Effect of Sodium Chloride Levels on Growth,Water Status,Uptake, Transport,and Accumulation Pattern of Sodium and Chloride Ions in Young Sunflower Plants

There is a paucity of information on the critical content, threshold levels, uptake, transport, and accumulation of sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) ions in young sunflower plants. Effect of salinity was analyzed in root, stem, leaves, and buds by raising plants in fine sand irrigated with Hoagland's solution and supplemented with 10–160 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 30 days. Maximum sensitivity index, reduction in growth, and water content were observed in buds. Maximum Na⁺ and Cl^? contents were obtained in old leaves and stems under low salinity but in roots at high salinity. Uptake, transport, and accumulation rate of Cl^? were more than those of Na⁺, and for both ions they increased with increasing NaCl concentration but decreased with increasing exposure time. Growth reduction at low salinity seems to be because of Cl^? toxicity, but Na⁺ toxicity and water deficiency could also be the causes at high salinity.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Growth and Ion Accumulation in Some Halophytes

Abstract

Effects of salinity on biomass production, water content, and ion accumulation pattern in Atriplex amnicola P. G. Wilson, Atriplex calotheca L., Atriplex hortensis L., Chenopodium album L., Salsola kali L., and Suaeda nudiflora Moq. (all Chenopodiaceae) have been studied. The plants survived and exhibited no toxicity symptoms up to 6000 mg L^?1 NaCl treatment. Ion composition was variable in plants grown under different salinity treatments. Salinity, except in Suaeda nudiflora where the least biomass was produced in control, affected all other species negatively, and they produced the least biomass at high salinity treatment. Shoot water content of Suaeda nudiflora and Chenopodium album increased significantly in response to salinity. Among all the species examined here, maximum sodium (Na⁺) accumulation was recorded for Suaeda nudiflora, and it increased with the increasing salinity. This study concluded that among all the species tested, Suaeda nudiflora was most suitable plant for bioremediation of salt‐contaminated soils.     

Growth,Chlorophyll, and Cation Concentration of Tetraploid Wheat on a Solution High in Sodium Chloride Salt: Hulled Versus Free-Threshing Genotypes

Based on the literature, under-utilized hulled wheats could be tolerant to some harsh environmental conditions. The effect of salt stress on chlorophyll content, leaf area, dry weight, and ion concentrations in eight genotypes of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum) using a three-replicate completely random design indoor experiment was studied. These genotypes included six hulled wheat (HW), T. turgidum subspp. Dicoccum, and two free-threshing wheat (FTW), T. turgidum subspp. durum. Salt stress was induced by adding sodium chloride (NaCl) to a hydroponic medium to 40, 80, and 120 mM, in addition to control. Salinity reduced leaf content of chlorophyll a (chl-a) at 120 mM but had not significant effect on chlorophyll b (chl-b) content. Salt stress decreased plant leaf area by nearly 63%. Plant top dry weight declined by 52% with increasing salinity to 120 mM level. Plant top calcium (Ca²⁺) content was not affected, whereas plant top sodium (Na⁺) concentration increased and potassium (K⁺) and magnesium (Mg⁺) concentration decreased with increasing salinity, averaged over genotypes. No significant interaction of genotype × salinity was detected for traits studied in this experiment. When contrasted as two groups of genotypes, i.e., HW vs. FTW, the former group suffered more severe decreases in terms of chl-a, chl-b, leaf area, dry weight, and Mg²⁺ concentration and a more pronounced increase in Na⁺ compared to the FTW. Overall, no evidence of salt tolerance was found for hulled tetraploid wheats of central Iran.     

柑橘地土壤溶质优先运移研究

通过室内原状土柱与重塑土柱对比实验,应用溶质穿透曲线研究柑橘地土壤优先流及溶质优先运移的特征。结果表明:柑橘地原状土柱土壤穿透曲线表现出了上升阶段的拐点现象,是优先流与基质流共同作用的结果。原状土柱土体穿透曲线下降初期较陡,并表现出了较长的拖尾特征,重塑土柱下降趋势相对稳定。存在优先路径的土体出流速率稳定性较差,变异系数较大,其平均出流速率是重塑土柱出流速率的3.5倍。优先流作用使溶质相对浓度到达峰值的时间缩短了37.7%,此时造成的溶质运移量却是平衡基质流所造成的溶质运移量的2.5倍,因此优先流能够导致土壤溶质的快速大量迁移。     

