Winter Wheat Grain Yield and Grain Nitrogen as Influenced by Bed and Conventional Planting Systems

ABSTRACT

Bed planted wheat systems offer a new alternative for the traditional wheat producer to provide opportunities for crop rotation, more efficient use of water, and new techniques of nutrient management. This study was conducted to determine if planting winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Oklahoma on raised beds can maintain grain yields while providing more options in the cropping system. Experiments were conducted at Hennessey and Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma in 2000–2001 and 2001–2002 cropping seasons. The experiments consisted of a factorial combination of two planting systems (bed and conventional), four winter wheat varieties (‘Custer’, Jaggar', ‘Intrada’ and ‘2174’), and three nitrogen (N) rates (0, 67, and 134 kg ha^{? 1}). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Grain yield was not statistically different between the bed and conventional planting systems for three of four site years. However, there was a trend for the conventional wheat production system to have an advantage in grain yield over the bed planting system due to difference in row configuration. For the bed system to be useful in Oklahoma, the current conventional tillage practice must be changed to reduced tillage to make use of bed plating system for conserving moisture. Also suitable planting configuration that minimizes intra-specific competition due to over-population must be addressed. Grain yield response to N rate was greater in the conventionally planted wheat versus the bed planted system.     

不同供氮条件下施硫对冬小麦光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

在大田条件下，以强筋小麦豫麦34为供试材料，在330kg／hm^2（高氮）、240kg／hm^2（中氮）2个供氮水平下施用纯硫0，20，60，100／hm^2，研究了不同供氮条件下施硫对小麦光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明：在适宜的供氮水平下施硫对小麦氮同化的关键酶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性、叶绿素SPAD值、叶片可溶性蛋白、旗叶光合速率均有促进的影响，高氮条件下有随施硫量的增加NR活性、叶片中可溶性蛋白含量以及旗叶光合速率有减少的趋势。在2个供氮水平下施硫均对干物质积累量和籽粒产量影响效果明显，在N330水平下，各施硫处理的产量高低依次为S100〉S60〉S20〉S0；与S0相比，施硫处理籽粒产量分别提高了28．6％，12．6％和1．9％，S100与S20和S0相比达显著水平，S100和S60间差异不显著。在N240水平下，施硫肥处理籽粒产量分别提高了25．7％，25．3％和12．2％，S100，S60和S20差异不显著，但均显著大于S0。     

Within-Field Variability of Winter Wheat Yield and Grain Quality versus Soil Properties

Within-field variability in wheat grain yield and its quality always exists in production fields and depends, among other factors, mainly on various soil properties related to nutrients and water availability. The aim of the research was to examine the relationships between selected soil properties such as texture; pH; content of the available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and organic carbon; and winter wheat grain yield and quality under rainfed conditions. Six crop fields with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) in three sites located in different regions of Poland were examined during two seasons. The grain yield was mainly determined by the soil texture, and the majority of the chemical soil properties did not have a significant effect on grain yield. The grain quality traits were determined by the examined soil properties to a smaller degree than grain yield. The relationships were not consistent across sites and years.     

喷灌施肥均匀性对冬小麦产量影响的田间试验评估

喷灌均匀系数是喷灌系统设计的重要参数,而喷灌洒水与施肥的均匀性对作物产量的影响是确定均匀系数设计值的重要依据。在喷灌施肥的试验中测定了冠层以上承雨筒内肥料溶液浓度和水量的分布,在冬小麦收获时测定了植株的全氮量。结果指出,肥料溶液浓度的均匀系数一般高于水量和肥料施入量的均匀系数。通过分析化肥施入量与灌水量的统计分布规律发现,它们都可以用正态分布来表示。田间试验结果还表明,对华北平原种植的冬小麦而言,在试验的喷灌均匀系数变化范围内（62%～82%）,喷灌洒水及施肥的均匀性对产量的影响不明显,现行规范规定的喷灌均匀系数设计值（CU≥75%）是偏于安全的。     

