of the nitrification (ASN+I), ammonium sulfate (AS) and urea); we applied them two times with four replicates: first time at the sowing or later under side dressing when the plants had the six leaves stage. In the first year, the sources of N had no influence on the number of grain line /ear (NGLE), grain number/line (GNL), total number of grain/ear (TNFE), biomass of 100 grain, plant height (PH), height of the first ear insertion (AFEI) and stalk diameter, in contrast with the foliar N content and the crop yield. Early fertilization with N at the sowing time can afford applications as well as the total side dressing. The increase of the rates had positive influence on the N foliar content, plant height and 100 grains biomass. The highest productivities were found with rates above the threshold of 150 kg ha^?1, no matter the sources and the fertilization time.     

Effects of Molybdenum,Nickel, and Nitrogen Sources on the Mineral Nutrition and Growth of Rice Plants

Upland rice plants, cultivar ‘IAC 202,’ were grown in nutrient solution until full tillering. Treatments consisted of ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea (UR) as nitrogen (N) source plus molybdenum (Mo) and/or nickel (Ni): AN + Mo + Ni, AN + Mo ? Ni, AN ? Mo + Ni, UR + Mo + Ni, UR + Mo ? Ni, and UR ? Mo + Ni. The experiment was carried out to better understand the effect of these treatments on dry‐matter yield, chlorophyll, net photosynthesis rate, nitrate (NO₃ ^?‐N), total N, in vitro activities of urease and nitrate reductase (NR), and Mo and Ni concentrations. In UR‐grown plants, Mo and Ni addition increased yield of dry matter. Regardless of the N source, chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthesis rate were reduced when Mo or Ni were omitted, although not always significantly. The omission of either Mo or Ni led to a decrease in urease activity, independent of N source. Nitrate reductase activity increased in nutrient solutions without Mo, although NO₃ ^?‐N increased. There was not a consistent variation in total N concentration. Molybdenum and Ni concentration in roots and shoots were influenced by their supply in the nutrient solution. Molybdenum concentration was not influenced by N sources, whereas Ni content in both root and shoots was greater in ammonium nitrate–grown plants. In conclusion, it can be hypothesized that there is a relationship between Mo and Ni acting on photosynthesis, although is an indirect one. This is the first evidence for a beneficial effect of Mo and Ni interaction on plant growth.     

Marandu Palisadegrass Mineral Nutrition and Production Related to Nitrogen and Potassium Supply

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilization play a key role in forage crops and can significantly increase yields of ‘Marandu’ palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. exA. Rich.) Stapf.], one of the most important forage crops in Brazil. This study aimed to identify the concentrations of total N and K, nitrate (NO₃^?), and ammonium (NH₄⁺), chlorophyll meter readings (SPAD), and nitrate reductase activity (At-RNA) required to maximize yield. Plants were grown in quartz substrate and treated with nutrient solutions that ranged from 2 to 33 mmol L^?1 for N and 0.5 to 11 mmol L^?1 for K. Dry matter production and At-RNA increased with increasing N and K supplies. SPAD readings correlated strongly with N leaf concentration and dry matter production and can be used to assess the N status of this species. The supply of N and K in the fertilization promoted high yield and adequate N and K concentration for plant metabolism.     

春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮对施氮的响应

为了提高氮肥增产效益,减少对环境的污染,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮的影响。结果表明,施氮量较低时,春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加显著增加,当施氮量高于180 kg·hm-2时,产量保持不变或有减少趋势。氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮素偏生产力和氮收获指数均随着施氮量增加显著降低,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥生理利用率均先增加后降低。从苗期到收获期,施氮处理0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈现"上升—下降—上升—下降—稳定"的变化趋势,而60~120 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势。随着土层加深,土壤硝态氮含量呈波浪式下降,施氮量240 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2处理在60~100 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量增加,0~120 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著增加,当施氮量超过240kg·hm-2时,土层中累积的硝态氮存在着较大的淋溶风险。综合考虑产量、氮肥效率和环境效应,179~209 kg N·hm-2是本试验条件下春玉米的合理施氮量。     

