Effects of Supplemental Calcium on Ion Accumulation,Transport and Plant Growth of Salt Sensitive Brassica Rapa Landrace

ABSTRACT

Effects of three supplemental calcium (Ca⁺⁺; 2.5, 5.0, and 10 mole m^?3) concentrations on ion accumulation, transport, selectivity, and plant growth of salt-sensitive species, Brassica rapa ‘Sani’ in saline medium were investigated. Supplemental Ca⁺⁺ in the presence of 125 mol m^?3 sodium chloride (NaCl) did not improve the dry weight and leaf area indicating no role played by Ca⁺⁺ in the alleviation of salinity induced growth inhibition. However, calcium chloride (CaCl₂) did significantly affect sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and Ca⁺⁺ contents of roots and shoots. The ion contents of shoots were significantly greater than those of roots per g dry weight, indicating ion transportation to shoots is greater than ion accumulation in roots. Use of CaCl₂ in 125 mol m^?3 NaCl reduced the Na⁺ content but increased K⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ contents in shoots. Sodium contents in shoots differed among the supplemental Ca⁺⁺ treatments indicating the role of CaCl₂ in Na⁺ ions transportation. Calcium content in shoots declined significantly in the control treatment (0 CaCl₂) but increased significantly in 10 mol m^?3 CaCl₂. The root also showed the effects of Ca⁺⁺ on the reduction of Na⁺ content and the increase of K⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ content. Unexpectedly, 5 mol m^?3 CaCl₂ induced the highest Na⁺ content in roots at 16 days after treatment. Supplemental CaCl₂ application influenced the K⁺ or Ca⁺⁺ selectivity over Na⁺ in two ways, ion accumulation at roots and transport to shoots. However, high CaCl₂ treatments allowed greater Ca⁺⁺ selectivity over Na⁺ than low CaCl₂. Likewise, high supplemental CaCl₂ showed higher K⁺ selectivity over Na⁺ than low CaCl₂. A marked increase in K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity for the transport process occurred at 10 mol m^?3 CaCl₂ treatments. The roots and shoots exhibited higher K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺/Na⁺ ratios in high CaCl₂ treatment than in low. The results are discussed in context to supplemental Ca⁺⁺ concentrations, ions accumulation, transportation and selectivity of salt sensitive Brassica rapa cultivar.     

大白菜-结球甘蓝易位系AT4系列抽薹相关基因表达差异的cDNA-AFLP分析

抽薹开花时间是大白菜(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)的重要性状,未熟抽薹直接影响大白菜的产量和品质.本研究以添加结球甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata)4号染色体片段的大白菜-结球甘蓝易位系AT4系列为材料,结合抽薹性鉴定,获得了45株耐抽薹和15株易抽薹植株;利用cDNA-扩增片段长度多态性(cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism,cDNA-AFLP)技术,对不同春化处理的耐抽薹和易抽薹植株叶片差异表达片段进行分离,获得了126条与抽薹性相关的差异表达条带,这些差异包括条带的有无和表达量的差异;通过差异条带回收、克隆和测序,获得了74条差异表达序列.同源性比对结果表明,61条差异表达序列具有同源序列,其中41条差异表达序列功能预测涉及代谢、能量、细胞物质运输、信号转导、表达调控、DNA修饰、细胞周期等,20条差异表达序列功能未知;13条在NCBI中找不到同源序列,可能是一些新基因.本研究获得了耐抽薹大白菜-结球甘蓝易位系,为耐抽薹大白菜新品种的培育提供新材料;同时获得了耐抽薹和易抽薹材料间的差异表达序列,为获得影响大白菜抽薹性的关键基因,揭示大白菜抽薹开花机制提供支撑.     

Fruit Quality and Nitrogen,Potassium, and Calcium Content of Apple as Influenced by Nitrate: Ammonium Ratios in Tree Nutrition

Evaluations of fruit quality and nitrogen, potassium, and calcium concentration of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Gala and Golab) grown with five treatments of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios were made in pot culture. The concentrations of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios were 2.5:0.1, 6:1, 6:0.7, 6:0.5, 6:0.3 meq L^?1. Fruit size, percent dry matter, total dissolved solids, total acidity, or juice pH was not affected by increased ammonium in the ratio. Firmness decreased as the proportion of NH₄⁺ increased. Gala and Golab differed in some of these parameters. Concentrations of N and K increased as NH₄⁺ increased, whereas Ca had no trend or decreased. Generally, the treatment of 2.5:0.1 produced fruits with lower N but higher K and Ca concentrations than the other treatments. This research showed that some parameters such as fruit weight, length, and diameter, juice pH, and dry matter were not affected significantly by NH₄⁺ concentration whereas composition was affected.     

