玉米和不同蔬菜间套模式对重金属Pb、Cu、Cd累积的影响研究

通过田间小区试验,研究了玉米、青花、白菜和油毛菜间作及套作马铃薯、豌豆和西葫芦对重金属Cd、Pb、Cu累积含量的影响。结果表明,玉米与油毛菜间作与单作相比较,玉米中Cd含量显著下降了72.9%,油毛菜中Cu含量显著下降了49.8%,套作西葫芦时Pb含量显著下降了56.8%;间套作条件下,显著降低了重金属Cd、Pb、Cu在玉米和蔬菜可食部分的累积含量,与单作相比平均下降了30%、37.9%和28.6%。玉米和不同蔬菜间套模式是抑制作物可食部分吸收累积重金属Pb、Cu、Cd含量的有效措施。     

Soil affects on the cadmium and zinc contents of Chinese cabbage in Yunnan Province,China

Chinese cabbage and surface soil samples (0–20 cm) from a periurban market garden in Yunnan Province (P.R. China) were collected to determine variations of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) contents in Chinese cabbage and the influence of soil factors. Mean Cd content was 0.49 mg kg^?1 dry materials (DM) in Chinese cabbage, ranging between 0.23 and 1.34 mg kg^?1 DM (n = 21 samples). Mean Zn content was 51.2 mg kg^?1 DM, ranging from 34.9 to 157.5 mg kg^?1 DM (n = 21 samples). The soil factors best predicting Chinese cabbage Cd and Zn contents were total and available Cd and Zn contents and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Soil samples and corresponding Chinese cabbage samples were divided into two groups: soils with low pH (<6.5, n = 10) and soils with high pH (>6.5, n = 11). Positive correlation between CEC with pH > 6.5 and Cd and Zn contents in Chinese cabbage were observed. Available trace element contents and CEC explained 77% and 69% of variation of Cd and Zn contents in Chinese cabbage, respectively. AEC (enrichment coefficient related to trace element availability) and BCF (bioaccumulation factors) could be used to understand Cd and Zn accumulation in Chinese cabbage.     

兰州土壤-蔬菜系统铅污染特征及全钾速效钾与pH对其富集特性影响

通过野外调查取样与实验测定相结合的方法,对兰州市农业生态系统土壤-蔬菜体系49个样点进行研究,分析探讨了研究区蔬菜与土壤的铅污染水平以及蔬菜铅富集效应特性。结果表明：①蔬菜种植地土壤铅平均含量为26.30 mg.kg-1,合格率为93.62%,在不同县区存在显著差异,其大小顺序为红古区〉榆中县〉永登县;②蔬菜铅平均含量为0.59 mg.kg-1,合格率为60.78%,在不同县区存在显著差异,其大小顺序为永登县〉榆中县〉红古区;③蔬菜铅富集系数为（1.69±2.99）%,永登县蔬菜的铅富集能力显著高于榆中县和红古区,不同种类蔬菜铅富集能力在不同县区具有差异性;④土壤全钾除与白菜和甘蓝有正相关性以外,与其他蔬菜均为负相关性,其中与白菜、番茄、土豆显著相关,与胡萝卜为极显著相关;⑤土壤速效钾与各种蔬菜的铅富集能力均为正相关性,其中与胡萝卜、甜菜、甘蓝为显著正相关,与番茄、土豆、菜花为极显著正相关;⑥土壤pH值与胡萝卜、甜菜铅富集系数呈显著负相关,与菜花呈极显著负相关。研究表明,兰州市不同蔬菜产区的各类蔬菜对土壤铅的富集具有明显的差异性,同时不同形态的钾元素及土壤pH值对蔬菜铅富集能力具有显著的影响。     