耕作方式和氮肥水平对旱地冬小麦籽粒品质的影响

为研究不同耕作方式和氮肥水平对旱地冬小麦籽粒品质的影响,选择常规耕作(CT)、秸秆还田(CTI)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作方式和75(N1)、150(N2)、225(N3)、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N4)4个氮肥水平,在典型的西北旱作雨养农业区甘肃省农业科学院小麦研究所清水试验站设计大田试验。结果表明,耕作方式和氮肥水平对小麦蛋白质及其组分含量、湿面筋、面团稳定时间、籽粒产量均有显著或极显著影响。与CT相比,PM显著提高了谷蛋白含量和谷醇比,延长了面团稳定时间,有利于加工品质的改善;而NTS的蛋白质总量、湿面筋、球蛋白、麦谷蛋白、谷醇比均显著低于CT。施氮显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、蛋白质各组分含量,增加了面团延伸性和吸水率。与N1相比,N4冬小麦的醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白、球蛋白、清蛋白分别增加了56.38%、27.60%、20.87%、17.03%;在4种蛋白组分中,施氮更有利于醇溶蛋白的累积,因此过量的氮肥应用显著降低了谷醇比、缩短了面团稳定时间和最大拉伸比值。同一氮肥水平下,不同耕作方式处理的小麦籽粒平均产量依次为PMCTICTNTS,PM下的平均产量为6 259.63 kg·hm~(-2),比CTI、CT、NTS分别高6.24%、10.54%和20.95%。同一耕作方式下,不同氮肥水平处理的小麦籽粒平均产量依次为N2N3N4N1,其中N2下小麦籽粒平均产量达到6 184.64 kg·hm~(-2),比N3、N4、N1分别高5.78%、7.31%、19.06%。综上可知,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区实施全膜覆土穴播栽培模式,并增施150 kg·hm~(-2)氮肥,既能大幅度增加小麦籽粒产量,也有利于加工品质的改善,是该地区小麦生产实现高产和优产的最佳耕作和供氮模式。本研究结果为甘肃旱作雨养农业区冬小麦的高产、优质栽培提供了理论参考。     

硫包膜尿素施用模式对稻茬冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率和效益的影响

为探究稻麦复种连作系统中硫包膜尿素在小麦上的高效施肥模式及其增产增效机制,以春性冬小麦扬麦23为材料,采用含氮35％硫包膜尿素(SCU)和含氮46.3％普通尿素(U)设计5种施肥模式:100％SCU全部基施(M1);60％SCU基施,40％U拔节期追施(M2);60％SCU基施,40％SCU返青期追施(M3);40％S...     

Response of Winter Wheat to Chloride Fertilization in Sandy Loam Soils

Abstract

Chloride (Cl) as a yield and growth‐limiting nutrient has been the object of experimental attention for the last several decades. Long‐term experiments were conducted from 1996 to 2002 at Hennessey and Perkins, Oklahoma to evaluate the response of winter wheat grain yield and nitrogen (N) uptake to 0, 15 and 30 kg Cl ha^?1 rates. A randomized complete block experimental design with three replications was used at both sites. Grain yield data were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS. Polynomial Orthogonal contrasts were used to detect trends in grain yield and N uptake to chloride levels. Chloride fertilizer significantly increased wheat grain yields in 50% of the site‐year combinations (14 total site years), and the increases were more notable on the sandy loam soil included in this study.     