外界铜离子浓度对柑桔小苗常量元素吸收特性的影响

以柑桔品种［Ｃｌｅｏｐａｔｒａｍａｎｄａｒｉｎ（ＣＭ）和Ｓｗｉｎｇｌｅｃｉｔｒｕｍｅｌｏ（ＳＣ）］的小苗为试验材料，应用营养液水培法，研究了不同ｐＨ值（ｐＨ４．５～７．５）范围内和不同铜离子浓度（０．１～２０．０μｍｏｌＬ－１）条件下，柑桔小苗的营养吸收特性。试验结果表明：在所有试验ｐＨ值条件下，随着营养液中铜离子浓度的增加，两个品种柑桔体内积累的铜亦呈线性增加（ｒ＝０．８６～０．９６），而小苗对常量元素（磷、钾、钙、镁）的吸收以及小苗的生长量却大大地下降，其相关性达Ｐ＝０．０１的显著水平（ｒ＝０．７７～０．９９）。当营养液中铜离子浓度≥０．１μｍｏｌＬ－１就对柑桔小苗的生长有抑制作用，干扰小苗对营养元素的吸收。     

模拟再生水灌溉下污灌土壤中盐分离子交换运移的试验研究

为研究再生水灌溉下原污灌区土壤中主要盐分离子交换运移规律,采用有污水灌溉背景的两种质地土壤,根据再生水的基本性质及其盐分离子组分,配制4种浓度水平的入渗液,进行土柱模拟试验。结果表明,不同质地土壤在低Na^＋配制液淋洗下的穿透曲线都出现下凹现象,但Na^＋在壤土中富集的表现并不显著,而在粉质砂壤土中部分Na^＋吸附累积时间较长;模拟再生水入渗溶液中不同组分的盐分离子在不同程度上影响污灌土壤中发生的离子化学反应的进行,导致各处理下Na穿透时间发生显著差异;长期再生水灌溉会对HCO3^-含量较高且粉粒比重大的土壤的入渗等性能产生更为不利的影响。     

Response to salinity of three grain legumes for potential cultivation in arid areas

Abstract

The material balance of all the chemical species associated with the phosphate sorption reaction by two amorphous clays, silica-alumina gel and synthetic goethite was investigated adjusting the initial pH to 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0. Phosphate sorption was found to decrease with increasing initial pH. During phosphate sorption, the equilibrium pH rose, adsorption of Cl^- decreased to a state of negative adsorption, adsorption of Na⁺ increased markedly, silicate was released, and Al in the solution was precipitated. With increasing initial pH, the amount of apparent released OH^- increased, the amount of Na⁺ adsorption increased, and the amount of released silicate decreased. The overall relationship of the material balance is explained in terms of the charge balance associated with phosphate sorption.     

Short-Term Ion Uptake by Phalaenopsis as Affected by Concentration of the Solution

ABSTRACT

Nutrient uptake over a 72 h culture period by clonal micropropagules of Phalaenopsis Tanigawa × Yukimai Dream ‘KS 370’ and ‘KS 352’ were surveyed by Ichihashi's (1997) Ichihashi, S. 1997. “Orchid production and research in Japan”. In Orchid Biology, Reviews and Prospectives, Edited by: Arditti, J. and Pridgeon, A. M. 171–212. Dordrecht, , The Netherlands: Kluwer.  [Google Scholar] nutrient solution at the original ion strength and its half and quarter. Uptake of major anions [nitrate (NO₃ ^?), phosphate (H₂PO₄ ^?), and sulfate (SO₄ ^2?)] and cations [ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺)] measured with an ion chromatograph increased as the ionic strength of the solution increased in both cultivars. The final uptake rates of nutrients were 0.8, 2.0, 2.1, 1.2, 3.0, 2.0, and 1.6 me L^?1, respectively in the order of ions mentioned above. The ratios of the uptake rates between cations (mono or bivalent) were almost in proportion to the ratio of their initial ion strength. Therefore, no antagonistical absorption of cations was found in that ion strength. Leaf content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) increased as the ionic strength of the solution increased, but concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were not affected significantly. Nitrogen (N) content of leaves in ‘KS 370’ after 72 h culture increased significantly by increasing the ionic strength of the solution. Root concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe increased as the ionic strength of the solution increased in both cultivars. The N concentrations of roots in either ‘KS 370’ or ‘KS 352’ had positive correlations with an increasing ionic strength of the solution, although they were constantly greater in ‘KS 370’ than in ‘KS 352’. The greatest fresh weight was obtained when the plants were cultured in a half strength solution. Whereas dry weight decreased in all treatments as the ionic strength of the solution decreased. These findings show that increased ion absorption affected plant dry weight. The obtained findings provide fundamental information for the closed hydroponic system of phalaenopsis cultivation.     