Cadmium Uptake and Distribution by Different Maize Genotypes in Maturing Stage

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different cadmium (Cd) concentrations of phaeozem on growth and uptake of Cd and mineral nutrient copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) by three maize genotypes in the mature stage. The results showed that the dry‐matter accumulation of shoots was inhibited by added Cd for Jidan209 and Jitian6, but this did not influence Chunyou30. The root biomasses decreased significantly for Jitian6 and stimulated Jidan209 and Chunyou30. Yields of three genotypes of maize were decreased by increasing soil Cd concentrations. Among them, Chunyou30 had a high tolerance and Jitian6 was most sensitive to Cd. The accumulation order of Cd in different parts of plants was root > leaf > stem > grain. The percentage of absorbed Cd by roots was 70–85% of total absorbed amount. Cadmium uptake by maize in the mature stage had a significant genetic variation: Jitian6 > Jidan209 > Chunyou30 for root, stem and leaf, and Jidan209 > Jitian6 > Chunyou30 for grain, respectively. Increase of soil Cd had no significant effect on Zn concentration of leaves, but there was a significant genetic variation: Chunyou30 > Jidan209 > Jitian6 (P=0.023). Cu concentration of leaves was increased significantly with increase of soil Cd (P<0.01), but no genetic variation was observed.     

Heavy metals in the soil–plant system of the Don River estuarine region and the Taganrog Bay coast

Purpose

The aim of this work was to study the level and degree of mobility of heavy metals in the soil–plant system and to perform bioindication observations in the Don River estuarine region and the Russian sector of the Taganrog Bay coast.

Materials and methods

The objects of the study included samples of zonal soils (chernozem) and intrazonal soils (alluvial meadow and alluvial-stratified soils, Solonchak, sandy primitive soil) from monitoring stations of the Don river estuarine region and the Taganrog Bay coast, as well as their higher plants: Phragmites australis Cav., Typha angustifolia L., Carex riparia Curtis, Cichorium intybus L., Bolboschoenus maritimus L. Palla, and Rumex confertus Willd. The total concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr in the soils were determined by X-ray fluorescent scanning spectrometer. The concentration of heavy metal mobile forms exchangeable, complex compounds, and acid-soluble metal were extracted using the following reagents: 1 N NH₄Ac, pH 4.8; 1 % EDTA in NH₄Ac, pH 4.8; 1 N HCl, respectively. Heavy metals in plants were prepared for analysis by dry combustion at 450 °C. The heavy metal concentration in extracts from plants and soils was determined by AAS.

Results and discussion

The total contents of heavy metals in the soil may be described with a successively decreasing series: Mn?>?Cr?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Cu?>?Pb?>?As?>?Cd. The total concentrations of As, Cd, and Zn in the soil exceed the maximum permissible concentrations levels. Contamination of alluvial soils in the estuarine zone with mobile Сu, Zn, Pb, and Cd has been revealed, which is confirmed by the high bioavailability of Cu and Zn and, to a lesser degree, Cd and Pb accumulating in the tissues of macrophytic plants. Data on the translocation of elements to plant organs have showed their predominant accumulation in the roots. Bioindication by the morphofunctional parameters of macrophytic plants (with a Typha L. species as an example) can be used for revealing the existence of impact zones with elevated contents of metals in aquatic ecosystems.

Conclusions

The results revealed that increased content of Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, and As in soil have anthropogenic sources. The high content of Cr in the soils is related to the lithogenic factor and, hence, has a natural source.

     

Effect of Cd,Ni, Pb and Zn on growth and chemical composition of onion and fenugreek