Effects of Nitrogen Source on Growth and Development of Strawberry Plants

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) and ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) ratios in nutrient solutions on the growth and production of fruits, runners, and daughter plants of strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch., grown in a hydroponic system. Five treatments were applied, consisting of different proportions of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? in the nutrient solution. The NH₄ ⁺:NO₃ ^? ratios were: T0 = 0:4, T1 = 1:3, T2 = 2:2, T3 = 3:1, and T4 = 4:0, at a constant nitrogen (N) concentration of 4 mol m^?3. Growth and morphogenesis were characterized by monitoring leaf-area increase, number of flowers and fruits per plant, and number of daughter plants of first and second generations. Nitrogen and carbon (C) content were measured at the end of the experiment in the organs of both mother and daughter plants. None of the variables related to the growth of the mother plant was affected by the treatments. However, the number of fruits increased with the proportion of NH₄ ⁺ in the nutrient solution. The number of daughter plants produced was affected only at high NH₄ ⁺ proportions, and their size (dry matter per daughter plant) and fertility (number of second-generation plants per first-generation plants) were reduced. The N or C content of the plants was not significantly affected by the treatments, but the C/N ratio in the crowns of mother plants was higher in treatments with 25% and 50% NH₄ ⁺ in the nutrient solution.     

水耕年限对麦季土壤水—氮动态与小麦产量的影响

为揭示水耕年限对小麦生产的影响,在江汉平原选取了3种水耕年限（2年、18年、>100年）稻—麦轮作农田,采集了小麦各生育期的土壤样品与成熟期的小麦植株样品,测定了土壤水分、硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量和小麦产量等指标,分析了土壤剖面水—氮动态分布与积累特征,及其对小麦产量的影响程度与机制。结果表明：（1）随水耕年限延长,土壤水分和氮素含量显著增加。水耕2年、18年和100年农田的0—100 cm深度剖面平均体积含水量分别为0.36,0.39,0.42 cm³/cm³。硝态氮和铵态氮在0—20 cm土层富集,水耕2年、18年和100年农田0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量分别为12.26,12.74,14.88 mg/kg,铵态氮含量分别为6.01,8.33,11.69 mg/kg。（2）小麦产量随着水耕年限的增加而降低,水耕2年、18年和100年农田小麦产量分别为4 068,3 080,2 469 kg/hm²,主要表现为降低小麦的有效穗数和单株穗粒数。（3）长年耕作稻田形成的犁底层造成耕作层土壤水分滞留,进而导致小麦产量降低,而氮素含量差异未显著影响小麦产量,需要通过改善农田排水状况以降低长水耕年限农田的小麦渍害风险。     

Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Soil Available Nitrogen During Crop Growth Stages on Mollisol Slopes of Northeast China

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of soil available nitrogen (AN) (sum of NO₃⁻–N and NH₄⁺–N) is the essential basis for soil management and highly correlates to crop yield. Both geostatistical and traditional analyses were used to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of AN in the 0–20‐cm soil depth on typical Mollisol slopes (S1 and S2) in Northeast China. The concentration of NO₃⁻–N dynamics at slope positions was typically opposite to NH₄⁺–N. The peak values of AN typically moved from the summit of the slope to the bottom from spring to autumn and were mainly influenced by the content of NO₃⁻–N (S1, 7·9–18·9 mg kg⁻¹; S2, 1·2–103·6 mg kg⁻¹), both of NO₃⁻–N (S1, 3·9–8·3 mg kg⁻¹; S2, 2·2–28·0 mg kg⁻¹) and NH₄⁺–N (S1, 21·4–30·5 mg kg⁻¹; S2, 2·1–23·3 mg kg⁻¹), and NH₄⁺–N (S1, 10·5–28·9 mg kg⁻¹; S2, 5·0–39·0 mg kg⁻¹) in the seedling stage, vegetative growth stage, and reproductive growth stage, respectively. The spatial autocorrelation of AN was strong and was mainly influenced by structural factors during crop growth stages. This was mainly determined by soil erosion–deposition (SED) and soil temperature–moisture (STM) in the seedling stage; this was also mainly influenced by SED, STM, crop type, and crop growth in the vegetative growth stage and by early STM and early SED in the reproductive growth stage. Generally, the content of AN, NO₃⁻–N, and NH₄⁺–N on the whole slope was mainly determined by the early SED and local fertilizer application, while their spatiotemporal heterogeneity, especially the evenness, was mainly changed by SED, STM, crop growth, and crop types on the slope scale. In order to increase more crop yields, additional N fertilizer application on both the summit and the bottom during the vegetative growth stage and conservation tillage systems or additional soil amendments on the back slopes was necessary. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nitrogen Uptake,Leaf Nitrogen Concentration,and Growth of Saskatoons in Response to Soil Nitrogen Fertility

