不同氮肥施用对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同氮肥处理对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率影响。结果表明:增施氮肥处理比不施氮肥处理双季稻的有效穗数、每穗粒数均显著提高,早稻产量增产77.0%~127.1%,晚稻增加62.9%~108.0%;早稻中等量控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理水稻单位有效穗数、每穗粒数、农学利用率均增加,同时增产5.0%,氮肥利用率提高18.0个百分点;减量控释氮肥处理与普通尿素处理比有效穗数、每穗粒数、产量、氮肥农学利用率有所下降但氮肥利用率提高18.6~20.2个百分点,晚稻中各控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理每穗粒数增加、产量增产,增产率为9.7%~27.7%,氮肥利用率提高28~31.1个百分点,且农学利用率显著提高;不同用量控释氮肥处理间早稻有效穗数、产量随氮肥用量增加而增加,晚稻中当施氮水平≤162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,水稻单位有效穗、每穗粒数、结实率、产量随氮肥增加而增加;当施氮水平162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,随施氮量增加而减少。     

不同比例有机肥替代化肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

在江西双季稻区进行30 a的田间定位试验,比较不施氮肥(CK)、施用化肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%化肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%化肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%化肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)施肥条件下水稻产量、氮素吸收、氮素利用率的变化。结果表明:与等养分量NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施处理能显著提高30 a双季稻平均产量(P<0.05),增产幅度在2.47%～5.73%,其中30F+70M处理产量最高,且不同比例有机无机肥配施处理之间有显著差异,30F+70M处理显著高于50F+50M处理(P<0.05)。在不同时间段,不同有机无机肥配施处理产量表现不同,低量有机肥配施处理在试验前期具有明显的增产优势,高量有机肥配施处理在试验中后期增产效果明显。与等养分量NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施处理30 a平均吸氮量无显著差异,不同施肥处理每生产1 t籽粒对氮素的需求不同,有机无机肥配施处理(20.57～20.94 kg)低于NPK处理(21.77 kg),其中30F+70M、70F+30M处理具有较高的氮素生产效率。有机无机肥...     

Suitability of Lime,Green Leaf,and Farm Yard Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers for Sustaining Green Gram Yield and Rainwater Use Efficiency Under Moist Sub-Humid Alfisols in India

Field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of nutrients management practices on yield and rainwater use efficiency of green gram (Vigna radiata), and soil fertility under moist sub-humid Alfisols at Phulbani, India, during 2005–2008. Ten treatment combinations of lime @ 10% and 20% of lime requirement (LR) @ 8.3 t ha^?1, farmyard manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha^?1, green leaf manure @ 5 t ha^?1, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N–P–K) (20–40–20 kg ha^?1) were tested. The analysis of variance indicated that treatments differed significantly from each other in influencing yield and rainwater use efficiency. Application of lime @ 20% LR + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 40 kg P + 20 kg K ha^?1 was superior with maximum mean yield of 531 kg ha^?1, while lime @ 10% LR + FYM @ 5 t ha^?1 + 40 kg P + 20 kg K ha^?1 was the second best with 405 kg ha^?1 and maintained maximum soil fertility of nutrients. The superior treatment gave maximum sustainability yield index of 67.5%, rainwater use efficiency of 0.49 kg ha^?1 mm^?1, improved soil pH, electrical conductivity, and soil nutrients over years.     

