Nitrogen Accumulation in Soybean Following Defoliation

The effects of defoliation on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and yield have been well studied, but relatively little is known about its nitrogen (N) accumulation after defoliation. An experiment was conducted to examine soybean recovery and N accumulation following defoliation. The indeterminate cultivar (‘Tousan 69’) was planted in a greenhouse, and two defoliation treatments (no defoliation and 67% defoliation) were imposed at the R₂ stage when plants had at least one flower in the two uppermost nodes. At 0, 15, 30 and 45 days after defoliation (DAD), plants were destructively sampled to measure dry mass production, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen fixation. Seed yield and N concentration also were measured at maturity. Neither the seed yield nor its N concentration was affected by defoliation. Although defoliation temporarily reduced soybean dry weight and N accumulation during 15 DAD, defoliated plants completely recovered their dry weight and N accumulation 30 DAD. There was little difference in N concentration between defoliated and non defoliated plants, indicating that N acquisition was restored during the recovery process. Recovery of N accumulation in defoliated plant was due to complete recovery of N₂-fixing ability and maybe related to improvement in N absorption after defoliation.     

Effects of Zinc Application on Growth,Absorption and Distribution of Mineral Nutrients Under Salinity Stress in Soybean (Glycine Max L.)

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate effects of zinc application on growth and uptake and distribution of mineral nutrients under salinity stress [0, 33, 66, and 99 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] in soybean plants. Results showed that, salinity levels caused a significant decrease in shoot dry and fresh weight in non-zinc application plants. Whereas, zinc application on plants exposed to salinity stress improved the shoot dry and fresh weight. Potassium (K) concentration, K/sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca)/Na ratios significantly decreased, while sodium (Na) concentration increased in root, shoot, and seed as soil salinity increased. Phosphorus (P) concentration significantly decreased in shoot under salinity stress. Moreover, calcium (Ca) significantly decreased in root, but increased in seed with increased salinization. Iron (Fe) concentration significantly decreased in all organs of plant (root, shoot, and seed) in response to salinity levels. Zinc (Zn) concentration of plant was not significantly affected by salinity stress. Copper (Cu) concentration significantly decreased by salinity in root. Nonetheless, manganese (Mn) concentration of root, shoot, and seed was not affected by experimental treatments. Zinc application increased Ca/Na (shoot and seed) ratio and K (shoot and seed), P (shoot), Ca (root and seed), Zn (root, shoot, and seed) and Fe (root and shoot) concentration in soybean plants under salinity stress. Zinc application decreased Na concentration in shoot tissue.     

植物生长调节剂对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了在模拟干旱胁迫下喷施植物生长调节剂对大豆幼苗生长发育和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,植物生长调节剂可促进大豆幼苗茎叶生长和主根伸长,增加侧根数,加大根冠比,提高叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,从而增强了植株的抗旱能力。喷施宝、云大120、地中宝、福施壮4种植物生长调节剂对不同大豆品种幼苗生长的影响基本一致,以喷施宝的效果最好,其次为云大120。     

Effects of Salinity Stress at Different Growth Stages on Tomato Growth,Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency

This study investigated the effects of salinity stress at different growth stages on the growth, yield, fruit quality, and water-use efficiency (WUE) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants cultivated under soilless conditions. Six different growth stages were exposed to the same salinity stress treatments using a completely randomized design, with three pots (six plants) per treatment. It was found that short-term (<21 days) salinity stress during any of the growth stages did not affect tomato growth or WUE, and during the vegetative stage did not affect yield. Salinity stress during the flowering and fruiting stages caused a reduction in tomato yield, which was due to a reduction in the number of fruit produced rather than the fruit size. However, salt exposure at the fruiting stage also improved fruit quality. The effect of salinity stress on the yield and fruit quality of the frontal and later truss depended on the developmental stage of the truss at the time when the stress occurred.     

