Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms on Growth,Photosynthesis, and Yield of Rice Under Cadmium Stress

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of four nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms [Urea; calcium nitrate, Ca(NO₃)₂; ammonium sulfate, (NH₄)₂SO₄; and organic N] on growth, photosynthesis, and yield of rice under two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 100 mg Cd kg^?1 soil). Cadmium addition significantly reduced photosynthetic rate, and the reduction varied with N fertilizer form, with ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N and urea treated plants having more reduction. Nitrogen form had a distinct effect on SPAD value, and the effect was also dependent on Cd level and growth stage. Cadmium-stress significantly reduced flag leaf area, but for the second leaf, only the plants supplied with organic N showed the reduction. There was a significant difference in plant height among four N forms, with NH₄ ⁺- and nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-treated plants having the highest and lowest height, respectively. Cadmium stress caused significant reduction in grains per panicle and total plant weight, and the reduction varied with N form, with organic N treatment showing more reduction. There were significant differences among N forms in N and Cd concentrations of the plants subjected to Cd stress, with NH₄ ⁺-N treated plants having highest N and lowest Cd concentrations and NO₃ ^?-treated plants having lowest N and highest Cd uptake. The results showed that the inhibition of Cd stress on growth and yield formation of rice is closely related to N fertilizer form.     

不同浓度硫处理下硒镉交互胁迫对水稻幼苗的生理特性影响

以淮稻6号为试验材料,采用水培的方法,研究了不同硫（S）浓度下（9、720mg·L-1）硒（Se）（5mg·L-1）和镉（Cd）（1、10mg·L-1）交互胁迫对水稻幼苗一些生理特性的影响,主要研究指标包括生物量、巯基物质含量和硒、镉含量。结果表明：（1）Cd对水稻幼苗各部分生长状况抑制能力大小不同,其对根长的抑制作用明显大于对茎长的抑制;（2）在无Se条件下,随着Cd浓度的增加,Cd对水稻幼苗生长的毒性不断增大,在加入一定浓度的Se后,Cd的毒性作用得到缓解;（3）在不同浓度S处理和Se、Cd交互胁迫下,随着S浓度增大,Cd对水稻幼苗毒性作用减轻;但高浓度的S处理反而对Cd与Se交互实验中Cd的毒性产生协同作用;（4）高浓度的S处理可以抑制水稻幼苗对Se的吸收;（5）巯基物质含量随着胁迫时间的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。在Se、Cd交互实验中,低浓度S处理可以提高水稻幼苗中GSH和PCs的含量,从而促进植株体内重金属和PC的络合作用,缓减Cd对水稻幼苗的毒害。     

Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium in rice

A hydroponic experiment with two rice cultivars differing in cadmium (Cd) tolerance was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of zinc (Zn) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd. Treatments consisted of all combinations of two Zn concentrations (0.2 and 1 μM), three Cd concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM), and two rice cultivars (Bing 97252, Cd‐tolerant; Xiushui 63, Cd‐sensitive). Cd toxicity caused a dramatic reduction in plant height and biomass, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate, and an increase in Cd concentration in both roots and shoots, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in shoots. The response of all these parameters was much larger for Xiushui 63 than for Bing 97252. Addition of Zn to the medium solution alleviated Cd toxicity, which was reflected in a significant increase in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic rate, and a marked decrease in MDA concentration and activity of anti‐oxidative enzymes. However, it was noted that Zn increased shoot Cd concentration at higher Cd supply, probably due to the enhancement of Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine the effect of Zn supply on Cd translocation from vegetative organs to grains or grain Cd accumulation before Zn fertilizer is applied to Cd‐contaminated soils to alleviate Cd toxicity in rice.     

