生物质炭对旱作土壤生物性状及养分有效性的调控效应

通过盆栽试验研究了生物质炭施用对贵州中部地区旱作土壤微生物群落数量、酶活性和土壤养分有效性的影响。结果表明:对不同类型旱作土施用5%～15%(炭/土质量比)的生物质炭后,黄泥土、黄砂土中真菌、放线菌、细菌数量和硝化细菌、氨化细菌数量以及磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性均表现出明显的增加,特别是黄砂土;而大泥土中放线菌、真菌数量和硝化细菌数量以及磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性出现较明显的提高,但氨化细菌数量及脲酶活性出现大幅度降低。此外,黄泥土、黄砂土施生物质炭后有效N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B含量表现出不同程度的增加,但土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量则出现不同程度的下降;而大泥土中有效P、K、Fe、Mn、Cu、B的含量呈现不同程度的提高,但土壤有效N、Ca、Mg、Zn的含量出现不同程度的减少;其中这3类旱作土壤施炭后土壤有效Zn含量均表现出显著的下降。黄泥土、黄砂土及大泥土施用5%～15%的生物质炭后均能明显提高白菜及莴笋的产量,其中黄砂土施生物质炭的增产效果最好,其次是大泥土。不同类型旱作土壤施炭后土壤有效性养分数量变化存在较大的差别,施用生物质炭时要根据土壤特性配合使用一定比例的氮、磷、钾及适量的微量元素肥料,更有利于促进作物的生长。     

Microbial Dynamics,Root Colonization,and Nutrient Availability as Influenced by Inoculation of Liquid Bioinoculants in Cultivars of Apple Seedlings

The present study investigates the performance of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer (RDF) and locally isolated strains of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculated either solely or in combination with seedlings of Red Delicious and Lal Ambri cultivars. The RDF (T₇) treatment recorded significantly greater vegetative growth and leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents over multi-inoculation of Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AMF (T₆) but root colonization and microbial counts decreased significantly. Inoculation of Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AMF (T₆) was superior over sole and dual inoculation with respect to vegetative growth and nutrient contents in leaves and soil but had significant greater counts of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and Pseudomonas than RDF. Greatest root colonization (34.0 and 35.1%) was recorded in Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AMF (T₆) followed by AMF (T₄) treatment (29.3 and 32.0%) in Red Delicious and Lal Ambri seedlings, respectively. Overall, it can be inferred that multiinoculation of synergistically interacting bioinoculants may be helpful in the establishment of healthy organic apple orchards.     

Citrus Growth and Rhizosphere Properties

Fifteen citrus varieties (four varieties of limes/lemons, three varieties of mandarins, and eight varieties of sweet oranges) were tested in a row-to-row multireplicate field experiment on Typic Rhodustalf. Pre-bearing growth behavior of different citrus varieties showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) with respect to canopy volume (1.221 m³ with Bearss lemon and 0.220 m³ with Cara Cara Navel) governed by changes in different rhizospheric properties (soil-available nutrients, soil microbial population, and soil microbial biomass nutrients). Response in canopy volume was more governed by soil microbial biomass nutrients [carbon (C_mic), nitrogen (N_mic), and phosphorus (P_mic)] followed soil microbial population and soil available nutrients in decreasing order. Indices developed through diagnosis and recommendation integrated system further helped in partitioning interrhizosphere nutrient deficiencies. These studies suggested that (i) biological properties of rhizosphere soils of limes and lemons were of much superior quality and (ii) rhizospheric biological properties are transformed according to plant species and variety.     

Assessment of Seasonal and Site-Specific Variations in Soil Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties Around Opencast Coal Mines

Coal mining adversely affects soil quality around opencast mines. Therefore, a study was conducted in 2010 and 2011 to assess seasonal and site-specific variations in physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil collected at different distances from mining areas in the Jharia coalfield, India. Throughout the year, the soil in sites near coal mines had a significantly higher bulk density, temperature, electrical conductivity, and sulfate and heavy metal contents and a significantly lower water-holding capacity, porosity, moisture content, pH, and total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents, compared with the soil collected far from the mines. However, biological properties were site-specific and seasonal. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), MBC/MBN, and soil respiration were the highest during the rainy season and the lowest in summer, with the minimum values in the soil near coal mines. A soil quality index revealed a significant effect of heavy metal content on soil biological properties in the coal mining areas.     