含硝基苯废水灌溉对大豆生长及品质的影响研究

采用温室盆栽方法,研究了硝基苯废水灌溉对大豆生长及品质的影响。结果表明,当硝基苯浇灌浓度为5、25、50、100、200mg·L-1时,1粒荚数分别比对照组增加5．61％、25．51％、46．94％、37．76％、22．45％,2粒荚数分别比对照组增加5．20％、6．58％、7．57％、9．54％、11．51％,3粒荚数分别比对照降低41．67％、59．09％、42．42％、53．03％、54．55％,4粒荚数分别比对照组减少86．36％、93．18％、88．07％、96．59％、93．18％,总荚数分别比对照减少18．51％、23．08％、27．40％、22．36％、26．92％,瘪荚数分别比对照增加14．20％、53．41％、51．70％、65．34％、70．80％,单株总粒数分别比对照减少33．34％、33．11％、36．57％、43．69％、45．92％,百粒重分别比对照减少12．62％、16．42％、19．24％、25．85％、36．63％。5、25、50mg·L-1硝基苯浇灌后,大豆籽粒中蛋白质含量处理组比对照组增加0．41％、1．81％、0．22％,油分含量处理组比对照组分别增加2．56％、4．65％、1．76％;当浇灌浓度为100、200mg·L-1时,籽粒中蛋白质含量处理组比对照组分别减少了1．68％、2．32％,籽粒中油分含量处理组比对照组减少3．46％、6．15％,水分含量处理组分别比对照组增加32．17％、39．92％、36．82％、17．83％、17．83％、19.38％。     

Effects of Salinity and Copper on Growth and Chemical Composition of Pistachio Seedlings

The effects of five salinity levels and four copper levels on growth and chemical composition of ‘Ghazvini, pistachio seedlings were studied under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications. Leaf area, stem height, shoot and root dry weights were determined on 24th week after planting. Copper (Cu), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) total uptake in shoot and root of plant were measured. The results showed that salinity decreased growth parameters. Low levels of Cu application had no significant effect on leaf area, shoot and root dry weights while decreased stem height. The highest level of Cu (7.5 mg Cu kg^?1 soil) significantly increased leaf area and shoot dry weight but decreased stem height. Salinity decreased Cu and P uptake in the shoot and root, but increased total sodium and chloride uptake. Cu application increased shoot total P uptake and decreased root total Na uptake.     

三种植物生长调节剂对大豆生长发育及产量的影响

为提高单作大豆产量,本研究以大豆品种南豆12为材料,分别探究了不同浓度的3种植物生长调节剂拌种对大豆田间出苗的影响,及叶面喷施对大豆生长发育、产量及品质的影响.结果表明,不同浓度的褐藻胶寡糖、壳寡糖、冠菌素拌种均能提高大豆的田间出苗率,而叶面喷施均能提高大豆的株高与茎粗,褐藻胶寡糖和冠菌素拌种可增加大豆分枝数,壳寡糖拌...     

盐度对湛江等鞭金藻生长、脂肪酸及藻际菌群的影响

为探究盐度对湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)生长、脂肪酸组成及藻际菌群的影响,本研究将湛江等鞭金藻置于4个盐度(12、18、24和30)下进行半连续培养,达到稳定生长状态后测定细胞密度(OD₇₅₀)、叶绿素荧光参数及脂肪酸组成,并分析藻际菌群组成。结果表明,湛江等鞭金藻在盐度18~24下有着较高的细胞密度、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)及有效光化学效率(F'_v/F'_m)。盐度12、18和24下脂肪酸组成无显著差异。盐度30下饱和脂肪酸显著高于其他三组,而不饱和脂肪酸显著低于其他三组。综合来看,盐度18~24是湛江等鞭金藻生长和不饱和脂肪酸积累的最适盐度范围。采用16S rDNA扩增子测序分析藻际菌群,从Chao1、ACE和Shannon指数推测盐度12下藻际菌群多样性显著高于其他三组。主坐标分析(PCoA)表明,盐度18、24和30组间藻际菌群组成相似,与盐度12组差异明显。藻际菌群组成分析显示盐度12下优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),占比为92.70%,其中占比最多的属为短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)。盐度18、24和30下优势菌为蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria),占比分别为97.63%、97.41%和93.51%,说明盐度12和盐度≥18对于湛江等鞭金藻是两个差异巨大的生长环境,会使其藻际菌群组成发生剧烈变化。本研究为湛江等鞭金藻培养方案优化提供了数据支持,同时为深入探究盐度对湛江等鞭金藻藻际菌群的影响奠定了基础。     