Abstract

Onion (Allium cepa) and fenugreek (Trigonella poenum‐graceum) growth was measured in glasshouse on a slightly alkaline clay‐loam soil from Northern India. Cadmium, Ni, Pb and Zn were applied at the rate of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of soil. The fresh and dry weights of onion and fenugreek were drastically reduced even at the 50 mg/kg soil addition of Cd and decreased further at higher applied levels. There was a slight decrease in the yield of both of the vegetables at 50 mg Ni/kg soil but at 100 mg Ni/kg soil and above yield decrease was significant. No growth was observed at 400 mg Ni/kg soil. The application of 50 mg Zn/kg soil slightly increased the yield of both of the vegetables, but the yield decreased at higher levels of applied Zn and more so for fenugreek. The threshold concentration, toxicity index and loading rate to produce ten percent yield reduction were also calculated. These values suggested that the toxicity of heavy metals varied with crop species. The concentrations of the elements in onion bulb and fenugreek root and leaves increased linearally with increasing levels of applied elements. The uptake of Zn was highest, followed by Cd, Ni and then Pb. The roots accumulated higher amounts of these elements than the leaves. Tissue concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn associated with ten percent yield reduction for onion were 6, 3.2, 8 and 75 ppm, respectively, and for fenugreek, the concentrations were 1.5, 7.8, 11.5 and 54.5 ppm, respectively. In general, phytotoxicities were found to be in the order: Cd > Ni > Pb > Zn. The DTPA extractable elements in soil, after the harvest of crops, increased with increasing levels of applied elements in soil.     

福建铁观音茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的环境质量现状分析

为了解福建省铁观音茶园土壤中主要污染元素的含量状况及其对茶叶生产的影响, 采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法研究了福建省铁观音茶主产地安溪、华安和永春县150 个茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的含量, 并进行了环境质量现状评价。结果表明, 所有土壤的镉、铅、氟含量, 97%以上土壤的铬、砷、汞含量均低于茶叶产地环境技术条件(NY/T 853—2004)中相应的限量; 92%以上土壤的镉、铬、砷、汞含量和70%以上土壤的铅含量低于有机茶产地环境条件(NY 5199—2002)中相应的限量。变质岩发育的土壤镉和氟含量较高, 砂岩类发育的土壤铬含量较高, 流纹质凝灰岩类发育的土壤铅含量较高, 流纹岩类发育的土壤砷含量较高, 闪长岩类发育的土壤汞和铜含量较高; 水稻土改种的茶园土壤镉、铅和汞含量较高, 铬和砷含量较低; 赤红壤发育的土壤中铅含量较高, 黄壤发育的土壤中铬和砷含量较高, 红壤发育的土壤中铜含量较高。就所研究的元素而言, 大部分供试茶园土壤是清洁和安全的。     

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Grown in Sewage Sludge–Amended Soil

The assessment of heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in sewage sludge–amended soil was investigated. The results revealed that sewage sludge significantly (P < 0.01) increased the nutrients and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the soil. The contents of metals were found to be below the maximum levels permitted for soils in India. The most agronomic performance and biochemical components of S. oleracea were found at 50% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn in S. oleracea were increased from 5% to 100% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The order of contamination factor (Cf) of different heavy metals was Mn > Cd > Cr > Zn > Cu for soil and Cr > Cd > Mn > Zn > Cu for S. oleracea plants after application of sewage sludge. Therefore, use of sewage sludge increased concentrations of heavy metals in soil and S. oleracea.     

Prediction of available heavy metals by six chemical extractants in a sewage sludge‐amended soil

Abstract

In a field experiment conducted during three years in a sandy‐loam, calcareous soil, one aerobically digested sewage sludge (ASL) and another anaerobically digested sewage sludge (ANSL) were applied at rates of 400, 800, and 1,200 kg N/ha/year, and compared with mineral nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 200, 400, and 600 kg N/ha/year in a cropping sequence of potato‐corn, potato‐lettuce, and potato, the first, second, and third year, respectively. Results showed that the highest values of soil extractable metals were obtained with aqua regia, whereas the lowest levels with DTPA. All metal (Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr) gave significant correlations between metal extracted with the different extractants and metal loading applied with the sludges. The metal extractable ion increased over the control for Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr extracted with DTPA, EDTA (pH 8.6) and 0.1 N HC1, for Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr extracted with EDTA (pH 4.65) and AB‐DTPA, and for Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr extracted with aqua regia. The level of metal‐DTPA extractable resulted highly correlated with that obtained by the other methods, except the Ni‐aqua regia extractable. The soil extractable elements which showed significant correlations with metals in plant were: Zn, Cu, Cd, and Ni in potato leaves, Cd, Ni, and Pb in corn grain, and Zn and Cd for lettuce wrapper leaves. In general, all the chelate based extractants (DTPA, EDTA pH 4.6, EDTA pH 8.6, AB‐DTPA) were equally useful as indicator of plant available metals in the soil amended with sludge.     