有机无机肥配施对水稻氮素利用率与氮流失风险的影响

农田土壤–作物系统对畜禽粪便有一定的消纳作用,有机粪肥与无机氮肥配施是未来农业生产中进一步增加产量、减少化肥施用和保护环境的重要生产模式。本研究采用盆栽试验,分析在施用一定量有机粪肥基础上,不同无机氮肥用量对水稻产量、氮素利用率和氮流失风险的影响,探讨有机肥与无机氮肥的最优比例,为有机肥施用条件下稻田无机氮肥的合理施用提供科学依据。结果表明:与单施有机肥(M)相比,配施0.8倍的无机氮肥效果最佳,水稻产量、株高、分蘖数、籽粒吸氮量和氮肥利用率达最高。有机肥作底肥时,水稻生长前期田面水无机氮浓度随配施无机氮肥量的增加而增加,而后期配施无机氮肥各处理田面水氮素浓度则随着氮肥施用量的增加呈现先降低后升高趋势,其中,增施0.4倍、0.6倍和0.8倍无机氮肥时稻田田面水氮素浓度较单施有机肥处理分别降低17.5%、11.9%和9.3%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。与单施无机氮肥处理(N)相比,同样以0.8倍无机氮肥+有机肥处理作物产量和氮肥利用率最高,田面水氮浓度降低了30.2%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。综上,消纳有机肥基础上,在满足作物需氮量的前提下,无机氮肥与其配比为1︰1时,既可以提高水稻增产潜力,又降低稻田氮素流失风险和适当减少稻田无机氮肥施用量。     

Winter Wheat Yield,Quality, and Nitrogen Removal Following Compost- or Manure-Fertilized Sugarbeet

To efficiently use nitrogen (N) while protecting water quality, one must know how a second-year crop, without further N fertilization, responds in years following a manure application. In an Idaho field study of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following organically fertilized sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), we determined the residual (second-year) effects of fall-applied solid dairy manure, either stockpiled or composted, on wheat yield, biomass N, protein, and grain N removal. Along with a no-N control and urea (202 kg N ha^?1), first-year treatments included compost (218 and 435 kg estimated available N ha^?1) and manure (140 and 280 kg available N ha^?1). All materials were incorporated into a Greenleaf silt loam (Xeric Calciargid) at Parma in fall 2002 and 2003 prior to planting first-year sugarbeet. Second-year wheat grain yield was similar among urea and organic N sources that applied optimal amounts of plant-available N to the preceding year’s sugarbeet, thus revealing no measurable second-year advantage for organic over conventional N sources. Both organic amendments applied at high rates to the preceding year’s sugarbeet produced greater wheat yields (compost in 2004 and manure in 2005) than urea applied at optimal N rates. On average, second-year wheat biomass took up 49% of the inorganic N remaining in organically fertilized soil after sugarbeet harvest. Applying compost or manure at greater than optimum rates for sugarbeet may increase second-year wheat yield but increase N losses as well.

Abbreviations CNS, carbon–nitrogen–sulfur     

Effects of Controlled Release Urea on the Yield and Nitrogen Nutrition of Flooded Rice

Nitrogen (N) loss is one of the key problems faced by rice farmers, and Nitrogen-use efficiency in rice is often poor as a result of high N loss through volatilization, leaching, and denitrification. One of the ways to improve N efficiency is by using controlled-release urea (CRU). The CRU generally outperformed granular urea fertilizer in reducing N losses, stimulating plant growth, and increasing N concentrations. A field experiment with the flooded rice variety MR220 was conducted to compare the effect of six different types of CRU fertilizers on yield and N nutrition of a flooded rice cultivar. Bakau series soil (Typic Tropaquept) was used in this study. Rice plants were grown in a cylindrical culvert measuring 90 cm in diameter by 60 cm in height, and all culverts were filled with soil (approx. 210 kg). The soil was flooded and preincubated for 3 weeks to stabilize physiochemical properties before sowing. The experiment was carried out over two planting seasons on the same plot using a completely randomized design (CRD) and was replicated three times. The CRUs evaluated were CDU Uber-10, Meister-20, Meister-27, humate-coated urea, Duration type V, and sulfur-coated urea (gold–N). Fertilizer was applied once throughout the study. For both seasons, CRU-treated plants had significantly greater rice yields [6 t ha^?1 (first planting harvest) and 6.2 t ha^?1 (second planting harvest)] than urea-treated plants [3.7 t ha^?1 (first planting harvest) and 2.2 t ha^?1 (second planting harvest)], respectively. The N accumulations in rice straw and rice grains of the CRU-treated plot were significantly greater than in the control. It can be inferred that CRU performs significantly better than granular urea. This finding is important, considering the usually high N losses in rice-growing areas.     