富硒和非富硒水稻品种苗期硒吸收和转运差异

利用水培试验研究了富Se和非富Se水稻品种苗期Se吸收和转运差异。结果表明:不同供Se水平,富Se水稻品种根系Se吸收速率和茎叶Se含量明显高于非富Se品种,而两类品种间根部Se含量无明显差异。低Se水平下(20μg/L),富Se品种茎叶/根Se总量比明显高于非富Se品种。可见Se吸收转运差异可能是引起两类水稻品种稻米Se含量差异的主要原因。     

Chloride interaction with nitrate and phosphate nutrition in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

Tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse in 100 liter containers containing nutrient solutions. A 4 × 3 × 3 factorial experiment of Cl × N × P was conducted. The Cl^‐ concentrations were 0, 10, 35 and 70 meq/1; NO^‐ ₃ concentrations were 7.5, 15, and 20 meq/1; and H₂PO^‐ ₄ concentrations were 1, 2, and 5 meq/1. Fifteen different plant parameters were analyzed. There was a decline in dry matter yield with increasing Cl^‐ concentration in solution at all NO, and H₂PO^‐ ₄ levels. The effect of NO^‐ ₃ levels on dry matter at each Cl^‐level was varied and resulted in a significant Cl^‐ x NO^‐ ₃ interaction. The Cl^‐ affected all measured plant parameters but K and P content in the plant. Chloride content in the plant was depressed by increasing NO^‐ ₃ concentration in the solution at all levels of Cl^‐ in the solution. There was a little effect of H₂ PO^‐ ₄ on Cl^‐ and Mg content in the plant. The possibility of using NO^‐ ₃ fertilizers to depress Cl^‐ uptake by the plants is discussed.

Interaction between solution salinity and plant nutrition was investigated for several crops by Bernstein et al. (1974). Their experiments were conducted at relatively low nutrient solution concentrations which contained only 2 and 4 meq/l of NO^‐ ₃. Low NO^‐ ₃ concentrations are justified when very low C1^‐ concentrations are present in solution. Letey et al. (1982) did not find any response of tomato to increases in NO^‐ ₃ concentration beyond 1 meq/l in a chloride‐free solution. Hiatt and Leggett (1974) reported that increasing Cl^‐ concentration in the solution suppressed NO^‐ ₃ uptake by the plant. Direct competition between NO^‐ ₃ and Cl^‐ on uptake by plants was also reported by DeWit et al. (1963). There is therefore a possibility that yield reduction due to increased salinity is not entirely from Cl^‐ toxicity, but may be partially due to induced deficiency of NO^‐ ₃ by the increased external Cl^‐concentration (Wallace and Berry, 1981).

Reports on the effect of H₂FO^‐ ₄ interaction with salinity are conflicting (Champagnol, 1979). Some investigators report positive and others report negative effects of increased H₂PO^‐ ₄ concentrations on plant resistance to salinity. Nieman and Clark (1976) found that decreasing H₂PO^‐ ₄ from 1 to 0.1 meq/l increased resistance of the plant to salinity.

The purpose of the work reported herein was to check the hypotheses that increasing NO^‐ ₃ and H₂PO^‐ ₄ concentrations in the nutrient solution will decrease Cl^‐ uptake and thus increase plant resistance to Cl^‐ salinity or conversely high Cl^‐ in the water requires higher NO^‐ ₃ concentration for adequate N supply as compared to low Cl^‐.     

Growth Responses and Nitrogen-15 Absorption of Desert Saltgrass Under Salt Stress

Abstract

Saltgrass [Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Gray) Beetle], accession WA-12, collected from a salt playa in Wilcox, AZ, was studied in a greenhouse to evaluate its growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths, shoot dry-matter yield, and nitrogen (N) (regular and ¹⁵N) absorption rates under control and salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) stress conditions. Plants were grown under a control (no salt) and three levels of salt stress (100, 200, and 400 mM NaCl, equivalent to 5850, 11700, and 23400 mg L^{? 1} sodium chloride, respectively), using Hoagland solution in a hydroponics system. Ammonium sulfate [(¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄], 53% ¹⁵N (atom percent ¹⁵N) was used to enrich the plants. Plant shoots were harvested weekly, oven-dried at 60°C, and the dry weights measured. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were also measured. During the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested and oven-dried, and dry weights were determined and recorded. All harvested plant materials were analyzed for total N and ¹⁵N. The results showed that shoot and root lengths decreased under increasing salinity levels. However, both shoot fresh and dry weights significantly increased at 200 mM NaCl salinity relative to the control or to the 400 mM NaCl level. Shoot succulence (fresh weight/dry weight) also increased from the control (no salt) to 200 mM NaCl, then declined. The root dry weights at both 200 mM and 400 mM NaCl salinity levels were significantly higher than under the control. Concentrations of both total-N and ¹⁵N in the shoots were higher in NaCl-treated plants relative to those under the control. Shoot total-N and ¹⁵N contents were highest in 200 mM NaCl-treated plants relative to those under the control and 400 mM salinity.     

