LEAF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ‘NOVA’, ‘ROBINSON’ AND ‘FREMONT’ MANDARIN CULTIVARS ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS

Rootstock selection has a critical importance for mineral nutrition of budded cultivars. This study was conducted at the experimental farm of Mustafa Kemal University, Dörtyol, Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sour orange, Troyer and Carrizo citrange rootstocks on the leaf nutrient contents of ‘Nova’, ‘Robinson’, and ‘Fremont’ mandarin cultivars in the 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Carrizo citrange was examined for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and manganese (Mn); Troyer citrange for iron (Fe); and sour orange for calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) were superior on the others. Nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and Mg levels of mandarin leaf budded on sour orange were under or just above the deficiency threshold. Potassium, Mn, and Zn content of ‘Robinson’; P, Ca and Fe content of ‘Fremont’; and Cu content of ‘Nova’ were statistically higher. Therefore, it can be concluded that Carrizo rootstock may be suggested for the region and regions with similar ecological conditions.     

Influence of Salinity on Chlorophyll,Leaf Water Potential,Total Soluble Sugars,and Mineral Nutrients in Two Young Olive Cultivars

The effect of salinity (NaCl) on chlorophyll, leaf water potential, total soluble sugars, and mineral nutrients in two young Iranian commercial olive cultivars (‘Zard’ and ‘Roghani’) was studied. One-year-old trees of these cultivars were planted in 10-L plastic pots containing equal ratio of sand-perlite mixture (1:1). Sodium chloride at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 120, or 160 mM plus Hoagland's solution were applied to these pots for 150 days. The results showed that chlorophylls (a), (b), and (a+b) reduced with increasing of salinity up to 40 mM. There was no difference between cultivars for chlorophylls (b) and (a+b) while ‘Roghani’ showed more decreased in content of chlorophyll (a) than did ‘Zard’. Total soluble sugars in leaves increased with an increase in salinity up to 80 mM but decreased with additional increase in salinity. Salinity stress reduced water potential equally in both cultivars. The concentrations of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) and Na/potassium (K) ratio were increased and K decreased with increasing of salinity up to 80 mM in leaves and roots. Concentrations of K, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) reduced significantly in leaves, shoots and roots with increasing salinity.     

Rootstock Effect on Nutrient Concentration of Sweet Cherry Leaves

The present investigation aimed to study the leaf mineral composition of sweet cherry trees on different rootstocks, since the literature data on uptake efficiency of different rootstocks is inconsistent. Results confirmed the different uptake efficiency of rootstocks. The efficiency of ‘GiSelA 6’ root is emphasized in uptake and supply of leaves with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and manganese (Mn), but trees on this rootstock tend to develop calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) deficiencies. The Prunus mahaleb rootstocks on calcareous sandy soil are efficient supplier of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu, but this root tends to develop Zn, B, and Mn deficiencies. Prunus avium seedling as rootstock proved to be less efficient in supply of leaves by N, P, K, Ca, and Cu. Prunus fruticosa ‘Prob’ root showed tendency in developing several leaf nutrient deficiencies. The applied fertilizer program led to low nutrient levels or even deficiency symptoms in leaves.     

Effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 on plant growth,nodulation, nitrogen fixation,nutrient uptake,and yield of soybean in a field condition

ABSTRACT

Co-inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant growth-promoting bacteria has become more popular than single inoculation of rhizobia or plant-growth-promoting bacteria because of the synergy of these bacteria in increasing soybean yield and nitrogen fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 co-inoculation on plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake, and seed yield of the ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar. Nitrogen fixation was measured using the acetylene reduction assay and ureide methods. Uptake of major nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] was also measured. This study showed that single inoculation of SAY3-7 significantly increased shoot biomass; nodulation; Relative Ureide Index (RUI %), percent nitrogen derived from N fixation (% Ndfa); N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptakes; during the later growth stages (R3.5 and R5.5), compared with control. These observations indicate that SAY3-7 is an effective N-fixing bacterium for the plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation with an ability to compete with native bradyrhizobia. Co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4 significantly improved nodule number; nodule dry weight; shoot and root biomass; N fixation; N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake; at various growth stages and seed yield in ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar compared with the control, but not the single inoculation treatments. Significant differences in plant growth, nodulation, N fixation, nutrient uptake, and yield between co-inoculation and control, not between single inoculation and control, suggest that there is a synergetic effect due to co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4. Therefore, we conclude that Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strain SAY3-7 and P4 will be useful as effective inoculants in biofertilizer production in the future.     