ABSTRACT

Nutrient requirements of the saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia: Rosaceae), a relatively new horticultural crop on the Canadian prairies, are unknown. In this study, two-year old saskatoon plants of the cultivar ‘Smoky’ were grown in a greenhouse in pots under four different soil nitrogen (N) regimes (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg N L^?1). Half the plants were harvested after one growing season. After a five-month period of dormancy, the remaining plants were grown for a second growing season under the same soil N regimes. At harvest, plant growth, dry weight biomass, and leaf N concentration were measured, and soil N uptake was calculated. In both years, leaf N concentration and plant N uptake were strongly positively correlated (first year r = 0.93; second year r = 0.95) and increased linearly with an increase in soil N. Stem diameter and new shoot growth increased in both years of the study in response to additional N. The soil N treatments had no significant effect on plant biomass during the first growing season. In the second year, stem, root, total shoot and total plant biomass increased with increasing soil N.     

Soybean Growth Response to Low Rates of Nitrogen Applied at Planting in the Northern Great Plains

ABSTRACT

Cool and wet soils at the time of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] planting in the northern Great Plains may reduce early crop growth and retard nitrogen (N) fixation. Application of N as starter fertilizer may increase initial growth of soybean, but may also negatively impact N fixation when environmental conditions improve. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of low rates of N applied at planting on soybean N fixation and crop growth in the northern Great Plains. A field experiment (2000–2002) was established within a two-year corn [Zea mays (L.)] soybean rotation using a split-plot design with four replications. Whole plots were no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and the split plots were starter fertilizer (two sources × four rates) treatments. Nitrogen sources were either ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea (UR) each applied at 0, 8, 16, and 24 kg N ha^?1. Biomass in both 2000 and 2001 growing seasons increased significantly with increasing N rate at both growth stages (R1 and R7) and at the R1 stage in 2002. Ureide concentration and relative ureide decreased with increasing N rate at the R1 stage in all years, indicating a decrease in N fixation up to that point in crop development. This decrease in N fixation was not present at the R7 stage, but the significant increase in plant growth including yield was still present, indicating possibly that starter fertilizer can positively impact soybean production in the cool environmental conditions of the northern Great Plains. However, the positive impact on plant growth and yield is dependent on in-season environmental conditions and time of planting.     

不同氮素添加对不同土地利用方式黑土氮素转化特征的影响

以吉林省典型黑土区的玉米、果树、森林、水稻和菜地土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养法研究氮素在不同土地利用方式黑土中的形态转化特征。结果表明:施加氮肥使不同土地利用方式黑土的铵态氮和硝态氮含量均有不同程度的提高,其中铵态氮含量差异不显著,硝态氮含量差异显著。对于施加尿素的处理而言,S2(129.82 mg/kg)和C2(138.01 mg/kg)硝态氮含量显著高于G2(111.89 mg/kg)和D2(105.35 mg/kg),且Y2(126.92 mg/kg)显著高于D2。对于施加磷酸二铵的处理而言,各土壤硝态氮含量由大到小的顺序为C3(160.23 mg/kg)>Y3(150.00 mg/kg)>S3(140.12 mg/kg)>G3(133.45 mg/kg)>D3(126.70 mg/kg),且C3和Y3显著高于G3和D3。土壤净矿化速率和净硝化速率分别与土壤C/N,土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮呈显著负相关。整个培养期间,Y、G、C和D土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。Y、G和D土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S和C土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。土壤理化性质对黑土氮素转化特征有重要影响。     