施硫对不同筋力型品种小麦碳氮运转和产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同施硫水平对不同筋力类型品种植株C-N积累与转运规律和籽粒产量及蛋白质、淀粉含量的影响.结果表明,施硫处理提高了两品种成熟期单茎籽粒重和籽粒氮素的积累量和开花前营养器官贮存干物质和氮素的转运量以及转运干物质和氮素对籽粒重和籽粒氮素积累的贡献率,与不施硫对照(S0)相比,每1 hm2施20 kg纯S(S1)处理能明显提高两品种的产量构成因素,显著提高籽粒产量,两品种分别增产10.69%和9.78%,同时极显著地提高了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量.大量施用硫肥(100 kg/hm2)处理的效果小于适量施用(20 kg/hm2)处理.试验结果表明,施用适量硫肥可以明显调节小麦植株C-N积累与运转,进而促进较高的籽粒产量和蛋白质、淀粉的积累.     

施氮量和行距对冬小麦产量及生理特性的影响

为探明不同栽培措施对小麦产量的调控差异,以强筋小麦济麦20和中筋小麦中麦8号为试验材料,采用三因素裂区设计,以施氮量为主区,设150、210、270 kg·hm-23个水平;以行距为裂区,设12、20cm 2个水平;以供试品种为小裂区,设济麦20和中麦8号2个水平,在高产栽培条件下研究不同施氮量和行距对冬小麦产量的影响及其生理基础。结果表明,济麦20和中麦8号,2种小麦籽粒产量均在270kg·hm-2施氮量水平下得到显著提高;在210 kg·hm-2或270 kg·hm-2施氮量条件下,20 cm行距更有利于2个小麦品种高产的形成。随着施氮量增加或行距增大,2个小麦品种旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率均在270 kg·hm-2施氮量和20 cm行距条件下保持较高值,可积累更多光合产物,为实现高产奠定基础。因此,本试验条件下,济麦20和中麦8号均在270 kg·hm-2施氮量、20cm行距组合下达到高产。本研究得到了小麦高产的最佳施氮量和行距组合,这对我国冬小麦高产栽培具有一定的指导意义。     

肥力及施肥对冬小麦千粒重的影响

冬小麦生长发育后期 ,由于气候异常或干热风 ,使冬小麦高温逼熟千粒重大幅度下降 ,但较高的肥力水平及合理的施肥技术对稳定千粒重有十分明显的作用。实验结果表明 :土壤有机质含量高、增施钾肥、氮磷钾配施 ,后期补氮及后期喷施KH2 PO4 和叶面肥对于提高千粒重有着明显的作用     

有机无机肥长期定位配施对冬小麦~(13)C同化物分配及产量的影响

为研究有机无机配施对冬小麦不同时期光合同化物转运分配及产量的影响,以石麦15(SM15)为供试品种,牛粪为有机肥,采用~(13)CO_2标记的方法,设置不施氮肥(CK)、单施尿素(U)、单施牛粪(M)和有机无机配施(U+M)4种施肥方式进行试验。结果表明,~(13)C同化物在挑旗期、开花期主要向茎秆和叶鞘分配,灌浆期则主要向籽粒分配;成熟期约有87.5%的灌浆期同化产物分配到籽粒中,约75.4%的开花期同化产物分配到籽粒中,而仅15.2%的挑旗期同化产物分配向籽粒,灌浆期同化产物对籽粒重的贡献最大。成熟期不同施肥处理间相比,挑旗期及开花期的~(13)C同化物均是不施氮与配施处理向籽粒的分配较多,单施尿素处理滞留于茎鞘中较多;灌浆期13C同化物以单施有机肥与配施处理向籽粒的分配较多,最终配施处理向籽粒分配的挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期的同化产物均较多。单施有机肥处理千粒重较高,单施尿素处理穗数较高,配施处理产量结构更平衡且产量最高。由此可知,有机无机肥配施能促进各时期同化产物向籽粒的分配并有利于产量的提高。本研究结果为有机肥的合理施用及籽粒产量的提高提供了理论依据。     

Influence of Sulfur Fertility on Wheat Yield Performance on Alluvial and Upland Soils

