施N水平对油菜杂交种及其亲本氮素利用效率的影响

通过测定不同施N水平下油菜杂交种及其亲本各器官的干物重和含N量,研究了施N水平对油菜杂交种及其亲本氮素利用效率的影响,结果表明：①油菜的氮素干物质生产效率（NUEp）、氮素籽粒生产效率（NUEg）以及氮素收获指数（NHI）均随施N水平的增加而显著降低。②不施氮肥条件下杂交种的NUEp和NUEg与其亲本相近,在施氮量为240和360Kg/hm2条件下显著高于其亲本。③杂交种的NHI在不施N肥和360Kg/hm2条件下与其亲本相近,而施N量为120、240 Kg/hm2时显著高于其亲本。④NUEg比NUEp和NHI更适合作为反映油菜N素效率高低的指标。     

不同施氮水平对胡麻根系形态和氮素利用的影响

以陇亚杂1号为研究对象,设置4个施氮量(纯N)水平:不施氮(N0,0kg·hm-2)、低氮(N1,78.75kg·hm-2)、中氮(N2,105kg·hm-2)、高氮(N3,131.25kg·hm-2),采用土柱栽培法研究了氮肥运筹对胡麻根系形态和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:施氮抑制了胡麻枞形期根系的生长,现蕾期后根长、根系直径、根表面积和根体积均随着施氮量增加而增加,当超过一定施氮量(N2)时又呈下降趋势。中氮处理增加了胡麻生育后期根系在40cm以下土层的分布,随着施氮量的增加,根系分布呈现高氮(N3)浅根化趋势。胡麻的根冠比随着生育进程的推进逐渐降低,但中氮处理显著提高了生育后期的根冠比。胡麻成熟期各器官氮素积累量和分配比例表现为:籽粒茎根叶非籽粒生殖器官,籽粒在氮素的分配上占有绝对优势,而且在中氮水平(N2)时籽粒中氮素分配比例最高,显著高于其他处理。与不施氮相比,施氮处理下籽粒产量增加,中氮水平下的氮素籽粒生产效率最高。综合籽粒产量和氮素利用结果表明,在本试验条件下,施氮量105kg·hm-2为有利于实现胡麻高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

测墒补灌条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累转运和产量的影响

为筛选测墒补灌节水条件下实现小麦高产和氮素高效利用的最优施氮量,以小麦品种烟农1212为材料,在拔节期和开花期将0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%条件下,设置0、120、180和240 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理（分别用N0、N1、N2和N3代表）,分析施氮量对测墒补灌小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与转运和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,N2处理下小麦花后7~28 d旗叶光合性能显著高于N0和N1处理,但施氮量增至N3时光合性能无显著变化。N2处理的营养器官花前贮藏干物质在花后向籽粒的转运量显著高于其他处理;花后光合同化物积累量显著高于N0和N1处理,但与N3处理无显著差异。成熟期N2处理干物质在籽粒中的分配比例较N0和N1处理分别高5.00和2.86个百分点。N2处理的籽粒灌浆持续时间和活跃灌浆期长,最大灌浆速率下粒重高,籽粒产量较N0和N1处理分别高41.01%和22.44%,且氮肥农学效率最高,氮肥偏生产力较高。综合考虑,180 kg·hm^-2施氮量为测墒补灌节水条件下最佳施氮量。     

合理氮肥运筹同步提高晚粳稻产量及氮素利用率

为明确南方晚粳稻适宜的氮肥运筹,设计3个不同施氮水平,分别为N210(210 kg/hm~2)、N255(255 kg/hm~2)及N300(300kg/hm~2),基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥的施氮比例为5∶2∶3,并在N255施氮水平下设置4种不同基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥的施氮比例,分别为BR6(6∶2∶2)、BR5(5∶2∶3)、BR4(4∶2∶4)及BR3(3∶2∶5),研究氮肥运筹对晚粳稻产量、干物质生产及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增加,晚粳稻产量先增后降,与N255处理相比,N300及N210处理分别降低1.8%～2.0%和6.0%～7.2%。随施氮量增加,晚粳稻氮素总积累量增加,抽穗至成熟期氮素积累量及该阶段占总氮素积累量的比例、氮素偏生产力及氮素收获指数均降低。随基肥施氮比例降低,晚粳稻产量、氮素偏生产力及氮素收获指数均先增后降,镇稻11号和甬优2640分别在BR5和BR4处理时最高,但两品种在这2个处理间的差异均不显著。随基肥施氮比例降低,晚粳稻成熟期氮素积累量、抽穗期至成熟期氮素积累量及该阶段积累量占总积累量的比例均增加。在江西等双季稻区,建议施氮量以255 kg/hm~2,基肥、蘖肥、穗肥的施氮比例以(5∶2∶3)～(4∶2∶4)为宜,具体因品种特性而异。     