How Nitrogen and Zinc Levels Affect Seed Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Uptake of Canola Irrigated with Saline and Ultra-Saline Water

In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) fertilizers on seed yield, oil percentage, glucosinolate content, and nutrient uptake of canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Okapi), irrigated with saline and ultra-saline water, field experiments were conducted in Agriculture Research Centre of East Azarbaijan, Iran, during three consecutive years: 2011, 2012, and 2013. The experiments were carried out based on randomized complete block design arranged in factorial with three replications. The experimental treatments included N rates at three levels (0, 50, and 100 kg ha^?1), Zn rates at three levels (0, 5, and 10 kg ha^?1), and saline water at two levels (8 and 16 dS m^?1 as saline and ultra-saline water). According to the results, N and Zn application had a significant effect on the plant height, pod number per plant, and seed yield. However, the value of these traits decreased as a result of the higher salinity level (from 8 to 16 dS m^?1). From the results, the glucosinolate content was not affected by N or Zn fertilization, whereas, salinity increased the glucosinolate content from 27.51% to 30.06% when saline water and ultra-saline water were applied, respectively. In addition, the effect of ultra-saline water on the decrease in the N, phosphorous, potassium, and calcium uptake and the increase in the sodium and chlorine accumulation in canola seed was significant. However, Zn application could diminish adverse effects of salinity on phosphorus uptake. For instance, under ultra-saline water conditions, application of 10 kg ha^?1 Zn increased the seed phosphorus content compared with control treatment. In general, it seems that nutrients’ supply, especially N and Zn, can be considered as an effective solution to diminish adverse effects of salinity.     

Phosphorus Uptake by Young Citrus Trees in Low-P Soil Depends on Rootstock Varieties and Nutrient Management

Because low-phosphorus (P) availability limits citrus growth, rootstocks with a relatively high capacity for P uptake are desirable. An experiment was conducted with trees on Cleopatra mandarin (CM) and Rangpur lime (RL). Treatments consisted of P rates (20, 40, and 80 mg kg^?1 of soil) applied in soil layers of 0–0.30 m and/or 0.31–0.60 m, besides an unfertilized control. The P fertilization increased root and shoot growth, and P nutrition was improved as indicated by greater leaf P concentration, P uptake, and P root uptake efficiency (PUE). The P applied in both soil layers improved shoot growth, P uptake, and PUE. Trees on RL took up 23–126% more P and had root systems with greater growth and PUE compared to those on CM. Thus, P uptake by citrus trees in low-P soils can be improved by augmenting the depth of fertilizer application and the use of more adapted rootstocks.     

Salt Tolerance of Sesame Genotypes at Germination,Vegetative, and Maturity Stages

Abstract

Salinity and moisture stress are main limiting factors of agricultural development on arid and semi‐arid lands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of sesame (Sesamun indicum L.) genotypes to salinity. Salinity treatments in rooting media were 0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 7.0 dS m^?1 using calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Germination of 50 genotypes was evaluated. Twenty seeds of each cultivar were set in paper towels and moistened with the saline solutions for 15 days. Five germination‐selected genotypes were seeded in 10‐kg pots, and soil salinity was adjusted to the same treatments. Highly significant effects were found for dry matter at 45 (DM 45) days after planting (DAP), at 90 DAP (DM 90), and leaf area (LA). Growth differences among genotypes were only observed for DM 90. These data suggest that sesame tolerance to CaCl₂ salinity improved through the growing season and may be genetically controlled.     

Nutrient Uptake,Water Relations,and Yield Performance lf Different Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salinity Stress

A pot experiment was conducted in the wire house of Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on water relations, nutrient uptake and yield of six local spring wheat cultivars. The seeds were sown in plastic pots (25 × 15 cm) and experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three repeats. De-ionized water was used as control treatment while salinity stress was imposed by irrigating plants with sodium chloride (NaCl) solution of 10 mM at tillering, stem elongation, anthesis, and grain development stages. Results of the study demonstrated that salinity stress decreased water potential by 32%, osmotic potential by 12%, and relative water contents by 20% as compared to control treatment. The nitrogen (N) uptake was decreased by 36% under salinity stress, while phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) uptake were decreased by 56% and 42%, respectively. The yield of wheat plants was also significantly reduced under salinity stress. It reduced grain yield by 25% and grain weight by 7%. The response of different cultivars was also different to salinity stress as cultivars ‘Lasani-08’ and ‘FSD-08’ were found to be more tolerant as compared to other cultivars.     