低pH影响大豆和菜豆对氮素形态的响应

通过室内水培试验，模拟了植株生长的缺氮、纯铵、纯硝3个不同氮素营养环境，研究了两种豆科作物（大豆和菜豆）幼苗生长对氮素及氮素形态的响应，同时对溶液pH进行了实时监测；在单一供铵的基础上，研究了在不同pH（pH 4.5，pH 6.5）下两种豆科作物对铵态氮的响应特征，并利用实时定量PCR技术，探究了植株体内的铵转运蛋白（AMT）基因对pH的响应规律；通过构建系统进化树、关键位点序列比对，对不同物种的AMT蛋白进行了生物信息学分析。研究结果表明：与缺氮处理相比，纯硝处理显著增加了大豆和菜豆的生物量，尤其是根系生物量，而纯铵处理下无显著变化；但是纯铵与纯硝处理下植株体内的氮积累量基本相同，且发现纯铵处理下溶液pH显著下降。通过控制纯铵处理的溶液pH，我们发现相比于pH 6.5，pH 4.5显著降低了两种豆科作物的生物量。进一步研究了大豆体内的主要铵转运蛋白基因的表达情况，结果显示相比于pH 6.5，pH 4.5显著降低了大多数铵转运蛋白基因的表达量；生物信息学分析表明，大豆和菜豆的AMT在亲缘关系上高度相近，而与喜铵作物水稻的亲缘关系较远。本研究表明大豆和菜豆对铵态氮的吸收会导致根际环境酸化，从而限制植株生长，这为田间提高豆科作物的氮素营养提供了一个视角。     

旱地作物碳素同化作用对氮素营养的响应

氮素营养与碳素同化作用间的相互关系是农学和生态学共同关注的研究热点之一.随着研究手段的改进,近年来对这一问题的研究有了较大的进展.结合自己的研究结果,就氮素营养对旱地作物碳素同化的各个生理过程的调控作用进行了简要评述.     

Nitrogen Source and Concentration Affect Growth and Performance of Bedding-Plant Impatiens

ABSTRACT

Impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook. f.) is the most important annual bedding plant in the United States, based on wholesale dollar volume. Production of high-quality plants requires optimization of the nutrition regimen during growth, especially the total nitrogen (N) concentration and the ratio of N sources. The objective was to determine the N concentration and the nitrate (NO₃ ^??N):ammonium (NH₄ ⁺?N) ratio of N source that optimized bedding-plant impatiens growth and flower development. Four N concentrations (3.5, 7, 10.5, and 14 mmol N · L^?1) were used in factorial combination with four ratios of NO₃ ^??N:NH₄ ⁺?N (4:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3). Application of treatments was made for 30 d. Then for 10 d only deionized water was applied to reduce salt buildup. Substrate pH was lowest (4.9) with the NH₄ ⁺?N source and electrical conductivity (EC) highest, but never > 2.4 dS m^?1. Nitrogen concentration and N source displayed an interaction for most growth parameters. Shoot fresh and dry weights and flower bud number were maximized at the 1:3 NO₃ ^??N:NH₄ ⁺?N ratio with a N concentration of 10.5 mmol L^?1. However, plant diameter, leaf number, and leaf chlorophyll content responded quadratically to N form ratio, with the 1:1 ratio optimum at a concentration of 10.5 mmol N· L^?1.     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长及氮素利用的影响

