Phosphorus Fertilizer Calibration for Sugarcane on Everglades Histosols

A calibrated soil test for phosphorus (P) fertilizer application to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) grown on organic soils in southern Florida is an important best-management practice for minimizing P loads in water draining to the Everglades. The current calibration uses water as the soil extractant, which has the limitations of being very sensitive to pH and being most applicable to short-season crops. Phosphorus fertilizer rate studies at six locations (20 total crop years) were analyzed to develop an updated soil-test P calibration for sugarcane on organic soils. Phosphorus extracted with water, acetic acid, and Bray 2 did not consistently relate well to crop response. A new P soil-test calibration for sugarcane is proposed based on Mehlich 3 soil extraction, with a maximum rate of 36 kg P ha^?1 with ≤ 10 g P m^?3 in preplant soil samples and no P recommended with >30 g P m^?3.     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤有机磷组成及有效性的影响

为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,采用室内培养的方法,研究不同有机酸对土壤速效磷含量及有机磷组分的影响。结果表明,添加有机酸后土壤速效磷含量发生显著变化,其中草酸处理下土壤速效磷含量显著高于其他处理,而柠檬酸和苹果酸对土壤速效磷含量具有抑制作用,其活化量为负值;随着培养时间的延长,速效磷含量缓慢降低。速效磷含量随着草酸浓度的升高而升高,随着苹果酸、柠檬酸浓度的升高而降低;有机酸处理后,土壤活性、中活性、中稳性有机磷升高,高稳性有机磷降低,这说明有机酸能促进土壤有机磷由有效性低的形态逐步向有效性高的形态转化,其中草酸的作用效果总体上较柠檬酸和苹果酸强。     

Sugarcane Biomass Yield Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer on Four Mineral Soils as Related to Extractable Soil Phosphorus

ABSTRACT

The efficient use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers is very important in South Florida so that the environmental impact is minimal while meeting crop demand. To ensure that this is accomplished, an updated soil test P calibration is needed for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) grown on Florida mineral soils, which accounts for almost 30% of the total sugarcane planted in the state. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating four soil extractants for potential use in soil test P calibrations. Sugarcane cultivar CL 88–4730 was grown in 26L pots in a randomized complete block design with four replications of four P fertilizer rates (0, 38, 76, and 152 mg P L^?1 soil) and four soil series (2 Spodosols, 1 Entisol, and 1 Alfisol). Sugarcane biomass was significantly increased with P fertilizer application and extractable soil P significantly increased with increasing P fertilizer rate. Strongest relationships of extractable soil P with relative fresh weight yield were determined with the water, acetic acid, and ammonium acetate extractants. All extractants tested, including Mehlich 3, had significant relationships with relative yield and leaf P concentration and so all these extractants should be considered in further field calibration studies with sugarcane on Florida mineral soils.

Abbreviations: EAA: Everglades Agricultural Area; EREC: Everglades Research and Education Center; OM: organic matter; TSP: Triple superphosphate     

Soil Sample Depth in Pasture Soils for Environmental Soil Phosphorus Testing

Phosphorus (P) in runoff from agricultural land is a major contributor to eutrophication of surface waters. This study investigated the relationship between dissolved P in surface runoff and soil-test P measured at different sample depths (0–2 and 0–10 cm). Soil at these depths was collected from 136 sites in southeast New South Wales, Australia, under pastoral agriculture, covering a wide range of soil types and land-use intensity, from native pasture to intensive dairying. Bicarbonate-extractable soil P concentrations at these two depths were curvilinearly related over a very wide range of P (r² = 0.91). Small-plot rainfall simulations were conducted at 14 of these locations, for which the relationship between the sampling depths was even closer (r² = 0.95). After dividing the soils into two groups based on parent material (basalt and nonbasalt), linear relationships were found between extractable soil P and runoff dissolved reactive P, with more of the variance being accounted for with the sedimentary soils (r² = 0.89, 0–10 cm; 0.91, 0–2 cm) compared with basalt soils (r² = 0.63; 0–10 cm; 0.57, 0–2 cm). The results suggest that agronomic soil P testing in pastoral soils (typically 0–10 cm depth) is sufficient for estimating the potential for losses of P in runoff and that there is no need to collect shallow soil samples especially for this purpose.     