有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤物理性质的影响

通过研究有机无机肥配施对西北旱地冬小麦产量和土壤物理性质的影响,在保证冬小麦高产稳产基础上兼顾土壤物理性质,明确西北旱地麦田配施定量有机肥的最佳施氮量,为农业可持续发展提供参考。以冬小麦为供试作物,在西北旱区麦田连续5年进行了田间定位试验,采用裂区设计,主处理为施氮量分别为0,75,150,225,300 kg/hm²的5个氮水平,副处理为是否配施有机肥（30 t/hm²）。于2019年6月收获小麦后取0—10,10—20,20—40 cm土层的样品,测定其土壤容重、饱和导水率以及水稳定性团聚体等相关指标。结果表明,有机无机肥配施较单施化肥能使冬小麦产量显著增加,5年内平均提高13%,且效果最好为N150+M处理。配施有机肥后,供试土壤容重降低,在0—10,10—20,20—40 cm土层施加有机肥较不施有机肥容重分别降低4%,2%和4%。在0—10 cm土层有机无机肥配施较单施化肥降低了各处理的土壤饱和导水率,但未达到显著差异。与N0处理相比,N0+M处理下>2 mm的水稳性团聚体含量在0—10,10—20,20—40 cm土层中分别增加224%,105%,3%。无论是否配施有机肥,0—40 cm土层中土壤团聚体的MWD和GMD值均无明显变化,但整体看来,施氮量为150 kg/hm²对供试土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD和GMD值更为有利,对水稳性团聚体的稳定有一定的促进作用。综上可知,当施氮量为150 kg/hm²时,与施用量为30 t/hm²的有机肥配施有利于西北旱地冬小麦增产及土壤结构的稳定。     

Effect of nutrient‐management practices on growth,fruiting pattern,and yield of Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)

Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum) is mostly grown in the rainfed regions of India. However, little is known about the effects of nutrient‐management practices on plant growth and fruiting pattern of Asiatic cotton. Therefore, plant growth and fruiting pattern under four nutrient‐management treatments, N, NPK, FYM (10 Mg ha^–1), and INM (integrated nutrient management: a combination of NPK and FYM) were quantified during 2000–01 to 2002–03 (years 16 to 18 of a long‐term field experiment). Plants of the INM and FYM treatments were taller (68.4–149.5 cm) and had more main stem nodes per plant (30.5–44.5) as compared to N and NPK treatments. In treatment N, the shortest plants (50.9–83.6 cm) and the least number of fruiting structures were produced. Plants of the INM and FYM treatments accumulated more squares and bolls. Maximum boll production was 10–19 days earlier with the manure‐amended than the N and NPK treatments. Treatment N had the lowest seed cotton yield (639–790 kg ha^–1), because of small boll size (1.48–1.73 g) and few open bolls. Seed cotton yield followed the trend: NPK (815–1278 kg ha^–1) < INM (776–1551 kg ha^–1) < FYM (902–1593 kg ha^–1). Water stress and nutrient deficiencies (P and Zn in the N and Zn in the NPK treatments) as a consequence of nutrient depletion over the years may have decreased seed cotton yields in treatments that received mineral fertilizer alone in comparison with manure‐amended treatments. On a long‐term basis, FYM application should therefore form an integral part of nutrient recommendation.     

无机有机肥磷配施对作物产量及土壤磷形态变化

采用盆栽模拟生物试验,研究等量施磷条件下无机有机肥磷不同配比处理对作物产量及土壤磷形态的影响.结果表明:无机肥磷:有机肥磷为80∶20的处理较100∶0处理前两季小麦和水稻产量略低,后两季小麦和大豆产量显著增高;80∶20处理的土壤活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷含量分别比100∶0处理增加60.0％和51.7％; 80:20处理的铁磷和闭蓄态磷含量较100∶0处理显著降低,铝磷和钙磷含量变化不大;80∶20和70∶30处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、磷含量均显著高于100∶0处理.因此,80∶20处理是本试验条件下无机有机肥磷配施的最佳比例,可为农业生产上提供借鉴.     