Makrosymptome an Mais und Tomate bei unharmonischen N- und P-Angeboten

Macrosymptoms in higher plants resulting from imbalanced nitrogen and phosphorus supply The development of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency and toxicity symptoms was studied under controlled experimental conditions in solution culture. The experiments were carried out with maize and tomato. The aim of the investigation was to study whether the macrosymptoms of nitrogen deficiency or toxicity in its typical form are influenced by simultaneous phosphorus deficiency or excess supply, or, on the other hand, whether the typical symptoms of phosphorus deficiency or excess are affected by simultaneous nitrogen deficiency or excess supply. The results show that - assuming that ‘complex’ symptoms occur - neither nutrient influences the development of macrosymptoms in their typical form as caused by the other nutrient. Tomato showed clear ‘complex’ symptoms while maize only showed the macrosymptoms of one nutrient.     

EFFECT OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS ON LEAF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ‘OKITSU’, ‘CLAUSELLINA’, AND ‘SILVERHILL’ MANDARIN CULTIVARS

Citrus performance is strongly related with rootstock. This study was conducted to investigate leaf nutrient contents of ‘Okitsu’, ‘Clausellina’ and ‘Silverhill’ mandarin cultivars budded onto sour orange, ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citrange rootstocks in Dörtyol, Turkey in 2004 and 2005. The maximum nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and copper (Cu) contents were determined for ‘Clausellina’; phosphorus (P) for ‘Okitsu’; and sodium (Na) for ‘Silverhill’. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) uptake were similar for the mandarin cultivars. ‘Carrizo’ citrange at N, K, Mg, Mn, and Cu uptake; ‘Troyer’ citrange at N, P, K, and Fe uptake; and common sour orange at Ca, Zn, and Na uptake was superior on the other rootstocks. It was observed that ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citrange rootstocks had advantages over sour orange in nutrient uptake. Thus, growth performance, yield, and quality parameters considered, ‘Carrizo’ and/or ‘Troyer’ citranges could be suggested as rootstocks for the studied mandarin cultivars under similar ecological conditions.     

正红菇纯培养的营养生理研究

对正红菇纯培养RL1菌株做了多种营养生理试验研究,结果表明：适宜的碳源为蔗糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖,不能利用羧甲基纤维素钠;适宜的氮源为酵母膏、牛肉膏和蛋白陈,硫酸铵也能被较好地利用;适宜的C／N为20／1;矿质元素P,K,Mg对菌丝生长的影响很大,其中P的影响最显著,Ca和Na的影响很小;维生素肌醇对菌丝生长有明显的促进作用。     

Soil–Plant Nutrient Status and their Relations in Maize-Growing Fields of Wolaita Zone,Southern Ethiopia

This study investigates the soil–plant nutrient status and relationship in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Maize leaves, soil samples and field history were collected. The result indicated that continuous cultivation without fallowing, complete crop residue removal and inadequate fertilization were common practices. The soil was low in organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, boron and copper. Tissue analysis indicated 100, 84, 54 and 28% deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and copper, respectively. Significant and positive correlations (r = 0.70, 0.40 and 0.50) of soil phosphorus, calcium and copper with tissue content were observed. Soil pH was correlated with tissue phosphorus (r = 0.4), iron (r =—0.3) and manganese (r = ?0.7). Overall, the levels of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc were adequate for maize. Therefore, fertilizer application addressing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and copper deficiencies is recommended for the study area.     