Nutrient Availability Response to Sulfur Amendment in Histosols having Variable Calcium Carbonates

High soil pH and excessive calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the Everglades Agricultural Area of south Florida reduce the availability of phosphorus and micronutrients to crops. Sulfur (S) amendment is recommended to reduce soil pH and enhance nutrient supply. The study’s objective was to determine the sulfur amendment effectiveness on soil pH and nutrient availability in organic soil as CaCO₃ content increases in soil. An experiment of four S rates (0, 90,224, and 448 kg ha^?1) and three added CaCO₃ (0%, 12.5%, and 50% by volume) in organic soil was established. Sulfur application had limited effects on soil pH reduction as CaCO₃ level increased and therefore failed to enhance nutrient availability; however, it increased sulfate concentration in soils, which could be at risk for export from the field. Unexpected increases in manganese concentration with added CaCO₃ was associated with reducing conditions due to increased soil bulk density, which changed the soil physical properties.     

秋施有机肥对土壤生物学、理化性状及玉米产量的影响

以黑龙江省海林农场白浆土为研究对象,在等氮量条件下（秋季有机肥配施来年春季无机肥）,设置100%有机肥（T₁）,30%有机肥+70%无机肥（T₂）,20%有机肥+80%无机肥（T₃）,100%无机肥（T₄）和不施肥（CK）5个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学、理化性状以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内,土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且施用高量有机肥有助于细菌和放线菌群落结构的形成,无机肥和不施肥适于真菌生长;有机无机肥配施处理在提高土壤酶活性方面占据绝对优势,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性始终显著高于其他处理,且有机肥较无机肥处理更能提高玉米生育期内土壤微生物生物量;有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤全量和速效养分,培肥地力,单施效果稍差,且差异不大,而高量有机肥在降低土壤容重、增加总孔隙度百分比方面作用显著;两年玉米累计产量30%有机肥（T₂）最高,分别比100%有机肥（T₁）和100%无机肥（T₄）提高57.34%和4.59%,稳产并高产。总体来讲,30%有机肥+70%无机肥为最佳施肥模式。     

Integrated Nutrient Management Affects Fruit Yield of Sapota (Achras zapota L.) and Nutrient Availability in a Vertisol

ABSTRACT

We studied the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) combinations on supplement of plant nutrient for quantitative and qualitative fruit production in sapota. Thus, 17 combinations of INM practices were evaluated on fruit yield of sapota and nutrient availability in a Vertisol of Chambal region, India. The results demonstrated that almost all treatment combinations comprised of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), i.e. 1,000:500:500 g NPK plant^?1 with application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients had a significant effect on the fruit yield of sapota, soil microbial biomass, NPK content of leaf, fruit and soil over control (T₁). Among different treatments, application of 2/3rd part of RDF + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillum + 250 g Azotobacter plant^?1 (T₁₁) significantly enhanced the number of fruits plant^?1 (327.88), yield plant^?1 (29.03 kg) and yield ha^?1 (4.52 t). However, the soil microbial count of fungi (8.89 cfu g^?1 soil), bacteria (11.19 cfu g^?1 soil) and actinomycetes (5.60 cfu g^?1 soil) at fruit harvest was higher under the 2/3 of RDF +10 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azospirillum + 250 g Azotobacter plant^?1 (T₁₅). The leaf nitrogen content (N, 2.03%) was higher in T_15, while phosphorus (P, 0.28%) and potassium (K, 1.80%) content were higher in T₁₁. It is evident that treatment T₁₁ increased fruit yield by 32% in Sapota cv. Kalipatti compared to control. Therefore, combined application of nutrient sources proved not only beneficial for enhancing fruit yield of sapota but also sustaining soil health in Chambal region of south-eastern Rajasthan.     

Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and Changes in Soil Chemical Properties as Influenced by Liming and Iron Application in Common Bean in a No-Tillage System

Soil acidity is the principal limiting factor in crop production in Oxisols, and deficiency of micronutrients has increased in recent years because of intensive cropping. A field experiment was conducted over three consecutive years to assess response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to lime and iron (Fe) applications on an Oxisol in a no-tillage system. Changes in selected soil chemical properties in the soil profile (0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm depths) with liming were also determined. Lime rates used were 0, 12, and 24 Mg ha^–1, and Fe application rates were 0, 50, 100, 150 200, and 400 kg ha^–1. Both lime and Fe were applied as broadcast and incorporated in the soil. Grain yields of common bean were significantly increased with the application of lime. Iron application, however, did not influence bean yield. There were significant changes in soil profile (0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm depths) in pH, calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), hydrogen + aluminum (H⁺ + Al³⁺), base saturation, acidity saturation, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca²⁺ saturation, Mg²⁺ saturation, potassium (K⁺) saturation, and ratios of Ca/Mg, Ca/K, and Mg/K. These soil chemical properties had significant positive association with common bean grain yield. Averaged across two depths and three crops, common bean produced maximum grain yield at pH_w 6.3, Ca²⁺ 3.8 cmol_c kg^–1, Mg²⁺ 1.1 cmol_c kg^–1, 3.5 H⁺ + Al³⁺ cmol_c kg^–1, acidity saturation 41.8%, CEC 7.5 cmol_c kg^–1, base saturation 57.4%, Ca saturation 45.2%, Mg saturation 14.2%, K saturation 9.1%, Ca/Mg ratio 3.1, Ca/K ratio 22.6, and Mg/K ratio 6.7.     

Changes in Soil Physical,Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of a Temperate Desert Steppe under Different Grazing Regimes in Northern China

A field grazing experiment was conducted in Jingtai County, Gansu Province, China, from 2003 to 2010. The grazing intensity treatments included light grazing (LG, 0.45 sheep unit/ha), moderate grazing (MG, 0.75 sheep unit/ha), heavy grazing (HG, 1.50 sheep unit/ha), and no grazing (NG). Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were measured. The results showed that, with increasing grazing intensities, the concentrations of total nitrogen, available nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase in the soil decreased significantly with LG being mostly the greatest (P < 0.05). Soil bulk density for HG and NG was greater than that for LG and MG (P < 0.05). The concentrations of copper, manganese, and zinc were lower than their critical levels for plant growth, whereas iron was greater than its critical level. Correlation and principal component analyses revealed that soil trace elements were the secondary principal component compared with the primary elements, i.e., soil moisture, bulk density, etc.     

米仓山不同退耕年限土壤理化性质变化特征

[目的] 研究不同退耕年限下的土壤理化性质特征,为区域生态系统服务功能的提升与生态文明建设提供科学依据。[方法] 以中国南北过渡带的米仓山退耕20,25,35,50 a的样地为研究对象,以未施肥耕地和天然林地为对照,采用“时空替代法”,分析米仓山地区不同退耕年限土壤理化性质特征。[结果] ①土壤机械组成在退耕前期无明显变化,在退耕50 a时与天然林地相似。退耕20,25,35,50 a样地的土壤大粒径团聚体百分含量较耕地均有不同程度的升高,其增幅分别为17.70%,53.23%,52.50%和70.30%;②随着退耕年限增加,土壤容重呈下降趋势,退耕50 a样地土壤容重接近天然林地。不同退耕年限下土壤水分特征曲线均可用Gardner模型拟合,土壤持水性由高到低排序为：天然植被 > 退耕25 a > 退耕35 a > 退耕20 a > 耕地 > 退耕50 a。③土壤有机质及全氮含量随退耕年限增加呈显著增加趋势（p<0.05）,且上层土壤含量高于下层土壤,呈现明显的表聚现象。上层土壤中退耕20,25,35,50 a的样地中土壤有机质及全氮含量较耕地分别提高了27%,134%,71%和343%和20%,76%,64%和246%,下层土壤中分别提高了7%,88%,53%和422%和12%,59%,35%和201%。全磷含量在0.55~0.36 g/kg之间波动,受退耕年限影响较小。[结论] 退耕还林措施能有效增加土壤容重,提升土壤大粒径团聚体、有机质和全氮含量,进而改善土壤理化性质,退耕50 a样地土壤的理化性质接近于天然林地。     

Characterization of Compost Based on Crop Residues: Changes in Some Chemical and Physical Properties of the Soil after Applying the Compost as Organic Amendment

The objectives of the present study were to make a physical, physicochemical, and biological characterization of compost obtained from crop residues of horticultural plants grown in greenhouses and to assess the physical and chemical responses of a soil tested after the applications of this organic amendment. The compost showed a high percentage of inorganic material because the source of this compost includes not only crop residues but also soil; for this reason, it had high coarseness index (CI), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. The application of the organic amendment to a soil with reduced bulk density (BD) increased the percentage of particles with large diameters, as well as increased the nutritional status and organic matter (OM). However, nitrogen and potassium levels in soil were low. Compost addition provoked an increase in soil EC, which restricts its use to salt-tolerant plants.     