Effect of regeneration procedures on genetic diversity in Brassica napus and B. rapa as estimated by isozyme analysis

This investigation was conducted to assess changes in the genetic structure of two varieties of two species of annual Brassica. Seeds of B. napus cv. Topas and B. rapa Broccoletto were sent to nine research institutes in different geographical areas of Europe for regeneration. The multiplied material was sent back after one year of regeneration and analysed electrophoretically. The original populations of each species and their multiplied samples were stained for 12 different enzymes, of which 4 were found to be polymorphic (DIA, SKD, GPI and PER). It was possible to detect considerable differences in isozyme patterns in B. napus and allelic frequencies in B. rapa, both within and between populations. When the original population was compared with the regenerated samples, the Chi-square homogeneity test for all pairwise comparisons revealed distinctness with a 99% probability for B. napus and 95% probability for B. rapa with one or more of the enzyme systems examined. Furthermore, the average of gene diversity analysis (Nei, 1973) revealed that some regenerated populations have less while others have increased genetic variation compared with the original population. These observations indicated that the frequencies were non-random and considerable shifts in genetic diversity have occurred during multiplication. In addition, different regeneration procedures have caused the fixation of certain alleles.     

Effect of sulphur on biochemical parameters of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) in grey terrace soil

An experiment was conducted to study the biochemical response of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) to sulphur (S) fertilization at grey terrace soil. There were five treatments: S₀ (control), S₁ (20 kg S ha^?1), S₂ (40 kg S ha^?1), S₃ (60 kg S ha^?1) and S₄ (80 kg S ha^?1). Chlorophyll content in the leaf was determined at 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after emergence (DAE). The biochemical properties were found responsive to S. The highest chlorophyll content of mustard leaves was found in 60 kg S ha^?1 at 50 DAE. The same treatment also showed the maximum N content in the leaves at 45 DAE. The highest oil content was recorded in 60 kg S ha^?1. Other chemical characters such as acid value, peroxide and saponification values were lowest in 60 kg S ha^?1 while iodine value was found highest in the same S level. Non-essential fatty acids such as palmitic, stearic and erucic acid were increased in the rapeseed with decrease in S level, whereas essential fatty acids were maximum in 60 kg S ha^?1. Therefore, 60 kg S ha^?1 can be recommended to produce quality rapeseed in grey terrace soil of Bangladesh.     

大白菜InDels标记开发及其在剩余杂合体鉴定中的应用

大白菜(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)参考基因组序列的公布及测序成本的降低为大规模开发插入/缺失(Insertion/Deletion,InDel)标记提供了可能.本研究以性状差异明显的大白菜自交系He102与06-247为亲本,开展了全基因组重测序、标记开发和验证工作.二者测序深度分别为10×和8×,经筛选共获得330 218个InDels差异位点,出现频率为1.2个/kb,其中有11 238个差异位点位于编码区,包括5 184个差异基因,每个基因平均包含2.2个差异位点.分别以He102与06-247测序数据中筛选出的多态性InDels位点为参照,从10条染色体上随机选择933个位点进行了PCR扩增及电泳检测验证.结果表明,测序深度对假阳性率有直接影响,以测序较深的材料中筛选到的差异位点为参照,其验证结果的假阳性率亦较高,反之则较低.本研究中以He102与06-247为参照选择InDels位点验证的平均假阳性率分别是51.9％和22.5％.从933个位点中共筛选出593个在亲本之间实际表现为多态性的位点,这些差异位点中有375个位于编码区,是潜在的功能性标记.利用上述差异位点,检测了He102与06-247衍生的F7代重组自交系群体,明确了F7代各株系在593个位点的纯/杂合状态,为利用剩余杂合株系精细解析和精准定位大白菜耐抽薹、抗病毒、抗干烧心等重要农艺性状奠定了基础.     