不同形态磷肥的径流流失特征及其效应

采用野外径流小区方法研究不同形态磷肥的流失特征、流失量以及对氮钾元素的影响。结果表明,在磷的流失途径中,颗粒态磷(PP)占总磷(TP)流失量的61.6%～83.1%,是磷流失的主要途径;施用磷肥可以促进土壤对氮钾元素的保持能力,减少氮钾元素的流失;磷肥的施用提高了小油菜的产量,并促进了小油菜对氮钾元素的吸收;微晶化磷矿粉可以有效减少磷的流失,在等磷量下,微晶化磷矿粉中的磷流失量分别是过磷酸钙和钙镁磷肥的54.2%和69.4%。在一定范围内,随微晶化磷矿粉施用量的增加,磷的流失量增加,但流失率减小,对促进土壤保持氮钾能力及小油菜对氮磷钾元素的吸收越明显。     

Effect of Two Nitrogen Forms on the Growth and Iron Nutrition of Pea Cultivated in Presence of Bicarbonate

ABSTRACT

Two cultivars of pea: ‘PS210713’ (‘PS’), sensitive to iron deficiency, and ‘Marveille de Kelvedon’ (‘MK’), tolerant, were cultivated in controlled climatic conditions during one month, on a nutrient solution containing either nitrate (NO₃ ^?, 4 mM) or ammonium (NH₄ ⁺, 4 mM) and in the presence of bicarbonate (10 mM). The effects of these nitrogen forms on the growth and the mineral nutrition, and especially iron nutrition are analyzed.

The reduction of growth by bicarbonate was approximately 30% in case of NO₃ ^? nutrition in the two cultivars, whereas in ammoniacal treatment the reduction is only 6% and 18% respectively in ‘PS’ and ‘MK’ cultivars.

In presence of bicarbonate, the plant growth is not stimulated by NO₃ ^?relatively to its growth on ammoniacal medium, as often noticed when plants are cultivated on medium without bicarbonate: In presence of this compound, the biomass production of plant pea, was not influenced by the nitrogen forms. The nitric source led to a ferric chlorosis in the sensitive cultivar plants whereas any chlorosis was noted when ammoniacal source was applied. On the other hand, nitric nitrogen form decreased the nitrogen feeding of plants and increased the potassium one, while the effect of the ammoniacal nitrogen form on these nutrients was quite the inverse. In addition, the later increased the allocation of iron towards shoots. Besides, with this nitrogen source there was not accumulation of nitrate in the plant tissues. In nitric feeding case, the nitrate is mainly accumulated in the roots of the two cultivars. It is noticeable that the sensitive cultivar (‘PS’) accumulates three times more nitrate than the tolerant one (‘MK’).

On the level of the whole plant, the iron and phosphorus nutrition seems unaltered by the nitrogen form.     

Protea Nutritional Problems and Soil Nutrient Status in Norton-Darwendale and Juliasdale Farming Areas,Zimbabwe

A study was conducted from November 2000 to February 2001 to establish causes of poor protea plant growth in the Juliasdale and Norton-Darwendale commercial farming areas of Zimbabwe. Soil and leaf samples from farmer-perceived “deficient” and “normal” areas were analyzed. Soils perceived by farmers to be deficient had lower levels of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) compared with the normal soils. In Juliasdale, all cultivars from perceived-deficient samples had lower levels of zinc (Zn) in leaves compared with normal leaves. Leucospermum cultivar ‘Tango’ and Protea cultivar ‘Moonshine’ also had low levels of P and Zn in the deficient plants compared with the normal plants. In Norton-Darwendale, the Protea cultivar ‘Moonshine’ had lower levels of nitrogen (N), P, K, and boron (B) in perceived-deficient samples compared with normal samples. Soil-analysis data were generally comparable to leaf-analysis data, indicating the potential use of leaf analysis to determine nutritional requirements of proteas.     

钾镁水平对番茄苗期生长、根系形态及钾素吸收和生理利用效率的影响

采用水培方法,研究不同钾、镁水平对"天福冠露"和"毛粉802"两种番茄幼苗生长、根系特征及钾素吸收、利用效率的影响。结果表明,钾、镁水平(8 mmol/L、1 mmol/L)处理的植株鲜重、干重及钾、镁水平(4 mmol/L、4 mmol/L)处理的株高显著高于其他处理。随钾、镁水平升高,两种番茄植株的根长、"天福冠露"植株的根直径、根体积和分根数先减少后增加;番茄植株钾素吸收率显著提高,生理利用效率显著降低。钾、镁水平(8 mmol/L、1 mmol/L)处理的植株根长、根表面积、根直径及根体积显著高于缺钾处理。钾、镁水平(4 mmol/L、4 mmol/L)处理,两种番茄植株根长、根表面积、根体积和分根数均显著高于缺镁处理,"天福冠露"植株钾含量显著高于"毛粉802",而钾素生理利用效率显著低于"毛粉802"。与其它等钾处理相比,缺镁植株钾素积累量最低、生理利用效率最高,镁过量处理的植株钾素生理利用效率显著降低。     