Abstract: In recent years, sulfur (S) deficiencies in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have become more common, particularly on coarse‐textured soils. In Study I, field experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 through 2003/2004 on Mississippi River alluvial soils (Experiment I) and an upland, loessial silt loam (Experiment II) to evaluate the influence of spring S rates of 0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg ha^?1 and a fall rate of 22.4 kg sulfate (SO₄)‐S ha^?1 on grain yield of three varieties. In Study II, field experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 and 2004/2005 on alluvial soils to evaluate the influence of spring S rates of 0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in fields where S‐deficiency symptoms were present. Grain yield response to applied S occurred only on alluvial, coarse‐textured, very fine sandy loam soils (Study II) that had soil SO₄‐S levels less than the critical level of 8 mg kg^?1 and organic‐matter contents less than 1 g kg^?1 in the 0‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 45‐cm depths. Soil pH increased with soil depth. Optimum S rate was 11.2 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in 2001/2002 and 5.6 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in 2004/2005. On the upland, loessial silt loam soil, soil SO₄‐S levels accumulated with depth, whereas organic‐matter content and pH decreased. In the loessial soils, average soil SO₄‐S levels in the 15‐ to 30‐ and 30‐ to 45‐cm soil depths were 370% greater than SO₄‐S in the surface horizon (0 to 15 cm).     

调亏灌溉对冬小麦产量和品质及其关系的调控效应

在大型启闭式防雨棚条件下,采用筒栽土培法,以专用型冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试验材料,就调亏灌溉(regulated deficit irrigation,RDI)对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状及其关系的影响进行了试验研究,旨在寻求适宜的水分调亏阶段(时期)和调节亏水度,为建立节水高产优质冬小麦RDI模式与指标提供技术参数。筒栽试验采用二因素(水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度)随机区组设计,冬小麦设置3个水分调亏阶段:返青-拔节(I)、拔节-抽穗(II)、抽穗-成熟(III);每个调亏阶段设置3个水分调亏程度:轻度调亏(L)、中度调亏(M)和重度调亏(S),土壤相对含水率(绝对含水率占田间最大持水率的百分数)分别为60%~65%,50%~55%,40%~45%。结果表明:小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与土壤含水量并非总是呈负相关关系,不同生育阶段控水对蛋白质含量的影响存在明显差异性,小麦蛋白质含量仅与拔节-抽穗期土壤相对含水量呈负相关关系。在小麦拔节以前施加轻度(60%~65%)或中度(50%~55%)水分调亏,籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和氨基酸产量等不会显著降低,甚或略有增产,重度(40%~45%)调亏会导致显著减产;拔节-抽穗期,即使是轻度调亏也会导致显著减产;灌浆期轻度调亏不会导致籽粒和蛋白质产量显著减少,而氨基酸产量略有增加,并且节水效果显著。小麦籽粒产量与蛋白质含量并非总是存在显著的负相关性,在一定条件下可以减弱或改变这种关系;小麦籽粒产量与品质性状间的关系在不同阶段RDI条件下存在显著差异性。据此认为,高产与优质的矛盾并非不可协调,初步证实了RDI提高小麦籽粒品质效应的真实存在和在小麦生产中以水调质的可行性。     