Interactive Effects of Nitrogen Source and Salinity on Growth Indices and Ion Content of Indian Mustard

ABSTRACT

The interactions between salinity and different nitrogen (N) sources nitrate (NO₃ ^?), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), and NO₃ ^? + NH₄ ⁺ were investigated on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea cv. RH30). Treatments were added to observe the combined effect of two salinity levels (8 and 12 ds m^{? 1}) and three nitrogen sources (NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, and NO₃ ^? + NH₄ ⁺) on different growth parameters and mineral composition in different plant parts, i.e., leaves, stem, and root. Salinity has been known to affect the uptake and assimilation of various essential nutrients required for normal growth and development. Different growth parameters, i.e., leaf area, dry weight of different plant parts, absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) declined markedly by salinity at pre-flowering and flowering stages. All growth indices were less sensitive to salinity (12 d s m^{? 1}) with the nitrate form of nitrogen. It is pertinent mention that a high dose (120 kg ha^{? 1}) of nitrogen in ammonium form NH₄ ⁺, acted synergistically with salinity in inhibiting growth. Plants fed with combined nitrogen (NO₃ ^? + NH₄ ⁺) had an edge over individual forms in ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity on growth and yield. Under salt stress, different nutrient elements such as N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K⁺), and magnesium (Mg^{2 +}) were decreased in different plant parts (leaves, stem, and root). The maximum and minimum reduction was observed with ammoniacal and combined form of nitrogen, respectively, while the reverse was true of calcium (Ca^{2 +}), sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?), and sulfate (SO₄ ^2?) at harvest. Nitrogen application (120 Kg ha^{? 1}) in combined form had been found to maintain highest concentrations of N, P, Mg^{2 +}, and Ca^{2 +} along with reduced concentrations of Na⁺, Cl^?, and SO₄ ^{2 ?}. However, reverse was true with ammoniacal form of nitrogen.     

Distribution of K, Na and Cl in Root and Leaf Cells of Soybean and Cucumber Plants Grown under Salinity Conditions

The element contents in the compartments of root and leaf cells of soybean and cucumber plants grown for 8 d in a nutrient solution containing 50 mM NaCl, 25 mM CaCl₂ or 50 mM NaCl+4.75 mM CaSO₄ were examined by X-ray microanalysis of freeze-substituted dry sections. Sodium accumulated in the vacuoles rather than in the cytoplasm and apoplastic space in the root cells of the soybean plants, leading to the difficulty in the transport of Na to leaves in soybean. Salt injury of soybean is considered to be caused by the accumulation of Cl at high concentrations in all the compartments of root and leaf cells. In contrast, the accumulation of Na in the cytoplasm of the root and leaf cells might disturb the metabolism and lead to the occurrence of salt toxicity in cucumber plants, which are tolerant to Cl due to the stimulation of Cl accumulation in vacuoles when the Ca concentration was high in nutrient media.     

Soybean Seed Aging and Environmental Factors on Seedling Growth

The effect of seed vigor on seed emergence depends on the type of environmental stress present at the time of seed germination and establishment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the interaction of environmental stresses and aging on soybean (Glycine max L.) seed emergence. A factorial arrangement of treatments imposed on a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted. Treatments of seed aging for 12, 24, 36, and 48 h at 41°C, salinity (6 and 12 ds/m²), water deficiency (–4 and–9 MPa), and sowing at depths of 3 and 7 cm were selected. Growth measurements were completed 21 and 55 days after planting. Analysis of variance was performed using the regression method for quantitative treatments such as seed aging, and if interactions were significant, interaction slicing was utilized and means compared with least significant difference tests (0.05). For quantitative treatments, regression analysis was conducted and path analysis was performed on growth traits. Results showed that aging had a significant effect on maximum emergence and rate of emergence. The ranking of the stress factors from most to least injurious for maximum emergence were severe salinity, severe drought, medium salinity, sowing depth of 7 cm, and medium drought. Harmful stress conditions on the plant leaf area and seedling dry weight were severe salinity, medium salinity, severe drought, medium drought, and sowing depth of 7 cm (only for seedling dry weight). Relative growth rate, net absorption rate, and leaf area ratio were not affected by aging but were affected by environmental conditions. These findings indicate that the impacts of environmental conditions are at least partially controlled by seed vigor.     