农业废弃物对黑土有机磷形态长期动态影响

针对农业废弃物在土壤中腐解时间较长,探究增施不同种类农业废弃物对黑土土壤各形态有机磷影响的长期动态变化规律,开展5a盆栽试验并根据Bowman-Cole法测定有机磷形态。试验设置5个处理,分别为:增施猪粪、秸秆、树叶、菌渣和单施化肥。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,增施猪粪可大幅提高土壤活性有机磷(L-OP)含量,5a时仍显著高于单施化肥;增施秸秆和树叶分别于3a和2a后出现最高值。增施猪粪、秸秆和菌渣后土壤中等活性有机磷(ML-OP)含量显著增加;猪粪处理ML-OP含量逐年降低,其余处理逐年上升。增施农业废弃物均可显著增加土壤中稳态有机磷(MR-OP)含量,总体呈逐年降低趋势;增施秸秆5a内MR-OP含量始终最高。增施农业废弃物对土壤高稳性有机磷(HR-OP)含量的降低作用一般在2~3a后开始显现,5a后HR-OP含量均低于单施化肥。增施猪粪可大幅提高活性较强的有机磷形态且影响时间最长;增施秸秆和菌渣变化趋势相似,增施秸秆更趋向于增加L-OP和MR-OP含量,增施菌渣更趋向于增加HR-OP含量;增施树叶降低HR-OP含量能力最强,但对其余有机磷形态影响较小。施用农业废弃物均可不同程度活化稳定态有机磷,单施化肥处理促使中稳态有机磷向高稳态有机磷转化。     

沙化对高寒草甸土壤磷素组分的影响

[目的] 土壤磷素组分决定着土壤演变过程中磷素的迁移和可用性。探讨高寒草甸不同退化程度下土壤磷组分的空间分布特征,为沙化草甸植被恢复提供科学参考。[方法] 以青藏高原若尔盖沙化高寒草甸土壤为研究对象,采用修正后的Hedley磷素分级方法,探究未沙化、轻度、中度和重度沙化程度下高寒草甸土壤磷组分变化。[结果] ①随着沙化程度的加剧,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷及含水量显著降低（p<0.05）;pH值显著升高（p<0.05）。②土壤树脂态磷（Resin-Pi）、碳酸氢钠磷（NaHCO₃-P）、氢氧化钠磷（NaOH-P）、稀盐酸无机磷（D.HCl-Pi）和浓盐酸磷（C.HCl-P）含量随沙化程度的加剧均出现显著（p<0.05）下降,其中在中度和重度沙化下有机磷组分含量较无机磷下降更为明显。③相关性分析显示,在高寒草甸沙化过程中土壤磷素组分的转化主要发生在D.HCl-Pi,NaHCO₃-P与氢氧化钠有机磷（NaOH-Po）组分之间;而HCl-P,NaOH-P和Resin-Pi是植物生长重要的磷源。[结论] 沙化对土壤碳氮、水分、pH值和磷素组分有显著影响,沙化导致土壤碳氮、水分及pH值和磷素组分发生不同程度的变异,且多发生于沙化中后期;在高寒草甸沙化土壤中HCl-P,NaOH-P和Resin-Pi是植物生长重要的磷源。     

嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区不同植被类型土壤磷素的比较

以广元市水土流失定位观测站内的3个不同植被恢复模式为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内实验分析,测定了湿地松纯林,刺槐纯林及湿地松刺槐混交林的土壤有机质与P素含量。结果表明：（1）混交林的土壤结构明显好于湿地松与刺槐纯林;（2）混交林中有机质含量高于刺槐与湿地松纯林,3个林地的土壤有机质多集中在土壤上层,并随着土壤深度的增加而减少。（3）土壤全磷与有效磷含量大小顺序基本为：刺槐林〉混交林〉湿地松     