等高反坡台阶整地对不同耕作系统根土微生态的影响

[目的] 为探究坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地对玉米连作和玉米—芸豆轮作系统根土微生态特征的影响。[方法] 以玉米—芸豆轮作为研究对象,玉米连作为对照,采用野外原位监测采样和室内试验分析相结合的方法,通过GC-MS和高通量测序技术分析作物根系分泌物和土壤微生物群落组成、结构特征,揭示坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地对玉米连作和玉米-芸豆轮作根系分泌物种类、含量和土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响。[结果] (1)根系分泌物相对含量变化在CRT措施上更为突出,在轮作模式中更为显著。(2) CRT2处理提高土壤微生物群落数量、丰富度和多样性效果更显著。(3)在根系分泌物与土壤微生物互作下,根系分泌物、土壤微生物、土壤环境因子的两两相关性在CRT2处理下更显著。[结论] 坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地通过改变玉米连作和玉米—芸豆轮作的根系分泌物含量,使作物根土微生态环境发生变化,提高土壤微生物数量、多样性及丰富度,且该措施与玉米—芸豆轮作结合的提升效果更佳,对根土微生态的改善作用更显著。研究结果为坡耕地作物种植、耕作方式选择及改善土壤微环境和水土流失综合治理提供理论基础。     

氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及土壤微生物量的影响

采用人工氮添加研究了紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及微生物量对不同氮添加水平[CK;低氮LN,10 g/（m²·a）;中氮MN,20 g/（m²·a）;高氮HN,30 g/（m²·a）]的响应。结果表明:氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及微生物量的影响表现为正的增加效应,对根区土壤全氮含量无明显影响（P > 0.05）;土壤养分及微生物量随氮素的添加呈先增加后降低趋势,均表现为MN > HN > LN > CK,以中水平的氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤微生物量增加效应最为明显;除了土壤全氮以外,不同水平的氮添加处理下土壤养分和微生物量均与CK达到差异显著水平（P < 0.05）;紫花苜蓿根区土壤微生物量对氮添加的敏感性高于土壤养分,其中土壤活性有机碳是不同水平氮添加处理后紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分变化的敏感指标。Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量和土壤养分与土壤含水量之间具有较强的正相关,二者与土壤pH有较强的负相关,表明了氮添加处理下紫花苜蓿根区土壤理化因子、养分和微生物量等地下生态系统各指标之间的统一性及相互作用和影响。     

植被复垦对露天煤矿排土场土壤化学及生物学特性的影响

为探讨农牧交错带煤矿排土场不同植被复垦模式对土壤肥力的影响,以黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场不同植被类型(山杏+苜蓿(A1)、杨树+苜蓿(A2)、杨树+沙棘(A3)、杨树+披肩草+苜蓿(A4)、未复垦(CK))土壤为研究对象,通过简单相关分析和通径分析研究浅层(0—20cm)土壤化学性质和酶活性与土壤微生物量间的相关关系,揭示不同植被复垦下土壤微生物量差异的驱动因子,并采用土壤恢复指数(RI)评价不同植被复垦对露天煤矿排土场土壤质量的影响。结果表明:(1)与未复垦(CK)相比,不同植被复垦样地土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量、土壤酶活性和微生物量均显著增加(p<0.05),但pH无明显变化规律且差异不显著(p>0.05),并且0—10cm明显高于10—20cm土层。(2)土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤酶活性和有机质含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与pH和有效磷含量则均未表现出相关性。由于土壤微生物量碳和氮对有机质含量和蔗糖酶活性变化比较敏感,因此对土壤性质变化具有指示作用。(3)不同植被复垦土壤恢复指数在0—10,10—20cm土层分别表现为A3>A2>A4>A1和A3>A2>A1>A4。因此,杨树+沙棘(A3)和杨树+苜蓿(A2)复垦方式对矿区排土场土壤质量的改善较好。     