秸秆还田与优化施氮改善烤烟根际土壤碳氮转化及氮素吸收

针对华南沙泥田烟区氮肥过量施用导致烟叶品质下降的问题,拟通过秸秆还田与氮肥优化配施调节烤烟各生育期氮吸收、根际土壤碳氮转化及相关酶的活性。试验采用随机区组设计,设水稻秸秆还田与氮肥两因素,其中3个碳（秸秆还田）水平：C0,无秸秆还田,0 kg/hm ²;C1,中量秸秆还田,4500 kg/hm ²;C2,全部秸秆还田,9000 kg/hm ²;2个氮水平：N1,传统施氮,169.50 kg/hm ²;N2,优化施氮,105.00 kg/hm ²。结果表明,与N1相比,N2处理秸秆还田下烤烟前期烟叶和根系氮吸收和累积正常,而后期有所下降;C1、C2处理时,与现蕾期相比,成熟期时根系氮含量均降低4.2 g/kg,叶片氮含量降低3.8、3.0 g/kg;成熟期时,与N1处理相比,N2处理时C1、C2处理的土壤无机氮含量降低30.4%、20.0%,前期2个氮处理间土壤无机氮含量无差异,优化施氮下中量秸秆还田（C1N2）处理烤烟土壤NH₄ ⁺-N含量在整个生育期内较高且呈降低趋势,而硝态氮和土壤无机氮含量在成熟期最低,表明中量秸秆还田下优化施氮能够维持生育前期土壤无机氮含量,且降低成熟期土壤无机氮含量。2个秸秆还田量处理时,团棵期N2处理的土壤转化酶活性是N1处理的1.30、1.13倍;旺长期土壤转化酶活性是N1处理的1.27、1.10倍;与传统施氮相比,秸秆还田下优化施氮处理增加了整个生育期土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。在中量秸秆还田（C1）处理下,与N1水平相比,现蕾期和成熟期的N2处理土壤水溶性碳含量提高11.2%和14.1%;与N1相比,N2处理的土壤微生物量氮含量呈降低趋势。综上所述,优化施氮耦合中量秸秆还田（C1N2）能够提高土壤水溶性碳含量,维持土壤氮素合理供应,稳定烤烟生育前期对氮素吸收与累积,减少生育后期烟叶氮素奢侈吸收,与烤烟吸氮规律比较吻合。     

施氮量对不同粒色小麦花后光合特性及成熟期氮素分配和籽粒蛋白质组分的影响

为给彩色小麦优质高产栽培提供理论依据,在盆栽试验条件下,选用不同粒色小麦品种中麦8号(白粒)、漯珍1号(紫黑粒)和N3688(绿粒)为供试材料,设置施用纯氮210kg·hm-2(N210)、270kg·hm-2(N270)、330kg·hm-2(N330)和0kg·hm-2(N0)四个施氮水平,采用2因素随机区组试验设计,研究了施氮量对不同粒色小麦品种花后旗叶光合特性、成熟期植株氮素分布及籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,施氮能改善小麦花后旗叶光合特性,延长旗叶光合作用功能期,并显著提高不同粒色小麦品种成熟期各器官的氮素含量和籽粒中总蛋白质及其组分含量。在本试验条件下,不同小麦品种花后旗叶光合特性、成熟期植株氮素含量和籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量对施氮量的效应存在差异,中麦8号在N330处理下各项被测指标均优于其他处理,而漯珍1号和N3688在N270处理下各项被测指标综合评价最优。     

水稻干物质量和氮素利用效率性状的配合力分析

 选用不同类型的9个水稻品种，利用不完全双列杂交方法，在施氮和未施氮水平下对干物质量和氮素利用效率的配合力进行了分析。结果表明，最高分蘖期和孕穗期的干物质量和氮素利用生理效率，在两种氮素水平下亲本的加性效应均对F1起主导作用，而收获期氮素利用生理效率在施氮条件下遗传变异主要来自基因的加性效应，而未施氮条件下主要来自于非加性效应；产量的遗传变异在施氮条件下来自基因加性和非加性效应，而未施氮条件下主要来自基因加性效应。特殊配合力优良的组合，其亲本自身表现不一定优良，与一般配合力也没有明显的相互关系，表明氮高效育种中利用亲本值和一般配合力很难正确预测杂种优势；另外，不同生育时期的氮素利用生理效率的遗传特性在不同氮素水平下变化较大。     