The Influence of Cadmium Toxicity on Some Physiological Parameters as Affected by Iron in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Plant

The effects of interaction between cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) and iron (Fe)- ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were studied in rice plant. The seedlings of rice were treated with 0, 50, and 100 μM CdCl₂ supplemented with 5, 10 and 20 ppm Fe as Fe-EDTA for 30 days. Plants were grown under controlled condition. In all the plants treated with CdCl_2, growth parameters [relative leaf growth rate (RLGR), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf water content area (LWCA)], soluble, and unsoluble sugars contents decreased. Addition of Fe-EDTA moderated cadmium effects. Under CdCl₂ stress without Fe, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity increased, however, in solutions containing both CdCl₂ and Fe-EDTA, MDA content, proline content and activities of antioxidant enzymes decreased. In 50 μM CdCl₂, total protein content increased but in 100 μM decreased. With increasing Fe in solutions containing CdCl₂, protein content decreased. The results indicated that with increasing Fe-EDTA in CdCl₂ treated plants, the effects of toxicity of Cd decreased.     

Cadmium concentrations in the phloem sap of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) treated with a nutrient solution containing cadmium

To obtain direct evidence for the translocation of cadmium (Cd) via the phloem, we measured the Cd concentrations in the phloem sap of 5-week-old rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kantou) treated with a nutrient solution containing Cd. The phloem sap was collected from the leaf sheaths through the cut ends of stylets of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål.). Cd concentrations in the phloem sap from the plants treated with 10 and 100 µM Cd for 3 d were 4.6 ± 3.4 and 17.7 ± 9.8 µM, respectively. Detection of Cd in the phloem sap indicated that Cd was translocated via sieve tubes in rice plants. Cd concentrations in the xylem exudate collected from the cut basis of the leaf sheaths of the plants treated with 10 and 100 µM Cd for 3 d were 18.9 ± 6.4 and 64.2 ± 14.6 µM, respectively. Cd concentrations in the phloem sap were significantly lower than those in the xylem exudate, indicating that Cd is not concentrated during the transfer from xylem to phloem. To our knowledge, this is the first determination of Cd concentrations in the phloem sap of plants, and the first direct proof that Cd is translocated via sieve tubes in rice plants.     

Clay mineral with random interstra tification in volcanic ash in Japan

The volcanic ashes derived from recent volcanoes are widely distributed in Japan from Hokkaido to Kyushu. Therefore the study on the weathering of these materials is very important from the pedological standpoint.     

Oxidative Stress Induced by Cadmium and Copper in Brassica rapa Leaves: Indicators of Stress,Oxidative Damage,and Antioxidant Mechanisms

Brassica rapa is frequently used as a vegetable for human consumption and can accumulate metals that are bioavailable in soils. We studied the oxidative stress induced by 25 μM cadmium (Cd) and 50 μM copper (Cu) on Brassica rapa leaves and evaluated the intracellular antioxidative plant response mechanisms and the accumulation of these metals. With this purpose, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic responses was determined. The obtained results indicate that Cd and Cu induced different plant responses. Oxidative stress induced by Cu was characterized by increased lipid peroxidation and free proline levels. Guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase showed a relevant role in H₂O₂ removal. Cadmium did not influence lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂, proline and glutathione contents, and the enzymatic response mainly involves superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. It was concluded that both excess Cu and Cd induced oxidative stress but plant response is characterized by different antioxidative response mechanisms.     

胁迫和对照条件下水稻品种铅积累的差异

为选育籽粒中对Pb低积累或低吸收水稻品种提供依据,本研究采用盆栽试验方法,比较了不同类型水稻品种及植株不同部位在胁迫和对照条件下对Pb的吸收积累特性。结果表明,供试品种不同部位中Pb含量的变异系数较高,变幅在18.34%～35.57%。不同部位中Pb的含量差异明显,根系对Pb具有较强的积累能力。胁迫条件下,根系中Pb的平均含量为287.616mg·kg^-1,约是茎叶和糙米含量的58倍和1267倍;对照条件下,根系中Pb的平均含量为9.078mg·kg^-1,约是茎叶和糙米含量的3倍和50倍;胁迫条件下根系中Pb的含量是对照的36.34倍,而茎叶和糙米分别是对照的1.65倍和1.36倍。不同品种对Pb的积累能力存在显著差异,同一品种在胁迫与对照条件下对Pb的含量也存在明显差异,其中,宁54146对Pb胁迫较敏感。相关分析表明,对照和胁迫条件下,植株不同部位中Pb的含量均不存在相关性。     