Contamination of Soil and Plants with Potentially Toxic Elements Irrigated with Mixed Industrial Effluent and its Impact on the Environment

For productive utilisation of effluent–contaminated agricultural land, mobilisation and statistical analysis of potentially toxic elements in soil and plants of fields irrigated with mixedindustrial effluent have been undertaken. Total Fe,Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cr have been estimated in soiland plant species of contaminated and noncontaminatedsites. 18 plants species and 18 root adjacent soilsamples from contaminated Kalipur area and 11 plantsspecies and 11 root adjacent soil samples fromuncontaminated Madhabpur area comprising majorcrops, vegetables and weeds have been included in thestudy. It is revealed that Hibiscusesculentus, Lycopersicon esculentum and Luffa acutangula growing in effluent–contaminated field show mobilisation ratio <0.5 for most of the PTE (Potentially Toxic Elements) likeCu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd and normal morphology.Surprisingly, weeds in particular, show highmobilization ratio >0.5 and simultaneously exhibithealthy gigantic morphology at the early floweringstage. Coriandrum sativum, Raphhanussativus, Solanum melongena, Spinaceaoleracea, Oryza sativum, Brassica oleraceashowed mobilization ratio >0.5 butmaintained normal growth. Based on mobilization ratioand external morphology, we suggest the cultivation ofplants H. esculentus, L. acutangula, L. esculentum in land irrigated with industrial effluent. The highest andsecond highest enrichment factor (EF_pp)was found for Cd and Pb, respectively. Pearson'scorrelation coefficient indicated that the metal levelin soil is not the main factor governing metaluptake. This study will help in selecting plantspecies for cultivation in contaminated fields.     

贵州草海湿地周边耕地土壤与农作物重金属污染特征

采集草海湿地周边主要农作物可食部分及对应根系的土壤样品,分析测试了重金属Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,As和Zn的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中重金属污染水平及对重金属的富集能力。结果表明:土壤重金属元素Zn,As,Cr平均含量未超过贵州省土壤元素背景值,其他3种重金属Pb,Cd,Hg平均值分别是背景值的1.24,1.44,7.5倍;与中国《食品中污染物限量》标准相比,除Hg平均含量超标外,蔬菜中As,Cr,Zn,Cd和Pb平均含量处在可接受范围内。6种重金属的单因子污染指数的高低依次是Hg > Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Zn,葱和萝卜处于安全水平,其余农作物处于警戒线;不同种类作物中重金属富集特征差异较大,菠菜对As,Cd,Hg,Pb的富集系数比其余作物高,萝卜叶对Cr和Zn的富集能力较强,重金属Cr富集系数最低的是玉米,Zn和Hg富集系数最低的是萝卜根,Cd和Pb富集系数最低为马铃薯,As富集能力最低的为白菜。     

Uranium in plant species grown on natural barren soil

Uranium (U) and other radionuclides can become toxic to plants, animals, and humans if accumulated in sufficient quantities. Uptake and accumulation of U has been studied in plants native to uranium mine sites, but not in cultivated plants which are commonly consumed by humans. This study was conducted to better understand uptake and accumulation of U in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), maize (Zea mays), onion (Allium cepa), potato (Solanum tuberosum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) grown on a deposit of the Kalna‐Gabrovnica uranium mine located in Serbia during 1992 and 1993. Tissue samples were collected from all plants during vegetative growth and for maize and sunflower at maturity. The results showed variations in plant uptake and accumulation of U dependent on species; vegetables had higher U concentration than maize and sunflower. Above‐ground portions of plants accumulated more U than storage organs or seed/grain, and the concentration of U in the investigated organs was different. Older leaves accumulated more U than younger leaves. This indicated that uptake and translocation of U was plant species dependent. Plant species could be important for understanding U contamination within the food chain.     