小白菜耐盐变异体的诱导及离体筛选

以3份优良小白菜品种为供试材料,研究了培养基中不同NaCl浓度对种子萌发和茎端组织存活及生长的影响;不同平阳霉素浓度及时间的处理对种子萌发和茎端组织存活及生长的影响。结果表明：供试种子的萌发率和茎端组织的存活率随培养基中NaCl浓度的上升急剧下降,平阳霉素处理对茎端组织存活率的抑制明显大于对种子萌发率的影响,平阳霉素处理后存活的种子和茎端组织经NaCl胁迫筛选,筛选出耐NaCl胁迫力明显提高的存活苗,存活苗经无性繁殖,可以保持较高的耐NaCl能力。     

Salt Tolerance of Seedling and Adult Bread Wheat Plants Based on Ion Contents and Agronomic Traits

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted on two salt‐tolerant, two moderately tolerant, and two sensitive Iranian and exotic bread wheat cultivars and their F₁ generations to investigate the effect of salt stress on ion contents of young leaves, biomass yield, and salt stress tolerance index. The materials were evaluated in gravel culture under high salinity (EC=22.5 dSm^?1) and nonstress (EC=2.0 dSm^?1) conditions. Results of stress intensity showed that K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, biomass yield, and Na⁺ concentration were most affected by salt stress. There was no genetic relationship between Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ contents with salt tolerance. However, strong relationships were observed among K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, biomass yield, and stress tolerance index. Factor analysis revealed four factors, which explained 99.79% of the total variation among characters. Three‐dimensional plots based on the first three factor scores confirmed that the most salt‐tolerant cultivar was Roshan (an old Iranian cultivar), and Roshan×Alvand and Kharchia×Roshan and their reciprocal crosses were the best salt‐tolerant crosses.     

白菜NAC转录因子BrcCUC3基因克隆及其对叶缘和主枝发育的影响

植物NAC (矮牵牛NAM基因、拟南芥ATAF1/2和CUC2基因)转录因子CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON(CUC)亚家族成员在植物茎尖分生组织形态建成、器官边界分离、叶发育方面发挥着重要作用.采用基因同源克隆的方法获得了白菜(Brassica rapa ssp.chinensis)基因BrcCUC3,并转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)做了初步的功能鉴定.研究结果表明,白菜Brc CUC3的编码区长1 008 bp,编码335个氨基酸,基因结构分析显示BrcCUC3包含3个外显子、2个内含子,内含子剪接位点符合GT-AG规则.氨基酸序列分析表明,BrcCUC3蛋白具有典型的植物NAC domain结构域.BrcCUC3编码区氨基酸序列与其它植物的CUC3蛋白有很高的一致性,尤其与甘蓝(Brasica oleracea)、萝卜(Raphanus sativus)和拟南芥CUC3蛋白高度一致,一致性分别达到98％,97％和83％.在不同物种CUC3的系统进化树上,BrcCUC3归属于双子叶植物分支的十字花科亚组,由不同植物20条CUC3编码区氨基酸序列所建立的系统进化树与真实的植物进化基本一致.荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,BrcCUC3在白菜叶深裂株系叶片中的表达量比叶全缘叶片中的高.利用根癌农杆菌(A grobacterium tumefaciens)浸花法转化拟南芥,获得了转BrcCUC3基因的拟南芥植株.过表达BrcCUC3的转基因拟南芥呈现叶缘出现裂刻、主枝增加的新表型.初步说明该基因参与叶形和主枝的发育调控,为揭示白菜叶形发育分子调控机制和通过基因工程创制植物叶形新种质提供分子依据.     

种植密度和钾肥用量对胡麻产量和钾肥利用率的影响

为研究不同施钾水平下种植密度对胡麻生长发育和钾肥利用效率的影响,以陇亚杂1号为材料,在低密度(4.5×106株·hm~(-2))、中密度(7.5×106株·hm~(-2))和高密度(10.5×106株·hm~(-2))下,设3个施钾水平0、45、90 kg·hm~(-2)(K2O),探究钾肥与密度对胡麻形态性状、籽粒产量、油产量及钾肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施钾相同时,与低密度相比,随着密度增加,中、高密度植株的株高、有效分枝数和有效蒴果数平均分别降低14.24%、42.90%和13.10%,工艺长度平均增加了10.43%;籽粒产量和油产量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,相比低密度,中、高密度下,籽粒产量分别增加9.21%和3.71%,油产量分别增加了9.25%和3.71%;钾肥农学利用率降低,与低密度相比,中、高密度平均降低26.12%,钾肥偏生产力先升高后降低,中、高密度下分别增加7.46%和1.11%。密度相同情况下,随钾肥增加,胡麻株高、分枝高度、有效分枝数、有效蒴果数和含油率逐渐增加,与不施钾相比,分别平均增加15.12%、18.80%、14.15%、23.85%和1.26%;千粒重、产量和油产量在低、高密度下,随钾肥增加而增加,相比不施钾,施钾处理下分别平均增加3.19%、27.50%和29.03%;中密度下,千粒重、产量和油产量先升高后降低,施钾45 kg·hm~(-2)时,分别增加7.46%、23.10%和23.80%,施钾90 kg·hm~(-2)时,分别增加5.25%、19.33%和21.92%;钾肥农学利用率和钾肥偏生产力显著降低,与施钾45 kg·hm~(-2)相比较,施钾90 kg·hm~(-2)时分别平均降低47.55%和49.52%。综上可知,7.5×106株·hm~(-2),45 kg·hm~(-2)(K2O)是适合当地胡麻节肥高效生产的栽培措施。因此,在胡麻的高产栽培中,可通过调节种植密度和施钾量,在获得较高的籽粒产量的同时提高钾素利用率。     