Influence of Cadmium Toxicity on Growth and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Rice Cultivars with Different Grain Cadmium Accumulation

Abstract

The effect of cadmium (Cd) toxicity on growth, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes was studied using two rice cultivars, Bing 97252 with low and Xiushui 63 with high grain Cd accumulation. Plants were exposed to 0–5 μ M Cd in hydroponic culture. Cadmium stress inhibited plant height and chlorophyll content and altered melondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Roots and shoots responded differently to Cd in terms of antioxidant enzyme activity. Generally, the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT decreased with increase in Cd level, while the activity of MDA increased with increase in Cd level. With the increase in Cd concentration in nutrient solution, MDA content in shoots and roots of Xiushui 63 increased at a much higher rate than did that of Bing 97252 at both growth stages. At booting stage, a decrease of 46%–52% in SOD activity was noted in plant roots grown under 5 μ M Cd, while at tillering stage the decrease was 13%–19% compared with the control. A significant decrease in chlorophyll content and plant height was noted under higher Cd treatment (1.0 and 5.0 μ mol) at two stages. The higher MDA and lower chlorophyll content in the cultivar Xiushui 63 showed that it is more sensitive to Cd than the cultivar Bing 97252.     

Effect of Zinc on Cadmium Toxicity-Induced Oxidative Stress in Winter Wheat Seedlings

Two hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the antioxidant response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to cadmium (Cd)-zinc (Zn) interactions, Seedlings of winter wheat (cv. Yuandong 977), were grown in modified Hoagland nutrient solution with the addition of increasing concentrations of Cd (0, 10, 25, 50 μM). In experiment 2, the seedlings of the same cultivar were treated with constant concentration of Cd (25 μM) and varying levels of Zn (0, 1, 10, 50 μM). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as the activities of three antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were monitored to estimate the amount of oxidative stress and the antioxidant ability of seedlings treated with Cd and Zn for 10 days. The results showed that levels of H₂O₂ and MDA in experiment 1 were significantly increased with increasing Cd concentrations. The data indicated that Cd could induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the plants. While H₂O₂ and MDA levels were significantly reduced by addition of Zn in experiment 2, the activities antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. A concentration of 10 μM Zn appeared to be the optimal level in this experiment for seedlings' growth, chlorophyll synthesis and antioxidant status, indicating that Zn alleviated the oxidative stress induced by Cd.     

Role of Salicylic Acid in Alleviating Cadmium Toxicity in Rice Roots

In order to understand how salicylic acid (SA) is involved in modulating rice responses to cadmium (Cd) toxicity, particularly in Cd immobilization, a series of hydroponic experiments were conducted to examine changes in cell wall composition, activities of the enzymes related to lignin synthesis including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), subcellular Cd distribution, levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lignin and non-protein thiols (NPT) in rice roots under Cd stress with or without the pretreatment of SA. Results showed that Cd treatment decreased root biomass by 40% compared with the control (no Cd treatment) and pretreatment with SA significantly mitigated the Cd-induced inhibition of root growth. There was no significant difference in root cell wall composition or lignification between the treatment with Cd alone and the treatment with Cd with SA. No effects were observed for SA pretreatment on the activities of PAL, POD, or PPO under Cd stress. Furthermore, soluble Cd concentrations in root cells were significantly higher in the treatment with Cd with SA than in the treatment with Cd alone. However, H₂O₂ and MDA concentrations in rice roots were significantly lower but NPT levels were higher in the treatment with Cd with SA than in the treatment with Cd alone, which indicated that SA alleviated Cd-induced oxidative damage. It seems to suggest that SA-mediated enhancement of Cd tolerance was not due to enhanced Cd retention in the cell wall but to enhanced Cd bindings with thiols (─SH) group. The effects of SA-enhanced Cd tolerance were discussed with regard to H₂O₂ signaling pathways.     