Effects of Exogenous Humic Acids on Forms of Organic Phosphorus in Three Contrasting Types of Soil

A laboratory incubation study was conducted to examine the effects of exogenous humic acids on the forms of organic phosphorus (P) in three contrasting soil types: red soil, brown soil, and drab soil. Results indicated that the Olsen P concentration increased in all the three types of soil with addition of the humic acid extracts, with the magnitude of increment ranked in a sequence of brown soil > drab soil > red soil. For the soil organic P fractions, addition of the humic acid extracts increased the labile organic P and moderately labile organic P concentrations while reducing the moderately resistant organic P and highly resistant organic P concentrations, suggesting that the exogenous humic acids could enhance transformation of organic P from resistant forms to labile forms. The activation of organic P by addition of the humic acid extracts varied with soil type, and this variation was related to soil characteristics.     

不同有机肥及用量对矿区复垦土壤有效磷含量及供磷特性的影响

为研究有机肥培肥复垦土壤过程中磷的有效性如何变化、不同有机肥在什么施磷水平下能使作物取得最大生产效率以及合理培肥土壤,依托采煤塌陷定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市偏城村),在4个磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm2)研究不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥)对玉米产量及土壤速效磷含量的动态变化.经过2年的田间试验,...     

有机磷在调节土壤磷素保持与释放过程中的作用

以巢湖沿岸土壤和沉积物为对象,分析了速效磷、藻类可利用性磷、有机磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性的空间变化格局,并测定了磷吸附参数.结果表明,土壤有机磷含量差异显著,以草地最高,而速效磷和藻类可利用性磷含量无明显差异;酶活性及速效磷含量与有机磷含量呈显著正相关,土壤对正磷酸根的吸附量与土壤中有机磷含量呈正相关;湖泊沉积物中有机磷含量与周边土壤中有机磷含量显著正相关.因此,土壤有机磷及其酶促水解过程是调节沉积物作为磷源或磷汇功能的关键因素之一.     

温室土壤磷素迁移变化特征研究

采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了典型温室栽培地区山东寿光土壤磷素状况及其迁移变化特征。结果表明：（1）除Ca10-P外,温室土壤耕层（0～20 cm）全磷及无机磷组分含量均显著高于露地土壤,其平均含量分别为露地土壤的2.9、3.7、5.6、4.1、3.4倍和6.1倍,且以耕层累积为主,表现出明显的表聚特征,并有向下迁移的趋势;（2）在温室栽培的前期,磷素累积较快,连续种植了4～8 a时,全磷含量达到一个较高范围,为露地土壤的2～4倍,随着种植年限的继续增加,其再累积磷素的能力较差,甚至略有下降;（3）Ca8-P、Al-P和O-P是温室土壤磷素累积的主要形态,与露地土壤相比,其在0～20 cm耕层的平均增加量分别为296.5、288.5、306.0 mg.kg-1;（4）温室土壤耕层水溶性磷和速效磷的平均含量为10.9 mg.kg-1和248.4 mg.kg-1,分别为露地土壤的8.7倍和5.4倍,磷淋失并造成环境污染的可能性很大。     

长期施用不同肥料对栗褐土有机磷组分的影响

采用Bowman-Cole提出的土壤有机磷分级体系对长期定位试验耕层土壤有机磷的形态进行测定.结果表明,除单施氮肥处理(N)外,各处理磷的有效率与对照相比均有所增加,高量有机肥与氮磷肥配合施用处理(M2NP)增加最多,增加了5.59％;氮磷肥合施(NP)、单施低量有机肥(M1)、低量有机肥与氮肥配合施用(M1N)、低量有机肥与氮磷肥配合施用(M1NP)、高量有机肥与氮肥配合施用(M2N)和M2NP处理有机磷总量分别比对照增加了92.7％、133.8％、133.9％、191.3％、172.1％和201.5％,差异达到显著水平;除N处理外,各处理有机磷组分中以活性有机磷增加地最为明显,较对照增加了205.1％ ～ 420.5％,其中以M2NP增加最为显著增加了420.5％;中活性有机磷与中稳性有机磷是栗褐土有机磷的主体,约占有机磷总量的70％;相关分析与回归分析表明,活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷对速效磷的贡献最大.     