Silicon Ameliorates the Adverse Effects of Salinity on Turfgrass Growth and Development

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of potassium silicate on Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Lolium perenne L. With increased salinity level, chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC) in these three turfgrasses were reduced significantly when compared with the untreated control. Supplementary silicon (Si) ameliorated the adverse effects of salinity on chlorophyll content. Silicon treatments decreased proline at all salinity levels. Moreover, addition of Si increased shoot length and shoot number in all turfgrasses. Sodium (Na) concentration was increased in both leaves and roots of turfgrasses at high salinity level; however, Si treatment significantly reduced Na concentration in all of them. Silicon increased Potassium concentration in shoots and roots (though not significantly) in most cases. It can be concluded that Si alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress in all turfgrasses.     

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Seedling Growth and Physiological Traits of Melilotus officinalis L. Grown Under Salinity Stress Conditions

This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation on the leaf relative water content (LRWC), survival capacity, mycorrhizal dependency (MD), essential oil content and total protein content of Melilotus officinalis grown in a greenhouse under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial arrangement design using five replications. Zero (0), 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) and two AM fungal levels were applied. Control (without inoculation) and inoculated (with AM fungi) treatments were considered two mycorrhizal levels. LRWC and survival capacity values in AM Melilotus officinalis were significantly higher than that in the non-AM-inoculated plants. Generally, MD, essential oil content and total protein content values were significantly higher in the AM-inoculated Melilotus officinalis compared with the non-AM-inoculated plants in all treatments. Results suggest that Melilotus officinalis could be used for the economic usage of the saline lands.     

Distribution of K,Na and Cl in Root and Leaf Cells of Soybean and Cucumber Plants Grown under Salinity Conditions

The element contents in the compartments of root and leaf cells of soybean and cucumber plants grown for 8 d in a nutrient solution containing 50 mM NaCl, 25 mM CaCl₂ or 50 mM NaCl+4.75 mM CaSO₄ were examined by X-ray microanalysis of freeze-substituted dry sections. Sodium accumulated in the vacuoles rather than in the cytoplasm and apoplastic space in the root cells of the soybean plants, leading to the difficulty in the transport of Na to leaves in soybean. Salt injury of soybean is considered to be caused by the accumulation of Cl at high concentrations in all the compartments of root and leaf cells. In contrast, the accumulation of Na in the cytoplasm of the root and leaf cells might disturb the metabolism and lead to the occurrence of salt toxicity in cucumber plants, which are tolerant to Cl due to the stimulation of Cl accumulation in vacuoles when the Ca concentration was high in nutrient media.     

盐胁迫下吡虫啉对棉田土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

应用室内模拟实验的方法研究了盐胁迫下不同浓度吡虫啉对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:低浓度（0.4 μg/g）吡虫啉对细菌数量有刺激作用,中浓度（2.0 μg/g）和高浓度（10.0 μg/g）吡虫啉对细菌数量的影响表现为刺激—抑制作用;添加盐时,吡虫啉对细菌生长有促进作用,中、高浓度处理组的细菌数量在后期恢复至对照水平。吡虫啉对放线菌有抑制作用,且浓度越大土壤中放线菌数量越少;添加盐时,吡虫啉对放线菌生长有促进作用,后期逐渐恢复至对照水平。整个实验周期内,两种情况下吡虫啉对土壤真菌影响较小。吡虫啉仅在21 d时对土壤中碱性磷酸酶有一定的激活作用,且与浓度呈现一定的剂量—效应关系;添加盐时,高浓度吡虫啉在整个实验周期内均能刺激碱性磷酸酶活性。低浓度和中浓度吡虫啉对土壤中脲酶有一定的激活作用,高浓度吡虫啉在21 d和28 d时对土壤中脲酶活性表现为抑制作用;添加盐时,吡虫啉对土壤中脲酶活性影响变小,仅在14 d时对脲酶活性有显著的抑制作用。低浓度吡虫啉对β—葡萄糖苷酶活性无显著性影响,中、高浓度处理有显著的抑制作用;添加盐时,吡虫啉对β—葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用消失,反而在14 d时对其有短暂的激活作用。以上结果表明,盐胁迫下吡虫啉（0~10.0 μg/g）对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性会有一定的影响,但随着时间的延长会逐渐回复至对照水平。此结果可为盐胁迫下合理使用吡虫啉提供科学依据。     