水稻窄叶突变体zy103突变基因鉴定

为通过叶形相关基因定位与克隆解析水稻叶形变异的分子机制,本研究以籼稻品种9311与粳稻品种豫粳6号的杂交F₇株系中发现的窄叶突变体zy103为试验材料,应用(zy103/9311)F₂、F₃分离群体对窄叶基因进行精细定位及候选基因预测。表型分析表明,突变体zy103出现全生育期叶片变窄微卷、株高及结实率降低、成熟种子弯曲变形等变异表型。遗传分析和基因定位结果表明,突变体zy103受1对隐性核基因控制,该基因被定位于第12号染色体195.4 kb的区间内,此区间内共预测了28个编码基因。对区间内与水稻叶形态建成相关的OsCSLD4(LOC_Os12g36890.1)基因进行测序,结果表明,突变体中OsCSLD4基因的编码区第2外显子第3 472~第3 479处有8个核苷酸(TGTGCCAC)缺失,造成移码突变,导致原编码蛋白第Ⅶ和第Ⅷ跨膜区保守功能结构域丢失,推测OsCSLD4是引起突变体zy103窄叶突变的目的基因。本研究结果为解析水稻窄叶形成的分子机理和水稻理想株型育种奠定了一定的理论基础。     

镉胁迫对白车轴草生长、镉含量及养分分配的影响

为了解镉(Cd)胁迫对白车轴草(Tritolium repens L.)生长发育以及养分的吸收、累积与分配的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度镉处理下白车轴草幼苗的生长、生物量及碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)的积累与分配特征。结果表明:随镉胁迫浓度增加,植株幼苗叶面积、主根长、侧根数、侧根长及地上部高先升高后降低,叶柄长明显降低;而根、茎、叶中镉含量逐渐升高,且根系大于茎叶。同时,植物各器官生物量生产及C、N、P和K积累量均表现出随镉添加量的增加而先升高后降低,高浓度镉胁迫处理(50.00、100.00和200.00 mg·kg-1)明显抑制植株生物量生产以及C、N、P和K的积累,显著改变了生物量及其C、N、P和K积累量的分配格局,但低浓度镉处理(12.50mg·kg-1)却无明显影响。一定浓度的镉胁迫处理(12.50和25.00 mg·kg-1)降低植株N、P、K的利用效率,但高浓度镉处理(200.00 mg·kg-1)则提高植株N、P、K的利用效率。本研究为城市园林绿化及镉污染土壤的修复提供了应用潜力,同时也为牧草的安全评估提供了科学借鉴。     

不同育秧方式下水稻秧苗内源激素特征及其与植株发根力的关系

以杂交稻组合冈优22、Ⅱ优162和K优047为材料,设置湿润育秧、旱育秧和塑盘水育3种育秧方式,分别测定了秧苗根系和发根节内源激素特性,分析了内源激素与秧苗发根力的相关关系。结果表明,旱育秧的发根力强于湿润育秧和塑盘秧;冈优22在3种育秧方式下的发根能力均最强,II优162在旱育秧方式下发根力强于K优047,但在湿润育秧和塑盘育秧方式下弱于K优047;旱育秧根系和发根节的ABA含量低于湿润育秧和塑盘水育秧,GA含量则最高;根系ABA含量与总根长呈显著负相关,GA含量与总根长、根重和根数呈显著或极显著正相关。     

水稻氮、磷、钾吸收利用遗传特征研究进展

氮、磷、钾是水稻生长发育中必需的大量营养元素,水稻生长状况及产量和品质形成都与其有直接或间接关系。如何在高投入集约化生产条件下,提高氮、磷、钾肥利用率是研究的难点和热点。本文简要概述氮、磷、钾在水稻体内的功能及遗传特性,以期为培育氮、磷、钾高效利用水稻品种提供依据。     