三峡库区不同林龄柑橘土壤酶活性的演变

土壤酶驱动土壤生态系统养分的循环和控制生态系统的功能。本研究以生长年限为10、20年和30年的柑橘林0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤为研究对象,主要探讨了土壤脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性随着柑橘林龄的延长和土壤深度的增加的变化规律。结果表明,随着柑橘林龄的延长,0~20 cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶活性10年和20年样地之间无显著性差异,但都显著大于30年的样地;而0~20 cm土层土壤转化酶和脲酶活性逐渐提高,20年时达到最大值,其后又降低。随着土壤深度的增加,过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶活性在3个林龄的柑橘林中都呈现显著的下降趋势。相关性分析的结果表明,土壤转化酶活性、脲酶活性都与土壤有机碳和微生物量碳氮之间都具有显著的正相关性,而过氧化酶氢活性与土壤理化特性及其微生物量之间都无显著的相关性。主成分分析结果进一步显示,土壤转化酶活性、脲酶活性、有机碳和微生物生物量碳氮均在第一主成分中具有较大的载荷,对第一主成分的贡献最大。以上结果表明脲酶和转化酶活性能够做为柑橘土壤质量变化的敏感指标。     

14C-吡虫啉在苗期油菜中的吸收、转运与分布特性

为深入了解吡虫啉在植物体内的行为规律,本研究以14C-吡虫啉为研究对象,采用种衣剂拌种法,设低药种比(4.8和5.4 g ? kg-1)以及高药种比(6.0和7.2 g·kg-1)处理,利用同位素示踪技术及现代仪器分析技术,探讨了吡虫啉在苗期甘蓝型油菜中的动态吸收变化和转运分布规律.结果表明,药种比6.0 g·kg-1...     

Maturity Effects on Mineral Concentration and Uptake in Annual Ryegrass

ABSTRACT

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) provides livestock feed and captures nutrients from fields receiving manure application. The objective of this study was to determine relationships among maturity and yield, mineral uptake, and mineral concentration. Primary spring growth of ‘Marshall’ ryegrass was harvested every 7 d to 56 d maturity and was fertilized with swine effluent containing 254 and 161 kg nitrogen (N) and 42 and 26 kg phosphorus (P) ha^?1 for two years. Yield increased linearly to a maximum of 13.6 mg ha^?1 after 49 d in 2001 and 8.0 mg ha^?1 after 56 d in 2002. Mineral uptake was highly correlated (r > 0.95) with yield and attained a maximum single harvest of 192 kg N ha^?1 and 32 kg P ha^?1 (mean of two years). Concentration of all minerals except calcium (Ca) declined as ryegrass matured. Low magnesium (Mg) concentration (< 2 g kg^?1 dry matter) increases the risk of hypomagnesemic grass tetany.     

Comparative Effect of Nitrogen Forms on Nitrogen Uptake and Cotton Growth Under Salinity Stress

The effects of nitrogen (N) forms (ammonium- or nitrate-N) on plant growth under salinity stress [150 mmol sodium chloride (NaCl)] were studied in hydroponically cultured cotton. Net fluxes of sodium (Na⁺), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and nitrate (NO₃^?) were also determined using the Non-Invasive Micro-Test Technology. Plant growth was impaired under salinity stress, but nitrate-fed plants were less sensitive to salinity than ammonium-fed plants due mainly to superior root growth by the nitrate-fed plants. The root length, root surface area, root volume, and root viability of seedlings treated with NO₃-N were greater than those treated with NH₄-N with or without salinity stress. Under salinity stress, the Na⁺ content of seedlings treated with NO₃-N was lower than that in seedlings treated with NH₄-N owing to higher root Na⁺ efflux. A lower net NO₃^? efflux was observed in roots of nitrate-fed plants relative to the net NH₄⁺ efflux from roots of ammonium-fed plants. This resulted in much more nitrogen accumulation in different tissues, especially in leaves, thereby enhancing photosynthesis in nitrate-fed plants under salinity stress. Nitrate-N is superior to ammonium-N based on nitrogen uptake and cotton growth under salinity stress.