肥水调控对冬小麦产量及籽粒蛋白质组分的影响

为探明干旱处理与氮磷肥合用后小麦产量和养分积累及分配的变化,在盆栽条件下,以中麦8为试材,在设置3个氮磷肥施用量的基础上,每施肥处理下于开花期再利用称重法设置水分适宜(W1,SRWC=75%)、轻度亏水(W2,SRWC=60%)和重度亏水(W3,SRWC=45%)3个土壤水分水平,研究了肥水调控对冬小麦产量、养分积累及籽粒蛋白质组分的影响。结果表明,与花后土壤水分适宜相比,花后轻度亏水与重度亏水产量分别降低9.73%和15.55%,籽粒氮素积累量降低了3.41%和13.64%,醇溶蛋白含量降低了0.1%和1.1%,穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒磷素积累量、养分收获指数、氮素利用效率、清蛋白含量亦有不同程度的降低,但磷素利用效率、球蛋白含量及谷/醇比呈相反的趋势变化,其中,磷素利用效率以W3最高,达81.76 g·g~(-1),显著高于W1和W2。增施氮磷肥,穗数、千粒重降低,籽粒养分积累量及其蛋白质组分含量增加,但养分利用效率及氮素收获指数降低,其中,与F1(N 120kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_596 kg·hm~(-2))相比,F2(N 180 kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_5144 kg·hm~(-2))和F3(N 240 kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_5192 kg·hm~(-2))产量分别降低了7.23%和7.69%。土壤适度亏水,增施氮磷肥降低了产量、籽粒氮素分配比例及养分利用效率和氮素收获指数,籽粒蛋白质组分含量及谷/醇比提高;土壤重度亏水,增施氮磷肥降低了磷素利用效率、氮素收获指数和清蛋白含量及谷/醇比,提高了产量、籽粒磷素分配比例及球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量。本研究结果为小麦产量和品质领域研究奠定了一定的理论基础。     

轮作、耕作及行距对麦田土壤温度动态的影响

研究了加拿大南部冬小麦田在轮作、耕作和行距共同作用下的土壤温度动态。田间裂区试验主区为3个轮作(冬小麦连作、冬小麦/油菜轮作和冬小麦/夏休闲),副区包括两种耕作技术(免耕和常规耕作),小裂区包括两种种植行距(等行距和大小行)。结果表明,免耕处理下秸秆覆盖有效地降低了冬季土壤的冻结深度。在1993～1994年度,连作小麦免耕土壤的-5℃等温线要比常规耕作浅22cm。免耕秸秆覆盖的温度效应在冬小麦连作和冬小麦/油菜两种轮作上比在冬小麦/夏休闲上更为明显。在冬小麦连作和冬小麦/油菜轮作下,免耕土壤2.5cm的春季温度连续4个月显著低于常规耕作土壤。1994年4月8日,免耕和常规耕作农田2.5cm处的温差在冬小麦连作处理上达到4.1℃。对于冬小麦/夏休闲处理,由于秸秆覆盖量较少,耕作措施对土壤温度的影响不太明显。在1994年春季,大小行种植的土壤温度显著高于等行距种植的土壤温度。因此,免耕主要通过秸秆覆盖来改变土壤的温度状况。通过轮作、耕作和行距等措施,可以在一定程度上实现土壤温度的人为调节     

In-Season Prediction of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Grain Protein in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In a 3-year study, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and grain protein (GP) were evaluated as a function of rate and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. Linear models that included preplant N, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), cumulative rainfall, and average air temperature from planting to sensing (T-avg) were evaluated to predict NUE and GP in winter wheat. GreenSeeker readings were collected at Feekes (F) 3, 4, 5, and 7 growth stages. Combined with rainfall and/or T-avg, NDVI alone was not correlated with NUE. However, NDVI and rainfall explained 45% (r² = 0.45) of the variability in GP at F7 growth stage. Preplant N, NDVI, rainfall and growing degree days (GDD) combined explained 76% (r² = 0.76) of the variability in GP at F3. Mid-season climatic data improved the prediction of GP and should therefore be considered for refining fertilizer recommendations when GP levels are expected to be low.     