水稻早衰突变体els-R7954的遗传分析和初步定位

为了深入研究水稻早衰机理,找到有效消除和延缓植株早衰的方法,本研究通过350Gy60Co-γ射线辐照水稻浙恢7954干种子,获得1份特异性水稻早衰突变体。观察该突变体生物学性状,发现苗期生长正常,分蘖末期叶片出现早衰现象,灌浆期整个植株枯黄,早衰现象非常明显,将其暂名为elsR7954(early leaf senescence)。遗传分析和基因定位发现,els-R7954受单隐性核基因控制,位于第2染色体SSR标记RM530和RM3774之间,距RM530约5.0c M。为进一步克隆该基因,丰富叶片早衰的分子机制奠定了一定基础,也为研究水稻早衰,最终提高产量和品质提供可能。     

Assessment of Disturbances in Growth and Physiology of Carrot Caused by Chromium Stress

To see the deleterious effects of excess chromium (Cr) on carrot (Daucus carota L.) the cv. ‘Pusa Keshari’ was grown in refined sand under controlled glasshouse conditions with a complete nutrient solution (without Cr) for 48 days. On the 49th day, pots with two plants each were separated into three sets. One set served as a control. In each of the other two sets, Cr was supplied as dichromate at 0.1 and 0.5 mM to the basal nutrient solution. At 0.5 mM Cr toxicity symptoms appeared at d 52 (4 days after Cr supply) as reduction in growth and leaf size and loss of turgor. Old leaves became chlorotic and wilted. Chlorosis intensified and turned necrotic in another few days. These symptoms spread to next upper leaf. The development of chlorosis in leaves was delayed in plants receiving 0.1 mM Cr. At excess Cr (0.5 mM) in carrot, the biomass, concentration of chlorophylls a and b, iron (Fe), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) in shoots, and activity of catalase (CAT) in leaves decreased whereas the concentration of Cr and the activity of peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ribonuclease (RNAse), and acid phosphatase (A P) in leaves increased.     

不同供钾水平下水稻钾素吸收利用与产量的基因型差异

通过田间试验研究了不同供钾水平对8个水稻品种钾紊吸收利用和稻谷产量的影响。研究结果表明，两种供钾水平下，水稻的稻谷产量、钾利用效率和各生育期地上部钾积累都存在显著的基因型差异。低钾胁迫显著降低水稻的稻谷产量和各生育期地上部钾积累量，显著提高水稻的钾利用效率。相关性分析表明．低钾胁迫下水稻生育前期（秧苗期＋分蘖期）地上部钾积累量以及生育中期（抽穗期）地上部钾积累量呈显著正相关；正常供钾条件下水稻生育前期地上部钾积累量呈显著正相关。因此筛选和培育具有较高钾利用效率和在生育前期具有较强钾索积累特性的水稻基因型可能是缓解南方水稻土钾素严重缺乏的有效途径之一。     

Identification of Rice Varieties with High Tolerance or Sensitivity to Copper

ABSTRACT

To study tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to excessive copper (Cu), 167 varieties were screened for Cu tolerance or sensitivity. Based on the elongation of the root, No. 1139 and No. 1195 were chosen as Cu-tolerant and Cu-sensitive variety. Compared with the control (0.32 μ mol L^{? 1} Cu), treatments with 5 and 8 μ mol L^{? 1} Cu for 10 days had no significant effect on the root and shoot dry masses of Cu-tolerant variety No. 1139, but significantly decreased root and shoot dry masses of variety No. 1195. Copper at 5 and 8 μ mol L^{? 1} also significantly decreased contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid and the ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in the leaves of the Cu-sensitive variety No. 1195. Roots and shoots of variety No. 1139 contained significantly higher the concentration of Cu than variety No. 1195 exposed to 5 and 8 μ mol L^{? 1} Cu. However, variety No. 1139 had higher Cu proportions on the cell walls in shoots and roots than variety No. 1195.     

高空气球搭载水稻种子后代变异的研究

以籼稻品种惠阳珍珠早干种子为材料 ,经高空气球 30km搭载飞行 8h后返地种植 ,从第1代发现较多变异单株 ,从第 1、2代选出的株高变矮、育性降低、穗长增长 3个株系的变异性状在其后代种植过程中稳定遗传 ,与原种比较达到极显著差异水平 ,通过连续 6代种植、田间观察、考种和差异显著性的统计学分析表明 ,高空气球搭载水稻种子能诱导其遗传变异