不同种植年限苜蓿对土壤理化性质、微生物群落和苜蓿品质的影响

随着种植年限的延长,苜蓿地土壤质量及牧草品质逐步退化。通过对不同种植年限苜蓿土壤理化性质、牧草品质的测定,分析比较了土壤质量及牧草质量的变化。结果表明:在苜蓿生长季内,土壤含水量随月份的递增其变化规律各异,随取土深度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随种植年限的延长,碱解氮和速效钾含量逐渐下降,速效磷含量呈先增加后降低的变化规律;各种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系以细菌为主,真菌数量最少,微生物总数以4年生苜蓿地最高,3年生最低;苜蓿品质随种植年限延长而逐渐下降,即栽培年限对苜蓿地的土壤质量及牧草品质均有不同程度的影响。     

蚯蚓粪配施化肥对玉米根际土壤生物学特征的影响

[目的]探讨蚯蚓粪与化肥配施对玉米根际土壤生物学性状的作用效果,为土壤培肥制度的建立与玉米的合理施肥提供理论依据。[方法]通过大田试验,研究CF(单施化肥)、VC(蚯蚓粪)与VC+CF(蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对玉米根系分泌物、根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性与腐殖质组成的影响。[结果]同CF处理相比,VC+CF处理显著提高了根系分泌物含量,并明显提高了根际土壤中微生物数量、微生物量碳含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶活性,其中细菌数分别较CK,CF与VC处理提高124.32%,62.99%和15.45%,脲酶活性分别高出44.27%,23.53%和12.50%。此外,VC+CF处理亦显著提高了根际土壤中胡敏酸、富里酸含量和胡/富比。同VC+CF处理相比,VC处理对玉米根际土壤生物学特征的影响较小。[结论]蚯蚓粪与化肥配施能较好地改善玉米根际区域的微生态环境。     

Effect of Alkalized Phosphogypsum on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties

Phosphogypsum (PG) was mixed with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂], ranging from 0 to 5%, to determine the optimal amount of Ca(OH)₂ required to alkalize the acidity of PG. The alkalized PG by 4% of Ca(OH)₂ addition was selected for field tests to evaluate the effects of alkalized PG on soil microbial, chemical properties, and yield of Chinese cabbage. Soil pH increased with increasing application rate of the alkalized PG and decreased with the unmodified PG application. Available phosphorus (P), water‐soluble sulfate (SO₄ ^2?), and exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) increased significantly with increasing application rate of alkalized and unmodified PG. Microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, soil enzyme activities, and the yield of Chinese cabbage in the alkalized PG application were greater than those of unmodified PG application. We concluded that alkalizing PG by mixing it with an alkaline material such as Ca(OH)₂ can turn it into a useful material for agricultural utilization.     

藻菌混合结皮对土壤水肥保持及玉米幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究藻菌混合结皮对土壤水肥保持及玉米幼苗生长的影响,为土壤治理与改良策略提供理论依据.[方法]使用来自内蒙古翁牛特沙漠的2种产胞外多糖的细菌(Sphingomonas sp.D3-1和Mas-silia armeniaca sp.ZMN-3)和2种藻类(Cladophora aegagrophila D3-a ...     

Phosphorus Availability and Some Biological Properties in the Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Rhizosphere

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the rhizospheric effects of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on phosphorus (P) availability and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and P in the particulate fraction (PF-P) in some calcareous soils under rhizobox conditions. The results showed that DOC, MBC, MBP and ALP strongly increased in the rhizosphere soils compared with the bulk soils (p < 0.05). Also, the amounts of PF-P and P extracted with different tests in the rhizosphere were lower compared to the bulk soils (p < 0.05). The correlation studies showed that plant indices (dry yield and P uptake) had a positive relationship with Olsen-P, MBP, DOC, ALP and PF-P in both the rhizosphere and the bulk soil. Therefore, bean rhizosphere caused increases of DOC, MBC, MBP and ALP and decreases of available P and PF-P in the studied soils. In addition, the results of this research showed that the Olsen-P method and MBP and PF-P could be used to estimate bean-available P in the studied calcareous soils.