Effect of Inoculation with Anaerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Consortium on Salt Tolerance of Miscanthus sinensis

A functional community of bacterial endophytes, an anaerobic nitrogen-fixing consortium (ANFICO), was previously isolated from grasses. In the present study, we investigated another function of ANFICO. The grass Miscanthus sinensis was inoculated with an ANFICO that included Clostridium sp. Kas201-1 and Enterobacter sp. B901-2 and was more tolerant to salinity stress than uninoculated or B901-2-inoculated plants. Microscopic observations using an immunostaining technique revealed the presence of endophytic colonization by the clostridia and the maintenance of a substantial clostridial population until the end of plant cultivation. We conclude that endophytic Clostridium sp. Kas201-1 accompanying Enterobacter sp. B901-2 enhances the salinity tolerance of the host plant.     

硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性及桃幼树生长的影响

为探究硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对桃树生长的效应,以盆栽一年生瑞蟠21号毛桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)为试验材料,设置3种不同施肥方式(T1:硅钙钾镁;T2:硅钙钾镁+黄腐酸钾;CK:空白对照),在桃幼树生长季进行追肥处理,研究硅钙钾镁肥及硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性、土壤养分状况及桃幼树根系构型和植株生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1、T2均显著提高了桃幼树生长季各时期土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,以及土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等含量,且配施黄腐酸钾后作用更明显。与CK相比,T1、T2细根比重分别提高了11.2%和26.2%,根系活力分别提高了12.2%和18.1%,根系总长度分别增加了28.1%和61.9%,且有效延缓了根系衰老;T1、T2植株总干重分别提高了1.2倍和2.0倍,根冠比分别提高了9.4%和17.0%,且差异显著。与CK相比,T1、T2各器官中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加,地上部硅含量分别提高了61.3%和91.9%,地下部硅含量分别提高了62.3%和102.5%,且差异显著。同时,T1、T2桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量和净光...     

小白菜氮钾适用量研究

为研究安全的蔬菜施肥技术,通过不同质地土壤的田间试验,研究不同NK配比对小白菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在固定施磷水平的基础上,在不同质地的土壤上,小白菜对NK配比有不同的效应,氮钾合理配施可使蔬菜高产优质;土壤的施N量和施K量与小白菜产量的回归关系均成一元二次的抛物线方程,超过一定的施N量和施K量均会使小白菜减产;小白菜的硝酸盐浓度与施N量的关系,均有随施N量增高而增高的趋势;与施K量的关系,则呈一元2次或3次的回归关系,存在硝酸盐浓度最低点的施K量最适点;小白菜的维生素C和可溶性糖含量同样有施N量和施K量的最适点。     

解磷、钾功能性微生物耐盐效应研究

围绕设施菜田土壤盐渍化问题,以解磷、钾功能微生物胶质芽孢杆菌和巨大芽孢杆菌为研究对象,探究了盐分胁迫对功能菌活性、解磷钾能力的影响,并阐明了含2种功能菌微生物菌剂在轻度盐渍化设施菜田的作用效应。结果表明,混合功能菌最大耐受盐浓度为10.5%NaCl,最适宜生长盐分浓度为0.5%NaCl,且解磷、钾能力最强,有效磷、钾增幅分别为52.06%,75.41%;此外,轻度盐渍化设施菜田的小区试验结果显示含2种功能菌的菌剂可提高番茄、甜瓜、西瓜果实VC和可溶性糖含量,分别增产104.81%,23.72%,28.96%;土壤中有效磷和速效钾含量分别提高95.12%,22.83%,134.52%和92.71%,6.66%,117.46%,显著增加了土壤菌群数量(P0.05)。综上所述,解磷、钾功能微生物具有耐盐性,可在轻度盐渍化土壤中定殖,并能活化土壤磷、钾,提高蔬菜产量和改善品质。     