有机肥与化肥长期配施对作物产量和灌漠土养分库的影响

根据河西走廊灌漠土上连续27 a的长期定位试验数据,研究了河西绿洲区灌漠土有机肥和化肥长期配施对作物产量和土壤养分库的影响。结果表明,有机肥与化肥长期配施增加了作物产量和产量的稳定性;7种施肥方式(单施氮、NP配施、NPK配施、单施有机肥、有机肥+N、有机肥+NP、有机肥+NPK)中,以有机肥与NP或NPK肥配施效果为最佳。长期有机肥和化肥配施增加了N,P,K养分投入量、养分携出量和盈余量;有机肥与化肥配施21~25 a后,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别提高了10.0%~16.0%,58.1%~69.0%和13.4%~31.1%,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了45.7%~79.0%,172.2%~287.8%和21.4%~38.8%,均显著高于对照和单施化肥处理;有机肥与化肥配施处理中,以有机肥与NPK肥配施改善土壤肥力的效果最理想。     

煤基复混肥对复垦土壤养分、玉米产量及水肥利用的影响

以工矿区固体废弃物为基本原料,与化肥复混研制而成煤基复混肥,通过单施煤基复混肥及其与菌肥配施在复垦区进行了大田试验,旨在研究不同施肥处理对复垦土壤养分、玉米产量、水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理均可有效促进土壤养分含量;菌肥+煤基复混肥处理使土壤有效磷含量显著高于单施复混肥或基质+煤基复混肥处理。玉米产量随施肥量的增加而增大,且在N300施肥水平达到最高,表现为菌肥+煤基复混肥(N300,5 957.52kg/hm~2)基质+煤基复混肥(N300,5 695.73kg/hm~2)单施煤基复混肥(N300,5 391.15kg/hm~2)。过量施肥(N390)导致玉米产量不同程度降低。菌肥+煤基复混肥不同处理在N210、N300和N390施肥水平玉米产量显著高于单施复混肥(P0.05)。煤基复混肥及其与菌肥配施在N300施肥水平水分利用效率最高,表现为菌肥+煤基复混肥[N300,18.32kg/(mm·hm~2)]基质+煤基复混肥[N300,17.57kg/(mm·hm~2)]单施煤基复混肥[N300,16.73kg/(mm·hm~2)]。随施肥量的增加,肥料利用率呈明显下降趋势,菌肥+煤基复混肥处理在N120、N210和N300各施肥水平的氮、磷、钾肥利用率均显著高于单施复混肥。综上所述,本研究对促进工矿区固体废弃物农业资源化利用有一定意义。     

补充灌溉对半干旱区马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响

采用随机区组设计,研究了陇中半干旱区不同补灌时期及补水量对马铃薯产量形成和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,苗期补水、现蕾期补水和膨大期补水较对照均能显著提高马铃薯产量;补水处理水分利用效率（WUE）均高于不补水处理（对照）;其中,现蕾期补水3kg/穴处理产量和水分利用效率增幅最高,产量和WUE分别达19 178.57kg/hm2（较对照处理高21.77%）和52.75kg/（hm2.mm）;与对照相比,各补水处理普遍优化了马铃薯各产量构成性状,有利于大薯率和中薯率的提高,单株结薯数和单株薯产量也较高。因此,现蕾期为旱地马铃薯需水关键期,对水分的变化敏感;现蕾期补水3kg/穴,可以作为半旱区马铃薯适宜的抗干旱节水高产种植模式。     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响。结果表明：（1）与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19127元·hm^-2其中（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高。（2）施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5．4％和7．0％;施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9．4％。（3）与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势;大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量。（4）有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35．5％和55．1％。在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理。     