Relationships between Cd concentrations in different vegetables and those in arable soils,and food safety evaluation of vegetables in Taiwan

Abstract

The cadmium (Cd) accumulation capacity of various vegetables and the relationship between Cd concentrations in edible parts of vegetables and those in soils were assessed by conducting field experiments at Cd-contaminated sites in northern and central Taiwan. In addition, to thoroughly assess Cd concentrations in vegetables and to understand the food safety of vegetables in Taiwan, 2257 paired vegetable and surface soil samples were collected from major vegetable production areas for Cd concentration analysis. According to the bioconcentration factors calculated, the Cd accumulation capacity varied considerably among the vegetable species tested, and the order of the five vegetables with the highest capacities is peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) > amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) > spinach (Spinacia oleraceae L.) > gynura (Gynura bicolor DC.) > okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.), whereas the order of the five vegetables with the lowest capacities is bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) < cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) < asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) < snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) < sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem.). We derived 29 soil–plant transfer models of Cd for individual vegetable species based on available pools of the Cd, manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) concentrations; soil pH; and cation exchange capacity (CEC). According to the derived models, the available Cd, Mn and Zn concentrations, and pH, served as the main factors affecting Cd concentrations in the edible parts of vegetables, whereas the CEC and available Cu and Fe concentrations are less important factors. The data of previous studies and those of this study from major vegetable production areas, including 30 vegetable crops, were used to evaluate the safety of vegetables in Taiwan. The results indicated that the percentage of vegetables with Cd concentrations exceeding the regulatory concentration was 0.54%; therefore, the food safety concern is low. However, 9.8, 1.0, 0.9 and 0.6% of amaranth, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group), Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Skeels.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.), respectively, had Cd concentrations in the edible parts exceeding the regulatory concentration. Particular attention should be paid when planning production areas for these vegetables. We recommend cultivating peanuts in fields with a soil Cd concentration < 0.33 mg kg^?1. The bioconcentration factors and soil–plant transfer models derived in this study might serve as assessment tools for planning farming areas for these vegetables.     

Heavy‐Metal Contamination of Soil and Vegetables in Wastewater‐Irrigated Agricultural Soil in a Suburban Area of Hanoi,Vietnam

The To Lich and Kim Nguu Rivers, laden with untreated waste from industrial sources, serve as sources of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purposes of this study were to identify the impact of wastewater irrigation on the level of heavy metals in the soils and vegetables and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Soil samples were collected from different distances from the canal. The average concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil were in the order zinc (Zn; 204 mg kg^?1) > copper (Cu; 196 mg kg^?1) > chromium (Cr; 175 mg kg^?1) > lead (Pb; 131 mg kg^?1) > nickel (Ni; 60 mg kg^?1) > cadmium (Cd; 4 mg kg^?1). The concentrations of all heavy metals in the study site were much greater than the background level in that area and exceeded the permissible levels of the Vietnamese standards for Cd, Cu, and Pb. The concentrations of Zn, Ni, and Pb in the surface soil decreased with distance from the canal. The results of selective sequential extraction indicated that dominant fractions were oxide, organic, and residual for Ni, Pb, and Zn; organic and oxide for Cr; oxide for Cd; and organic for Cu. Leaching tests for water and acid indicated that the ratio of leached metal concentration to total metal concentration in the soil decreased in the order of Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn and in the order of Cd > Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb for the ethylenediaminetetraaceitc acid (EDTA) treatment. The EDTA treatment gave greater leachability than other treatments for most metal types. By leaching with water and acid, all heavy metals were fully released from the exchangeable fraction, and some heavy metals were fully released from carbonate and oxide fractions. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the vegetables exceeded the Vietnamese standards. The transfer coefficients for the metals were in the order of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd = Cr > Pb.     