以宁麦9号为材料,研究施氮量及氮肥基追比例对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长、植株氮素积累量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,拔节前0-60cm土层硝态氮含量随基施氮量的增加而显著增加,随生育进程的推进各处理硝态氮显著向下层土壤淋洗;拔节期追施氮肥显著提高了孕穗期0-40cm土层硝态氮含量,且随追施氮量的增加而显著增加,N300和N3/7处理硝态氮显著向40-60cm土层淋洗。根系主要生长于0-20cm土层,拔节前各土层根长密度均随基施氮量的增加而增加,拔节后则随施氮量增加和适当的追肥比例而增加。各施氮处理均以拔节至开花期为小麦氮素积累高峰期。适宜增加施氮量并适当提高追肥比例,有利于提高产量、植株氮素积累量和氮素利用效率。因此,在小麦生产中,适当降低施氮量并提高拔节期追肥比例有利于促进小麦根系生长和植株氮素积累,进而提高小麦产量并减少硝态氮淋洗损失。     

Nitrogen Sources and Rates Effect on Yield,Nutritional Status,and Yield Components of Sunflower

Due to the high levels of crude protein in the achene, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the main oilseeds grown worldwide, particularly for the oil and meal production for animal feed. Despite these advantages, there are few studies on nutrient use efficiency under tropical conditions, especially nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of N sources and rates on sunflower achene yield (AY), yield and physiological components, and nutritional status of sunflower. The five N sources (calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), ammonium nitrate (NO₃NH₄), ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), and urea (CO(NH₂)₂)), and four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg^?1) were studied. AY was reduced with the ammonia sources application from the 100 mg N kg^?1. Plant height and capitulum dry weight (CDW), capitulum diameter, shoot dry weight (SDW), and chlorophyll content were significantly related with N sources and rates. Except for potassium (K), the N rates changed the N, P, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and N concentration in achene. In the comparison of sources, on the average of N rates, urea application was more effective than the other N fertilizers in the AY.     

Response of Lima Bean to Inorganic Nitrogen and Broiler Manure Sources and Rates

Abstract

Applying animal manure to crops is a good disposal practice that also recycles nutrients. A 2‐year study was conducted involving lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and two N sources, ammonium nitrate (AN, 340 g N kg^?1), and broiler chicken manure (BM, 10 g N kg^?1). The sources were tested at five N rates (0, 67, 135, 202, and 269 kg N ha^?1) in a split‐plot design with N source as the main plot and N rate as the subplot. Treatments were replicated three times in 2000 and four times in 2001. Leaf tissue (early flowering stage) was analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). Although most nutrients were within or above the sufficiency range, K and Cu limited crop production for all treatments. There was no difference between N sources for fresh pod yields. The highest fresh pod yield occurred at 213 kg N ha^?1, but the critical point was obtained with 100 kg N ha^?1, a rate agreeing with current University of Florida recommendations.     

氮素形态, 光合作用, 光呼吸

Under high light conditions, ammonium nutrition has a negative effect on plant growth. This suggests that the adverse effects of ammonium nutrition on plant growth may be related to carbon gain, photosynthesis, and photorespiration. However, there is no consistent evidence of a specific mechanism that could explain the plant growth reduction under ammonium supply. It is generally accepted that during the light reaction, a surplus of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate （NADPH） is produced, which is not completely used during the assimilation of CO2, Nitrate reduc- tion in the leaf represents an additional sink for NADPH that is not available to ammonium-grown plants. Nitrate and ammonium nutrition may use different pathways for NADPH consumption, which leads to differences in photosynthesis and photorespiration. The morphological （i.e., cell size, mesophyll thickness, and chloroplast volume） and enzymic （i.e., ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco）, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPCase）, and glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthetase （GS/GOGAT）） differences that develop when plants are treated with either nitrate or ammonium nitrogen forms are related to photosynthesis and photorespiration. The differences in photorespiration rate for plants treated with nitrate or ammonium are related to the conversion of citrate to 2-oxoglutarate （2-OG） and photorespiratory CO2 refixation.     