Influence of Nitrogen on Growth,Yield, and Yield Components and Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Dry Bean Genotypes

Dry bean is an important legume and nitrogen (N) deficiency is one of the most yield-limiting factors in most of the bean-growing regions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to determine influence of N on growth, yield, and yield components and N uptake and use efficiency of 23 dry bean genotypes. Straw yield, grain yield, yield components, maximum root length, and root dry weight were significantly increased with the addition of N but varied with genotypes. The N × genotype interactions were also significant for most of these traits, indicating variation in responses of genotypes with the variation in N levels. There was significant difference in N uptake and use efficiency among genotypes. Most of growth and yield components were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified into efficient, moderately efficient, or inefficient group in N-use efficiency. Nitrogen concentration was greater in grain compared to straw, indicating greater N requirement of dry bean genotypes.     

灌溉模式和有机肥配施对水稻产量、光合特性和氮肥利用率的影响

针对湘北地区农业水资源日益紧缺和水稻生产上滥施化学氮肥的现状,为了节约淡水资源、降低化肥用量、实现水肥协同和资源高效利用,设置2种灌溉方式(W₁：全生育期淹水灌溉;W₂：全生育期湿润灌溉)和4个施氮水平(N₀：不施氮肥;N₁：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮100%;N₂：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮80%+有机氮(菜枯)20%;N₃：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮60%+有机氮(菜枯)40%),分析水稻产量、光合特性、氮素代谢和氮肥利用率对灌溉模式和有机肥配施的响应规律。结果表明：与W₁相比,W₂显著增加水稻产量、氮肥利用率、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等;在不同施氮处理下,增加有机肥比例能显著提高产量,N₃、N₂、N₁分别比N₀     

植物诱抗剂对尿素氮利用率和小麦产量的影响

为研究植物诱抗剂配伍尿素和控释尿素对小麦产量及构成因素、氮肥利用率和土壤养分的影响,通过对尿素包膜(CRU)、包膜尿素配施诱抗剂(CRUR)、尿素配施植物诱抗剂(UR)的处理方式,进行了小麦大田试验,以尿素(U)和无氮(CK)处理为对照,共设置5个处理。结果表明:(1)尿素配施诱抗剂处理的小麦产量和氮肥利用率比尿素处理显著提高23.6%和10.1个百分点,纯收益显著增加3 269元/hm2。(2)CRUR处理较CRU处理小麦产量和氮肥利用率显著增加14.5%和12.4个百分点,纯收益显著提高2 361元/hm2;比UR处理显著提高16.3%和11.9个百分点,纯收益增加2 446元/hm2。(3)在小麦拔节期即氮肥最大效率期,CRUR处理的土壤硝态氮含量比CRU处理显著增加29.5%,比UR处理显著增加88.2%;CRUR处理的土壤铵态氮含量比UR处理显著提高34.4%。控释尿素配施植物诱抗剂可实现两者协同增效,显著提高小麦生育关键期土壤氮素供应强度、产量、氮肥利用率和纯收益,为促生型缓控释肥料的研发与应用提供依据。     

施氮对水稻产量、氮素利用及土壤无机氮积累的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、60、120、180和240 kg hm~(-2))对水稻氮肥利用、产量、土壤氮素供应及氮素平衡的影响,结果表明,水稻产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后产量下降,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量为204 kg hm~(-2)。施用氮肥可显著增加水稻氮吸收总量,并随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后,氮吸收总量不再显著增加。氮肥当季回收率、农学利用率、偏生产力和生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而下降,分别由44.0%、25.5 kg kg~(-1)、145.6 kg kg~(-1)和58.1 kg kg~(-1)下降至31.1%、13.6 kg kg~(-1)、43.6 kg kg~(-1)和43.7 kg kg~(-1)。氮收获指数表现为随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量180 kg hm~(-2)处理最高,为68.7%。土壤无机氮(Nmin)含量在水稻整个生育期呈现先快速下降后缓慢升高的趋势,施氮处理各层土壤Nmin积累量与不施氮处理差异均达显著水平(P0.05),且基本随着施氮量的增加而增加。水稻成熟期土壤残留Nmin量和表观损失均随施氮量的增加而增加。氮盈余主要以土壤Nmin残留量为主,表观损失在氮盈余比例较小,但随着施氮量的增加显著增加。水稻氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮素表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性。在本试验条件下,综合水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤无机氮积累等方面的因素,在吉林省水稻主产区,适宜施氮量应控制在180~204 kg hm~(-2)范围内。     