拔节后水分调控对矮抗58氮素吸收利用特性和蛋白质产量的影响

为探讨拔节后不同水分调控下冬小麦氮素利用特性和蛋白质产量的变化规律,2013-2015年,防雨棚下以矮抗58为材料,在保证足墒播种、安全越冬的基础上,研究了拔节至成熟期持续干旱(W1)、拔节至孕穗期供水适宜+开花至成熟期干旱(W2)和拔节至成熟期供水适宜(W3)3个水分处理下冬小麦氮素积累转运特性、利用效率、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的差异。结果表明,拔节后水分调控显著影响矮抗58氮素积累、转运、利用特性和籽粒氮素的累积,且2个生长季规律相似。在平均值方面,拔节至孕穗期供水适宜能显著提高矮抗58成熟期地上部氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率。W2花前贮藏氮素转运量及其转运率较W1和W3分别提高12.0%和21.9%、2.6%和21.6%,且提高了成熟期籽粒氮素积累量和氮素在籽粒中的分配比例。W2氮素吸收效率、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量分别比W1提高了19.2%、21.9%和16.9%;W2蛋白质产量较W3提高了3.1%。综合考虑蛋白质含量、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量,拔节至孕穗期土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的70%~80%,开花期至成熟期为45%~55%,是矮抗58兼顾节水、高产、高效、优质的最优水分管理模式。本研究结果为以提高小麦籽粒蛋白质产量为目标的水分管理优化提供了理论依据。     

水氮互作对冬小麦光合生理特性和产量的影响

针对黄淮海地区农业生产中存在的水资源供应短缺,肥料利用率低等问题,设计试验研究水氮互作对冬小麦光合生理特性和产量的影响,为黄淮海地区高效利用水氮资源提供理论依据。2015-2017年以石麦15(SM15)为材料,利用水肥渗漏研究池,设计2个供水量水平(500,250 mm);2个施氮量水平(90,180kg/hm~2);2个氮肥类型(无机肥尿素,有机肥牛粪)。结果表明:2年试验内冬小麦旗叶光合生理特性变化规律相似,各处理的冬小麦旗叶光合速率,蒸腾速率,单叶水分利用效率在生育期内均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。水氮互作对小麦旗叶光合速率影响显著,W1(供水量500mm)处理的旗叶光合速率明显高于W2(供水量250mm)处理,施氮肥180kg/hm~2处理的旗叶光合速率明显高于施氮肥90kg/hm~2的处理,与施用无机肥相比,施用有机肥可保证冬小麦生育后期维持较高的旗叶光合速率。2年试验干物质积累量最多、产量最高的处理为W1M1(供水量500mm,施有机氮肥180kg/hm~2)。综合冬小麦光合生理特性,籽粒产量,本试验条件下有机肥增产效果优于无机肥,冬小麦生育期供水量500mm,施有机氮肥180kg/hm~2时冬小麦旗叶光合生理特性较优,获得较高产量。     

Nitrogen Availability Affects the Yield of Winter Wheat Subjected to Water Stress during Grain Filling

The effects of irrigation regimes (full irrigation and water-withholding at anthesis) and postanthesis nitrogen (N) supplies (LN, 0; MN 20; and HN, 40 kg N ha^?1) on grain yield and its components in winter wheat were studied, with attention to biomass gain by assimilation and its loss by respiration. Fully irrigated wheat responded to N fertilization with increased grain number (GN) and decreased grain weight (GW), whereas drought-stressed wheat responded with greater GN without significant changes in GW. Apparent whole-plant respiration (R_A) was not influenced by increased postanthesis N fertilizer. Thus, in drought-stressed wheat, the total biomass and stem reserves at maturity were increased by increasing N supply. These results suggest that high N supply at anthesis satisfied the grains’ increased demand for N by increasing postfloral assimilation, and the surplus assimilates not only compensated for the low-N-induced biomass loss by respiration but also may have increased the stem reserves.     

耕作方式和氮肥用量对旱地小麦产量、水分利用效率和种植效益的影响

为探索旱地小麦增产增效增收协同的耕作方式及其配套施氮技术.2016—2017(欠水年)和2017—2018(丰水年)年度,在豫西典型旱区洛宁县设置夏闲期深松(ST,麦收后2周左右隔年进行)和翻耕(PT,传统的7月或底8月初连年进行)2种耕作方式为主区,设置4个氮肥用量为副区(播前基施纯氮0(N0),120(N120),...