减量控释氮肥对大棚甜椒产量及土壤硝态氮、铵态氮分布的影响

采用田间试验方法研究不同控释氮肥施用量对大棚甜椒生长及硝态氮、铵态氮含量分布的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥处理对大棚甜椒的产量、肥料利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力较常规施肥有不同程度的提高,以RF30处理最佳。各施肥处理均显著增加了土壤全氮、甜椒Vc、可溶性糖、硝酸盐的含量,降低了可滴定酸的含量。施肥处理显著增加了0-60cm土层硝态氮含量,满足了甜椒在不同时期对氮素的需求。控释氮肥处理0-60cm土层铵态氮含量差异不大,常规施肥铵态氮含量明显下降。综合考虑在农民习惯性施肥基础上施用70%控释氮肥可以保证较高的产量和较好的果实品质。     

植物生长调节剂对赤豆鼓粒期光合特性及氮代谢的影响

为探讨植物生长调节剂对赤豆(Vigna angularis)鼓粒期叶片光合特性及氮代谢的影响,进一步挖掘调节剂增产的作用机理,于2018和2019年进行田间试验,以龙垦2号赤豆为试验材料,在初花期叶面喷施浓度均为50 mg·L^-1的促进型调节剂2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯(DTA-6)和延缓型调节剂烯效唑(S3307),以喷施清水为对照(CK),研究植物生长调节剂对赤豆鼓粒期植株形态、光合参数、氮代谢相关指标以及产量的调控效应。结果表明,DTA-6和S3307增加了赤豆鼓粒期的单株干物质积累量。DTA-6处理的叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、蒸腾速率均优于S3307处理,DTA-6显著提高了可溶性糖含量,同时增加了赤豆株高;而S3307处理的叶片净光合速率显著高于DTA-6。两调节剂处理的叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性也显著提高,施用S3307显著提高了叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,且对GDH活性的促进效果显著高于DTA-6处理。两调节剂均提高了赤豆叶片硝态氮含量和氮素积累量。DTA-6和S3307可不同程度地调控赤豆的产量构成因素,S3307主要促进花荚数增多,DTA-6主要提高单株粒数和单株粒重。综上,DTA-6和S3307通过提高赤豆鼓粒期叶片光合作用水平,可有效调控叶片氮代谢能力,进而促进赤豆的生长发育,显著提高产量。本研究结果为化控技术在农业生产上的推广应用提供了科学依据。     

尿素与有机肥配施对棕红壤氮素转化的影响

为了解析尿素配施有机肥对土壤氮库活动的影响,通过室内恒温培养试验研究尿素(225kg N·hm~(-2))分别与低量(30 t·hm~(-2))、中量(60 t·hm~(-2))及高量(120、150 t·hm~(-2))有机肥配施条件下棕红壤有机氮库、无机氮库的动态变化。结果表明,配施有机肥土壤的有机氮含量较单施尿素增加16.3%~85.6%。中、高量配施显著提高土壤氮素矿化速率(p0.05),加剧无机氮转化强度,与单施尿素相比,无机氮最大矿化量增加52.9~246.0 mg·kg~(-1),有效矿化持续时间延长5 d,转化量增大2.3倍~8.7倍;配施有机肥提高土壤氨化强度,加快铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)转化速率。与单施尿素相比,配施有机肥处理NH_4~+-N含量峰值增加2.6~42.6 mg·kg~(-1),平均氨化速率提高7.8 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),转化速率增加1.4倍~8.8倍。一定量配施有机肥(30~120 t·hm~(-2))对土壤的硝化过程无显著影响,但过高量配施有机肥(150 t·hm~(-2)),强化土壤硝化作用,硝化速率较单施尿素提高4.2倍,引起土壤硝态氮(NO-3-N)大量累积。氮素表观平衡结果表明,中、高量配施有机肥显著增加培养体系氮素表观损失,60、90和120 t·hm~(-2)处理氮素损失量分别较单施尿素增加2.2倍、2.8倍和2.3倍,占总输入氮的27.5%~34.5%,其中,NH_4~+-N转化损失是体系氮表观损失的主要途径。本研究结果为棕红壤合理培肥提供了理论依据。