Effect of Humic Acid on Plant Growth,Nutrient Uptake,and Postharvest Life of Gerbera

Humic acid (HA) might benefit plant growth by improving nutrient uptake and hormonal effects. The effect of HA on growth, macro—and micronutrient contents, and postharvest life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) cv. ‘Malibu’ were examined. Different levels of humic acid (0, 100, 500, and 1000 mg/L) were applied to nutrient solution.

Root growth increased at 1000 mg/L HA incorporated into the solution. Macro- and micronutrient contents of leaves and scapes including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were significantly enhanced by HA. However, high levels of HA decreased some nutrient contents.

Five-hundred mg/L HA increased the number of harvested flowers per plant (52%). Higher HA levels extended the vase life of harvested flowers by 2—3.66 days and could prevent and delay bent neck incidence. These postharvest responses were most probably due to Ca accumulation in scapes and hormone-like activity of HA.     

Diagnostic Leaf Nutrient Norms and Identification of Yield-Limiting Nutrients of Mango in Eastern Plateau and Hill Region of India

The leaf nutritional status of mango orchards was assessed using diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). The DRIS norms, which showed higher variance and lower coefficients of variation, are found to have greater diagnostic precision. As per DRIS indices, a relative deficiency for magnesium, zinc, and boron corresponding to relative sufficiency for calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and potassium was detected in 9-year-old mango orchards. For the younger orchards (6–7 year old), the order of requirement of nutrients was found to be calcium > sulfur > potassium > boron > nitrogen > phosphorus > magnesium > zinc. Boron was found as the most yield-limiting elements in all age group of plants. When the DRIS indices were compared on the basis of soil pH, calcium and magnesium were most yield-limiting nutrients below pH 5.5, while nitrogen, zinc, and boron were found to be most limiting above pH 5.5.     

INFLUENCE OF CLAY SOIL ON TWO PROTEA CULTIVARS PLANTED DIRECTLY OR GRAFTED ON CLAY-SOIL RESISTANT ROOTSTOCK. STUDY OF SOIL FERTILITY,FOLIAR NUTRITION,AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CUT FLOWERS

Leucospermum is a genus of the Proteaceae family that has achieved an increasing importance in the market of cut flowers worldwide. Some Leucospemum plants do not grow properly in clay soils, but grafting on a clay-soil resistant rootstock could provide better performances. The nutrient composition of two cultivars of Leucospermum (‘High Gold’ and ‘Succession II’) cultivated in clay soil was evaluated planting them directly or grafting on Leucospermum patersonii rootstock. The assay consisted of four treatments, T1 = ‘High Gold’ planted directly, T2 = grafted ‘High Gold’, T3 = ‘Succession II’ planted directly, and T4 = grafted ‘Succession II’. The experiment was carried out over three years, following a randomized block design with four replications per treatment. Foliar calcium (Ca) decreased in grafted plants of both cultivars. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Ca, and magnesium contents of the cut-flowers of ‘High Gold’ treatments were higher than those of ‘Succession II’, though in the third year no comparison with T3 plants was possible because most of them had died. The studied nutrients removal by ‘High Gold’ exceeded those of ‘Succession II’.     

Effect of aluminum on growth and chemical composition of marigolds

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. cv. ‘Discovery Yellow’, “Perfection Yellow’, ‘Inca Yellow’, and ‘Merrymum Yellow') were grown in aluminum (Al) solution culture concentrations of 0, 1, or 4 mg/L. Aluminum increased root length and weight, but had no effect on stem and leaf weight. Uptake and stem and leaf tissue nutrient concentration of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were reduced by the Al treatments. The Al treatments increased stem and leaf concentrations of potassium (K) and decreased the concentrations of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). No typical Al‐toxicity symptoms were observed in the roots. Root stunting caused by Fe toxicity was alleviated by the Al treatments.     