有机物料对土壤有机磷组分及其矿化进程的影响

通过300天室内恒温(30℃)好气培养实验,研究了不同C/N有机物料(水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、牛粪、猪粪)掺入土壤后,土壤有机P及各组分含量和有机P的矿化特征。结果表明:有机物料的添加,不同程度地增加了土壤有机P含量;添加有机物料处理,有机P矿化率高于对照处理,且在培养的前30天迅速矿化。掺入有机物料处理土壤有机P各组分含量均有所增加;对照处理有机P各组分的矿化进程都比较平稳,而添加物料处理的活性和中等活性有机P则呈增加或波动状态,中稳和高稳性有机P在腐解初期出现迅速矿化。有机物料的添加,可以促进有机P各组分间的转化,提高土壤P素的有效性。     

Influence of Residual and Fresh Subsurface Phosphorus Fertilizer Bands on Soil Phosphorus Profile Distribution and Maize Growth and Shoot Phosphorus Uptake

A field study was conducted at Beresford, SD, to examine how residual fertilizer phosphorus (P) bands influenced the distribution of Bray-1 extractable P in the soil profile and maize (Zea mays L.) shoot growth and P uptake in a ridge-till system. Liquid ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0) was injected each fall for three consecutive years in either one or two concentrated subsurface bands in a 5 × 5 cm configuration with respect to the planted seed at rates to provide either 0, 10, 20, or 40 kg P/ha. Soil samples were removed once in the spring before planting with a rectangular block sampler along a 30 cm transect perpendicular to the ridge row to a depth of 15 cm after the third year of the P application. The large sample was separated into eight 7.5 × 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm block sections. Soil was analyzed for Bray-1-extractable orthophosphate-P in each of the sample blocks, composited for increasingly greater soil volumes, and compared with shoot growth and P uptake at the sixth and twelfth leaf and silking stage of growth. Applied-P rate had a strong effect on Bray-1-P levels, increasing them from 7.5 to 195.1 mg P/kg as P rate increased from 0 to 40 kg P/ha. The locations of the previously applied P bands were highly variable in the sampling profile. Coefficients of variation (c.v.) for Bray-1-P levels varied from 1.9 to 141.4 for sampling-block locations and increased as P rate increased. This result indicated that, within treatment replication, there was little consistency with fertilizer P-band placement with respect to the planted seed, and the variability increased with higher P applications. Applied-P rate influenced shoot dry weight, shoot P concentration, and shoot P uptake in the sixth leaf and twelfth leaf growth stages only. The band number had no influence on these parameters. When increasingly larger volumes were considered to improve the accuracy of sampling position with the predictability of the Bray-1 P levels and shoot parameters, the smallest soil volume and sampling position close to the planted seed was as accurate a predictor of shoot parameter responses as the Bray-1 P levels derived from soil composites of larger sampling volumes.     

土壤有机磷形态的生物有效性研究

通过对土壤有机磷形态测定及其与土壤有效磷、小麦幼苗吸磷量、黑麦幼苗吸磷量、幼苗试验土壤有机磷矿化量的相关分析,研究了土壤有机磷形态的生物有效性。结果表明:反映土壤供磷状况及植物磷素营养状况的一些相关指标,如有效磷、黑麦草幼苗吸磷量与有机磷组分无明显直线相关关系,不能说明土壤有机磷形态的有效性。而幼苗试验土壤有机磷的矿化量、小麦幼苗吸磷量可以从一个侧面反映土壤有机磷形态的有效性。总的趋势是活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷表现出较高的有效性,高稳性有机磷有效性最低。     