包膜肥对设施番茄产量及土壤氮、磷累积的影响

采用小区试验方法研究包膜肥对设施番茄产量及土壤N、P累积的影响,结果表明:施用包膜肥处理与传统处理相比,在中期50d时提高了表层(0-30cm)土壤中氮的含量,而对60-120cm土层的影响不明显,对磷的影响在表层和地下都不明显。在种植结束时(110d),包膜肥处理在0-120cm的土层中都显著降低了氮的含量,在0-30cm中提高了磷的含量,但在30-120cm的土层中没有显著影响。相同施肥量时,在110d时包膜肥处理降低了N、P在30cm以下土层中的累积,同时包膜肥可显著提高番茄产量;在包膜肥追肥量较传统处理减少1/3时,产量依然没有显著降低。包膜肥处理较传统处理也降低了番茄硝酸盐的累积。     

施肥对胡麻籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

为探索肥料运筹对胡麻产量的调控效应,在相同氮、磷、钾条件下,以不施肥(CK1)和施化肥(CK2)为对照,比较了施用胡麻油渣(T1)、农家肥(T2)、化肥与胡麻油渣配施(T3)、化肥与农家肥配施(T4)对张亚2号胡麻籽粒产量的影响,并利用Logistic方程y=A/(1+Be-Cx)比较了不同施肥处理胡麻籽粒灌浆过程。结果表明,不同施肥条件下,胡麻灌浆期的千粒重与开花后天数的关系均符合Logistic方程,且决定系数达到0.99以上。影响胡麻籽粒产量的主要因素是活跃灌浆天数,其次是千粒重。不同施肥处理对胡麻灌浆特征参数有较大的影响,其中有机肥与化肥配施的影响最明显。与不施肥相比,有机肥与化肥配施的平均灌浆速率、籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量和活跃灌浆天数分别增加了11.33%~11.94%、10.27%~12.27%、2.34%~2.55%,较单施化肥分别增加了4.23%~4.80%、1.29%~3.12%、1.36%~1.56%;并且胡麻籽粒产量分别显著高于不施肥和单施化肥31.74%~59.63%、14.52%~19.18%。因此,在本试验条件下,施肥特别是有机肥与化肥的配施促进了植株生长,籽粒灌浆优势明显,增产潜力最大,为胡麻高产高效栽培提供了科学指导和理论参考。     

熏蒸条件下有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜生长及养分利用的影响

基于田间大棚试验,采用等量养分原则,分析生物有机肥、蚯蚓粪、鸡粪等不同有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜生长、产量、品质以及养分利用的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,有机肥部分替代化肥均不同程度提高了西瓜叶绿素含量、光合性能、产量及品质,其中以蚯蚓粪与化肥配施效果最佳,其光合性能显著高于单施化肥,产量提高了33.63%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及维生素C含量分别增加了14.07%,14.47%和17.52%。有机肥部分替代化肥施肥处理的肥料利用率高于单施化肥,土壤养分元素依存率低于单施化肥,以蚯蚓粪配施化肥作用效果最为显著,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为26.02%,5.67%和29.89%,土壤氮、磷、钾素依存率分别为20.96%,20.32%和31.55%。熏蒸处理的西瓜枯萎病发病率整体低于未熏蒸处理,其中熏蒸条件下蚯蚓粪部分替代化肥施肥处理西瓜发病率最低,仅为4.76%。