钠盐胁迫对苹果树体内钠累积的影响

钠盐胁迫严重制约着甘肃中东部地区苹果的生产。本研究以甘肃省秦安县大田生长的‘金冠’苹果为试材,用正常果树和盐碱胁迫果树对比方法,研究了自然条件下钠盐胁迫对果树整个生育期体内各器官（根系、枝条、叶片、花、果实）钠含量的影响。结果表明：钠盐胁迫下,果树根系内Na+含量为1800mg/kg,是正常果树的2倍;苹果花内Na+含量为700mg/kg,是正常果树的1.4倍;在整个生育期,果树枝条内Na+含量变化在800~1400mg/kg,大约是正常果树的2~4倍;叶片内钠含量变化在1700~2500mg/kg之间,是正常果树的3.4~8.5倍;果实钠含量在1200~1500 mg/kg之间,是正常果树的2.1~12倍。本研究科学地提出苹果花期属于钠盐潜在胁迫期。     

Experimental Study on the Effects of Natural Zeolite on Lead Toxicity,Growth, Nodulation,and Chemical Composition of Soybean

Lead (Pb) is one of the most dangerous contaminants that has been released into the environment over many years by anthropogenic activities. In the present study, the effect of zeolite on the Pb toxicity, growth, nodulation, and chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L. var. Williams) was evaluated. Treatments consisted of factorial combination of three levels of zeolite (0, 2, and 5 g kg^?1) and three levels of Pb (0, 10, and 25 mg kg^?1) with three replicates in a completely randomized design. Lead application decreased shoot and root dry weights. Without any use of Pb, addition of zeolite increased shoot dry weight, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations and the number and dry weight of root nodules. Moreover, the greatest value for these parameters was obtained by greatest level of zeolite application (5 g zeolite kg^?1 soil). It is suggested that zeolite has positive effects on growth and chemical composition of soybean and reduces Pb toxicity in plant parts.     

Biochar Application Promotes Growth Parameters of Soybean and Reduces the Growth Difference

Biochar is derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, and when buried in soil, can act as a long-term soil carbon store. Evidence suggests that biochar can improve soil fertility and crop production in some circumstances. However, the potential for promoting crop growth in agroecosystems is poorly understood, with different reports of soil properties following biochar application. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the spatial variability of soybean growth parameters in different biochar application rates and the reasons for the results obtained. The study used field plots with five biochar application rates (0, 20,40, 80, and 160 t·ha^?1). There were 15 field plots in total and the trial was fully randomized with three replications. The biochar was mixed into the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) before the soybean was sown. Soybean growth parameters were determined during the flowering–podding phase. The results showed that biochar not only improved the growth parameters of soybean, but also reduced growth differences in the same treatment, and higher biochar application rates would result in a larger effect size in a certain range (0–103.4 t·ha^?1). The leaf area in the no biochar treatment showed moderate variation, whereas the growth parameters (height, stem diameter, and leaf area) showed weak variation in the other biochar treatments; and the growth parameters, when the soybean were subjected to the biochar treatments, had moderate spatial dependence. In addition, the introduction of geostatistical theory can provide a theoretical foundation for further studying biochar–soil–crop system and the spatial variability of soybean growth and their relevance.