有机酸对石灰性潮土有机磷组分的影响

采用小麦盆栽试验的方法,研究了有机酸对石灰性潮土有机 P 组分含量及土壤 P 有效性的影响.结果表明:石灰性潮土的 4 种有机 P 组分中,以中度活性有机 P 为主,其次为高稳性有机 P 和中稳性有机 P ,活性有机P的含量最低;施用磷酸二氢钾和氟磷灰石后,土壤有机P总量和有机P各组分发生了变化;土壤经有机酸处理后,有机P总量增加,有机P总量的增加主要是中度活性有机P和活性有机P的增加.而中稳性有机P和高稳性有机P主要表现为下降,说明有机酸能够促进土壤有机P由有效性较低的形态逐步向有效性高的形态转化,从而进一步矿化为无机P或者被植物根系直接吸收,其中草酸的作用效果总体上较腐殖酸强;在P素供应不足的情况下,有机酸(草酸和腐殖酸)能够提高石灰性潮土中P的有效性,促进植物的正常生长.     

有机无机磷肥配施对蔬菜地土壤磷素淋失的影响

利用土柱淋溶模拟实验研究化肥、有机肥以及有机无机P肥配施对蔬菜地土壤P素淋失的影响,结果表明,有机肥可明显提高土壤的有机P含量,促进土壤P素的淋失;在施P量相同的情况下,有机P肥所占的比例越大,淋出液总P、溶解总P、溶解有机P的浓度和累积淋失量就越高.在评价蔬菜地土壤P对水环境影响时,应把有机P作为评价指标.     

Divergent Relationships of Phosphorus Soil Tests in Temperate Grassland Soils

Abstract

Various soil tests are used to estimate phosphorus (P) availability for both crop uptake and potential loss to water. Conversion equations may provide a basis for comparison between different tests and regions, although the extent to which information can be interchanged is uncertain. The objective was to determine and quantify relationships between specific soil test extractants for samples taken annually in October and February over 4 years from four sites in each of eight soil series under grassland. The extractants comprised Mehlich‐3, Morgan, Olsen, Bray‐1, lactate–acetate, CaCl₂ (1∶2 and 1∶10 soil–solution ratios), and resin. The results showed distinct relationships for each soil series, for which individual lines regression models (different intercepts and slopes) were superior to a single conversion equation across all soils. The ensuing difference between soils was large and ranged from 1.9 to 8.0 and 9.2 to 15.6 mg kg^?1 P for Morgan and Olsen, respectively, at 20 mg kg^?1 Mehlich‐3 P. Generally, the environmentally oriented tests CaCl₂ and resin correlated best with Morgan. Some soil‐specific limitations were also observed. CaCl₂ was less efficient than Morgan, and Morgan less efficient than Mehlich‐3 on a high Fe–P soil derived from Ordovician‐shale diamicton, compared with the general trend for other soils. This finding suggests that further disparity may arise where evaluation of critical, or other, limits across regions involves even a limited sequence of tests.     

不同有机肥对矿区复垦土壤磷素累积及淋失风险研究

为探究定位培肥矿区复垦土壤过程中不同有机肥对土壤磷素累积状况及环境流失风险的差异.以山西省孝义市采煤塌陷复垦土壤为研究对象,研究不同有机肥(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪)和化肥在4个施磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm2)培肥4年后对矿区复垦土壤全磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3—P、CaCl2—P以及磷饱和度(DP...     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土有机磷组分及其有效性的影响

应用Bowman和Cole的有机磷(P)分组方法,研究23年田间定位试验下不同有机肥对土壤有机P组分及其有效性的影响.结果表明:与休闲、不施肥对照和长期单施化肥处理相比,无机肥与有机肥配施能显著增加土壤有机P的总量,不同有机肥对有机P的累积效应是牛粪>猪粪>麦秸.长期施肥主要是提高中活性有机P的含量,活性和中稳性有机P的增幅相当,高稳性有机P的含量几乎没有变化.相关分析表明活性有机P是土壤有效P的直接P源,中活性有机P是活性有机P的有效补充,而中稳性有机P和高稳性有机P的有效性较低.