Relationships of Spectral Reflectance with Plant Tissue Mineral Elements of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Drought and Salinity Stresses

ABSTRACT

Salinity and drought stresses are critical for Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth and development. They affect plants in various ways, including tissue mineral element content. Micro- and macro-elements in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. ‘Blue lake’ and cv. ‘Terli’) subjected to deficit irrigation and salinity treatments were investigated, both analytically and with regards to their effect on the leaves’ spectral reflectance. B (boron), K (potassium), Mn (manganese), Na (sodium), Si (silicon) and Zn (zinc) appeared to be influenced by stress factors, mainly responding to salinity increase. The leaf spectral reflectance of the plants appeared to be significantly correlated with most of the elements under investigation. Multivariate regression identified a relationship of the reflectance at particular regions of the spectrum with phosphorus and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and indicated a significant correlation with B, Fe (iron), K, Mn, P (phosphorus) and Zn. Moreover, customized spectral indices, exhibiting significantly high correlation with B, Fe, K, Mg (magnesium), Mn, Na, P, Zn and N (nitrogen), were developed.     

EFFECT OF POTASSIUM NUTRITION ON SOLUTE ACCUMULATION,ION COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF MAIZE HYBRIDS GROWN UNDER SALINE CONDITIONS

An experiment was conducted to study the response of two maize hybrids to external potassium (K) application under saline conditions. The data showed that there was an increase in the organic solute contents and sodium ion under salinity stress, though potassium, calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus were decreased. There was a non-significant effect of K application on glycinebetaine and total soluble sugar, however; the proline, protein and total free amino acids were increased with the application of external K. The enzymatic activity like nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activity were severely reduced under salinity stress and improved by K application. The maize hybrids differed significantly for all the parameters discussed in the study except sugar, phosphorus and number of grain rows per cob. The increase in yield parameters was more pronounced under control than under saline conditions. The enhanced yield and yield components of these maize hybrids might be due to the quick response to external K application, resulting in high contents of leaf potassium, calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results indicated that the maize hybrid ‘Pioneer32B33’ might perform better than ‘Dekalb979’ under saline conditions when sufficient potassium is applied in the rooting medium.     

Fruit nutrient accumulation of four orange varieties during fruit development 1

Evaluation of nutrient accumulation trends in fruit during fruit development and nutrient status in the leaves are important components defining nutrient requirements. Such nutrient demand should be met by nutrient supply in order to develop optimal rate and timing of fertilizer application. In a 3‐year study the citrus (orange) varieties, ‘Valencia’, ‘Parson Brown’, ‘Hamlin’, and ‘Sunburst’ were fertilized with either 168, 224, or 280 kg N ha^‐1 yr^‐1 as a broadcast application of N:P:K dry soluble granular fertilizer. These rates did not significantly affect the fruit nutrient status, juice quality, or nutrients concentrations in the spring flush. The concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the fruit decreased with their enlargement during June through November. However, micronutrient concentrations in the fruits increased from June through August or September and then decreased. Fruit dry weight was greatest in ‘Valencia’ followed by ‘Hamlin’, ‘Parson Brown’, and ‘Sunburst’ varieties. Soluble solids concentration (SSC) were higher in ‘Valencia’ and ‘Sunburst’ fruit than in the other two varieties. Other juice quality parameters were not significantly different among the varieties. This study indicated non‐significant influence of fertilizer rates on concentrations of various mineral elements in 6‐month‐old spring flush with most of those concentrations within the optimal ranges.     

Growth and Nutritional Disorders of Eggplant Cultivated in Nutrients Solutions with Suppressed Macronutrients

The objective was to evaluate the effects of omitting macronutrients in the nutrients solution on growth characteristics and nutritional status of eggplants. The treatments were complete nutrients solution and solutions with nutrient omission: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with three replicates in a completely random design. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, relative chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, dry matter, concentration levels of macronutrients in plant aerial part and root system, and nutritional disorders were evaluated. Omitting elements interfered in the concentration of elements in the various plant tissues and this had as consequences limited vegetative growth, reduced dry matter and led to the development of the typical deficiency symptoms of each element. Although potassium was the most demanded of all elements, nitrogen and calcium were the most growth limiting ones.