复硝酚钠对低温下黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗耐寒性的影响

为缓解低温胁迫对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗的伤害,以黄瓜中农106为试验材料,研究不同浓度复硝酚钠(CSN)浸种对低温胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发及萌发后生长的影响,以及CSN灌根处理对黄瓜幼苗壮苗效果及幼苗耐寒性的影响。结果表明,适宜浓度的CSN浸种能显著提高低温胁迫下黄瓜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、侧根数和鲜重,以50 mg·L^-1浓度效果最佳。在黄瓜育苗过程中,100 mg·L^-1的CSN灌根处理能显著提高穴盘苗质量和壮苗指数,低温胁迫下CSN通过促进矿质元素吸收,提高幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化酶活性,提高生长素(IAA)和油菜素内酯(BR)含量,降低活性氧和丙二醛(MDA)含量以提高幼苗的耐寒性。本研究为培育黄瓜壮苗和提高黄瓜幼苗耐寒性提供了新方法,也为复硝酚钠在设施蔬菜上的应用提供了技术支持。     

Effects of Nitrogen and Calcium Nutrition on Oxalate Contents,Forms, and Distribution in Spinach

ABSTRACT

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) nutrition on oxalate contents of different forms in spinach tissues. Results showed that leaves were the main locations of oxalates in spinach. Total oxalate, soluble oxalate, and insoluble oxalate contents were highest in leaves, followed by petioles and then roots. Soluble oxalate was the dominant form of oxalate in spinach. Nitrogen and Ca²⁺ (calcium ion) concentrations could markedly affect oxalate contents. Soluble oxalate contents in leaves increased obviously with the increase of N concentration until 8 mmol L^?1, above which oxalate content started to decrease. Supplied with the same amount of N, increasing Ca²⁺ concentration reduced soluble oxalate content in leaves. Total oxalate reached the lowest with 5 mmol L^?1 of Ca²⁺ supply. Leaves and petioles had lower total oxalate and lower proportion of soluble oxalate when N and Ca²⁺ concentrations were 8 and 5 mmol L^?1.     

Effect of phosphorus,potassium, and chloride nutrition on cold tolerance of winter canola (Brassica napus L.)

Winter varieties of canola (Brassica napus L.) are susceptible to winterkill. Measurements of photosynthetic efficiency and survival of field-grown canola were used to evaluate the effect of chloride (Cl), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) nutrition on winter field survival in northwestern USA. In a growth chamber experiment, effects of calcium chloride (CaCl₂), potassium chloride (KCl), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), or sodium chloride (NaCl) on the ability to tolerate subfreezing temperatures were evaluated. In the field, overwinter survival was higher, and greater photosynthetic activity continued later into the autumn in plants with increased sap Cl concentrations. In the greenhouse experiment, significantly greater survival occurred in plants with higher sap Cl concentrations, but only in plants that had not been cold acclimated. These results suggested that a greater concentration of chloride ion in the sap of canola plants is related to an increased ability to tolerate subfreezing temperatures, but other processes resulting from cold acclimation may largely obscure this effect.     

Effects of different levels of soil salinity on yield attributes,accumulation of nitrogen,and micronutrients in Brassica spp.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of soil salinity on yield attributes as well as nutrient accumulation in different plant parts of seven Brassica cultivars from two different species raised in pot culture experiment with two levels of salinity treatments along with control corresponding to soil electrical conductivity (EC) values of 1.65 (S₀), 4.50 (S₁) and 6.76 (S₂) dS m^?1. The experiment was consisted of twelve replications in a completely randomized design. Imposition of salinity stress affected various yield attributing characters including plant height, which ultimately led to severe yield reduction. However, tolerant cultivars, CS 52 and CS 54 performed better under salt treatment showing lesser yield loss. Salinity stress reduced the nitrogen (N) content in leaves of the Brassica plants, which reflected in decreased seed protein content. Reduced accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) was observed in leaf, stem and root at flowering and post-flowering stages, while CS 52 and CS 54 showed less reduction than susceptible cultivars under salinity stress.