施用缓释肥对甘蔗干物质积累及氮素利用率的影响

针对我国甘蔗生产上化肥施用量大、肥料利用率低等突出问题,通过田间试验研究2种缓释肥组合施用对甘蔗干物质积累和氮素利用率的影响。以新台糖22号为供试材料,设置4个处理：CK0（不施肥）、CK1（常规施肥,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 225 kg）;T1（等养分缓释肥,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 225 kg）;T2（减20％养分缓释肥,每公顷施N 240 kg、P2O5 180 kg、K2O 180 kg）。结果表明,常规施肥和缓释肥处理在萌芽率、分蘖率、茎径和有效茎数上没有显著差异;而T1株高显著高于CK1;伸长期CK1的干物质净积累比例高于T1及T2;成熟期则相反,T1及T2高于CK1;成熟期T1叶的干物质积累所占比例显著高于CK1;T1处理的蔗茎产量和糖产量最高,分别比CK1高11.0％和10.8％;T1和T2处理的两年氮素利用率均显著高于CK1,其中T2两年平均比CK1提高9％。在减少1次施肥的基础上,施用与常规化肥等养分的缓释肥能显著增加株高、甘蔗产量及糖产量,并提高氮素利用率;施用减20％养分的缓释肥能提高氮素利用率,甘蔗产量和糖产量不低于常规施肥。     

吐丝期自然干旱条件下灌水和施氮对玉米产量及氮素吸收的影响

设置大田试验,利用吐丝期自然干旱胁迫研究灌水(自然干旱、灌水30 mm、灌水60 mm,分别为W0、W1和W2)和施氮(0、100、200、300 kg/hm~2,分别为N0、N1、N2、N3)对玉米产量、干物质累积与分配、氮素吸收与利用的影响及其耦合效应,并探讨适宜的水、氮组合调控措施。结果表明,吐丝期自然干旱条件下灌水和施氮均显著影响玉米成熟期的产量、干物质累积量、收获指数、氮素吸收量及氮肥利用效率,且两种措施具有显著的交互作用。W2N3处理的玉米产量最高,达9 666 kg/hm~2。干物质累积量和氮素吸收量随灌水量、施氮量的变化趋势与产量类似,收获指数和氮素利用效率存在明显差异。W0N0和W1N0处理的收获指数相比其他处理显著偏低,说明干旱和缺氮限制干物质向子粒的转运分配。玉米施用氮肥的表观利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力在灌水条件下均显著高于自然干旱条件,随施氮量增加而逐渐降低,均在W2N1处理达最高。     

冬小麦西农979光合、水肥利用和产量的水氮效应

为给黄淮海地区冬小麦高产高效栽培中水氮管理提供依据,在大田条件下,以该地区冬小麦主推品种之一的西农979为材料,通过裂区试验,水氮各设置三个水平[自然降水(W1)、土壤水分保持田间持水量的60%(W2)和80%(W3);不施氮(N1)、施氮150kg·hm-2(N2)和300kg·hm-2(N3)],研究了不同水氮模式下冬小麦花后旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率、氮素积累与分配、水肥利用效率及产量的差异。结果表明,中水中氮(W2N2)和中水高氮(W2N3)组合有利于小麦花后旗叶维持较高的叶绿素含量和光合速率。在相同水分条件下,单茎氮素积累量随着施氮量的增加而增加;在相同氮素营养条件下,中水(W2)处理籽粒氮素积累量显著高于自然降水(W1)和高水(W3)处理;W2N2和W2N3的籽粒氮素积累量显著高于其他处理;W2N2处理下营养器官花前贮存氮素在花后向籽粒的转运量和转运率最高;W2N3处理的花前营养器官氮素积累量及其花后转运对籽粒氮素的贡献率最高。在相同氮素营养条件下,随着灌水量的增加,产量先升后降;在相同水分条件下,产量随着施氮量增加而增加;W2N2和W2N3处理的产量显著高于其他处理,且此二处理差异不显著。W2N2处理的氮肥农学效率和灌水生产效率显著高于其他处理。综合以上结果,在本试验条件下,W2N2是小麦高产高效的最佳水氮组合。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.