Translocation and accumulation of heavy metals in Ocimum basilicum L. plants grown in a mining-contaminated soil

Purpose

The evaluation of the ecotoxicity effects of some heavy metals on the plant growth and metal accumulation in Ocimum basilicum L. cultivated on unpolluted and polluted soils represented the objective of the present study.

Materials and methods

The basil aromatic herb was evaluated in a laboratory experiment using soil contaminated with Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, similar to the one from a mining area. The soils and different organs of the basil plants were analyzed, the total contents of the added elements being determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The ability of basil plants to accumulate metals from soil and to translocate them in their organs was evaluated by transfer coefficient, translocation factor, enrichment factor, and geo-accumulation index determinations.

Results and discussion

The basil plants grown in the metal-polluted soil showed stimulation effects comparing with the plants from the control soil. At the end of the exposure period, the plants had a visible increase of biomass and presented inflorescences and the leaves’ green pigment was intensified. The metals gathered differently in plant organs: Cd, Co, Cr, and Pb were accumulated in roots, while Cu, Ni, and Zn in flowers. Cr and Pb exceeded the toxic levels in roots. Also, the heavy metal intake depends on the plant development stages; thus, Cd, Cr, and Pb were accumulated more in mature plant leaves. The Cd and Pb contents were higher than the World Health Organization and European Commission permissible limits.

Conclusions

The experimental results revealed that the basil plants exposed to a mixture of heavy metals have the potential to reduce the metal mobility from soil to plants. Translocation process from roots to flowers and to leaves was observed for Cu, Ni, and Zn, emphasizing a competition between metals. The calculated bioaccumulation factors were insignificant, but Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded the legal limits in the mature plants, being restricted for human or animal consumption.

     

Plant Nutrition Aspects under Treated Wastewater Reuse Management

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in Agrinion, Greece, in 2009, using a Randomized Block Design. Treated Municipal Wastewater (TMWW) in five levels was applied to Brassica oleracea var. Capitata (cabbage) in four replications. The experiment aimed at investigating the effect of TMWW on: (a) the interrelationships of cabbage plant parts (roots, stems, leaves, and heads) heavy metal content, with the respective dry matter yield. (b) The relationship between each individual soil bioavailable diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA extractable) heavy metal, with the dry matter (dm) yield of the abovementioned cabbage plant parts. The heavy metals of cabbage plant parts dry matter were significantly related negatively and statistically with the respective dry matter yield. Similarly, the soil available DTPA-extractable heavy metals were generally negatively affecting the dry matter yield of roots, stems, leaves, and heads. Conversely, Co, Cr, and Cd were found to be positively associated with the dry matter yield increase of the aforementioned plant parts. This effect was indirect, probably being due to contribution in essential elements by the synergistic interactions of these heavy metals with plant nutrients, such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn.     

Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde: Schwermetallgehalt von Wurzel und Sproßorganen der Rebe (Vitis vinifera L.) nach Düngung mit Müll-Klärschlammkompost

Heavy metal content of roots and shoots of vines (Vitis vinifera L.) after fertilization with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni and Cr from garbage-sewage-sludge-compost in vineyard soils, vines and must was studied in field-and pot-experiments. The following results were obtained: 1. In a field experiment, in which garbage-sewage-sludge-compost was applied, a marked soil enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr was found. It was most evident at the 0–20 cm depth but also obvious at the 40–60 cm depth thus indicating downward migration. The soil was not enriched with Co and Ni. The heavy metal content of leaves, berries and must of riesling vines did not increase on the plots treated with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost. 2. In a pot trial, using an acid and an alkaline soil each mixed with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost, it was observed that only the uptake of Zn and Cu increased into the leaves, tendrils and wood of the riesling cuttings. In relation to the content of the substrate, the heavy metals were detected in the roots percentually in the following order: Cu, Cd > Zn > > Pb, Co, Ni, Cr The root contents were mostly substantially higher than those of the shoot. The migration from root to shoot decreased in the following percentual order: Zn > Cu > Cd, Pb 3. The heavy metal content decreased considerably from the roots to the upper plant organs. This was reflected in low concentrations of heavy metals in the vine must.     

Ferti-irrigation Effect of Paper Mill Effluent on Agronomical Practices of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) in Two Seasons

The potential of agrobased paper mill effluent (PME) as ferti-irrigant was assessed. Ferti-irrigation responses to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of PME doses on Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Annapurna, in the rainy and summer seasons were investigated. The fertigant concentrations produced changes in electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic carbon (OC), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), phosphate (PO₄^3–), sulfate (SO₄^2–), iron (Fe²⁺), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) of the soil in both seasons. The agronomic performances of P. vulgaris increased from 5 to 25% in both seasons compared to controls. The accumulation of metals increased in soil and P. vulgaris from 5 to 100% PME concentrations in both seasons. The contamination factor (Cf) of various metals was in order of Cr > Mn > Cu > Cd > Zn for soil and Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd > Cr for P. vulgaris in both seasons after fertigation with PME. Therefore, PME can be used to improve the soil fertility and yield of P. vulgaris after appropriate dilution.     

不同种类蔬菜苗期对镉的敏感性研究

产地环境中镉（Cd）对蔬菜的影响主要表现为蔬菜可食部分超标,高浓度时影响其生长发育,基于评述蔬菜幼苗对Cd的敏感性是按其对Cd的吸收累积量来排序,累积Cd量越高定义为该蔬菜幼苗对Cd越敏感,采用水培方法,探讨了Cd对小白菜（叶菜）、黄瓜、豇豆（果菜）和萝卜（根菜）幼苗吸收累积量及生长发育的影响。结果表明,蔬菜幼苗根和茎叶中累积Cd量均随Cd处理浓度的增加而显著增加（P〈0．05）。同一处理浓度下根中Cd含量远高于茎叶中Cd含量,根和茎叶对Cd的累积强弱顺序也即蔬菜苗期对Cd的敏感性排序为小白菜〉萝卜〉黄瓜〉豇豆;随Cd浓度增加,叶片中叶绿素含量降低,过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量升高;蔬菜出苗率、幼苗根长、植株鲜重显著降低。     

芜湖市三山区蔬菜中重金属富集特征及健康风险评价

通过采集蔬菜和对应土壤样品进行室内分析测试,研究了芜湖市三山区蔬菜和土壤中重金属的含量分布、富集特征及其经食入途径对人体的健康风险评估。结果表明,与食品中污染物限量值相比较,蔬菜中As、Zn、Cu、Pb和Cr含量均未超标。不同品种蔬菜中重金属含量不同,花菜和青菜中As、Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Ni、Co和Mn的含量相对于其他蔬菜中的同种重金属含量要高。除Cu、Cr外,其他重金属在根茎类蔬菜中的含量最低,除Pb外,其他重金属在花果类中的含量最高。各元素平均富集系数大小为：Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Cr〉Ni〉Pb〉As〉Co〉Fe。叶菜类对As、Pb的富集系数最大,花果类对其他重金属的富集明显。三山区蔬菜对重金属的富集系数总体偏低,主要是受土壤pH值偏高、周围良好的大气环境质量的影响。三山区蔬菜中重金属所致的健康风险主要来自化学致癌物Cr,而花果类蔬菜中Cr含量最高,因此该区应加强土壤Cr的防治,居民应减少花果类蔬菜的种植和摄入,保障其饮食安全。