脱羰秋水仙碱诱导牛卵母细胞显核

用脱羰秋水仙碱(deme colcme,Deme)诱导牛卵母细胞显核.比较不同显核时间、Deme浓度以及极体形成等因素对牛卵母细胞显核的影响.结果显示:①0.5μg/mL Deme处理卵母细胞,诱导1 h时获得最高显核率(76.00%),高于0.5 h(61.18%)、1.5 h(64.10%)和2 h(63.46%)组;②不同浓度Deme处理成熟卵母细胞1 h,0.4和0.5μg/mL Deme组显核率较高,分别为75.24%和77.31%,显著高于0.3 μg/mL组(46.54%)与0.6 μg/mL(60.66%)组;③0.4 μg/mL Deme处理卵母细胞1 h,有极体组显核率(83.24%)与无极体组(77.54%)无显著性差异.研究表明,0.4 μg/mL Deme处理卵母细胞1 h能更好地诱导牛卵母细胞显核.     

不同药剂处理对制种玉米叶螨的防效

在张掖市制种玉米田试验观察了不同药剂处理对玉米叶螨的防治效果,结果表明,各处理药后3、7、14 d的防效都达到84%以上,其中以500 g/L力满星(溴螨酯)乳油300 mL/hm2+5%替满松(噻螨酮)乳油450 mL/hm2处理的防治效果最好,药后3、7、14 d的防效分别为87.31%、88.80%、89.31%。10%四螨·三唑锡悬浮剂300 mL/hm2、10%阿维·哒螨灵乳油300 mL/hm2、20.8%阿维·四螨嗪悬浮剂450 mL/hm2等3个处理的防效也较好,但略低于前者。4个药剂处理均无药害现象发生,对作物安全。建议在6月中旬至8月上旬根据张掖玉米制种田叶螨发生程度,及时选用10%四螨·三唑锡悬浮剂、500 g/L溴螨酯(力满星)乳油+5%噻螨酮(替满松)乳油、10%阿维·哒螨灵乳油、20.8%阿维·四螨嗪悬浮剂等药剂轮换交替喷雾防治。     

喹禾灵对映体对斑马鱼毒性的手性选择性研究

为了研究喹禾灵对映体对水生生物的手性选择性毒性,对喹禾灵对映体进行了斑马鱼急性毒性试验,并研究了亚致死水平上对斑马鱼体内ATP酶活性的影响。研究发现,精喹禾灵和喹禾灵对斑马鱼的急性毒性分别为高毒和低毒;二者在诱导时间和诱导强度上对斑马鱼体内Na+,K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶活性均表现出不同的作用方式。喹禾灵对斑马鱼Ca2+-ATP酶活性的影响在72 h时,250μg.L 1、1 000μg.L 12个处理组表现出明显诱导效应(P<0.05),在96 h各处理组均表现出诱导作用。精喹禾灵除在24 h时,5μg.L 1、10μg.L 1处理组外,其他各处理组对斑马鱼体内Ca2+-ATP酶表现出较强的诱导作用;72 h后,25μg.L 1、100μg.L 1处理组酶活性有下降趋势,其他2个处理组酶活性则继续增加。喹禾灵对斑马鱼Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响在48 h时,250μg.L 1、1 000μg.L 12个处理组有明显诱导效应(P<0.05),72 h时只有1 000μg.L 1处理组有明显诱导作用。精喹禾灵25μg.L 1、100μg.L 1处理组在24 h时对Na+,K+-ATP酶活性即表现出很强的诱导效果,48 h后各处理组酶活性都开始明显增加;72 h时各浓度处理组酶活性有下降趋势,96 h后基本与对照组无显著性差异。试验结果表明喹禾灵对映体对斑马鱼毒性有显著的手性选择性。     

玉米苞叶中总黄酮提取及其体外抗氧化性能的研究

运用超声波技术提取玉米苞叶中的总黄酮,用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法测定总黄酮含量,得出玉米苞叶中总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件:超声波功率700W,温度60℃,料液比(g/mL)1∶50,乙醇浓度为60%,提取时间为35min,玉米苞叶中总黄酮最大提取率为1.225%。体外抗氧化试验表明:玉米苞叶中的总黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基清除能力较好,其IC50分别为1.5μg/mL左右和0.14mg/mL,清除能力均高于Vc;对DPPH自由基体系的清除率达到50%时,玉米苞叶中总黄酮的IC50为0.2mg/mL左右,Vc的IC50为0.075mg/mL,说明玉米苞叶中的总黄酮清除DPPH自由基的能力低于Vc,但在所选浓度剂量范围内,其最大清除率高于Vc。试验表明,玉米苞叶中的总黄酮是一种较好的天然自由基清除剂。     

八角叶片提取物对榕管蓟马成虫的生物活性

本文采用"Y"型管法和三角瓶熏蒸法研究了八角叶的4种溶剂提取物对榕管蓟马成虫的驱避和杀虫作用。结果表明,八角叶的4种溶剂提取物对榕管蓟马成虫均具有驱避和杀虫作用。其中,丙酮、无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯3种溶剂提取物的驱避和杀虫作用较强,浓度为1.60mg/cm2处理的驱避等级均达到Ⅳ级,而相同浓度石油醚提取物的驱避等级仅为Ⅱ级。在杀虫活性方面,用3.54mg/cm2提取物处理36h后,榕管蓟马成虫的校正死亡率除石油醚提取物外均达93.67%以上。另外,八角叶4种溶剂提取物对榕管蓟马成虫的LC50测定表明,丙酮提取物对榕管蓟马成虫的杀虫效果最好。本文结果将为榕管蓟马成虫的防治及植物源杀虫剂的开发提供实验基础。     

锌铬复合胁迫对大豆根际土壤酶活性的影响

为研究不同Zn、Cr复合胁迫对大豆根际土壤酶活性的影响,在盆栽条件下,采用添加外源Zn、Cr的方法,测定了大豆根际和非根际土壤脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、蔗糖酶活性。结果表明,不同Zn、Cr处理对大豆根际土壤脲酶活性有显著抑制效果,在Zn、Cr浓度分别为500、400 mg/kg时,大豆根际土壤脲酶活性为最低。随Zn、Cr浓度的增加,大豆根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在Zn、Cr浓度分别为0、300 mg/kg时,达最大值,比对照提高14.80%;在Zn、Cr浓度分别为500、400 mg/kg时,仅为2.38 ml/(g·h),是最小值,比对照降低44.38%。随Zn、Cr浓度增加,大豆根际土壤蔗糖酶活性也呈现类似趋势,在Zn、Cr浓度分别为0、90 mg/kg时,达最大值3.65(mg/g·d),比对照提高9.87%;在Zn、Cr浓度分别为500、400 mg/kg时,达到最小值1.80(mg/g·d),比对照降低45.8%。同时结合偏相关分析结果发现,Zn、Cr对3种土壤酶活性均产生了协同抑制效应,且Zn的抑制作用大于Cr。     

蓖麻叶片粗提物对黄瓜瓜绢螟的作用

为了测定蓖麻对瓜绢螟的作用,也为黄瓜害虫无公害控制提供新的手段,用不同浓度的蓖麻叶片粗提物处理黄瓜叶片,测定瓜绢螟取食量、存活率及体内解毒酶活性的变化。结果显示,蓖麻叶片粗提物对瓜绢螟的取食和存活有明显的抑制作用,处理浓度越大,取食量和存活率越小。如用稀释200倍的蓖麻叶片粗提液处理黄瓜叶片,瓜绢螟的取食面积(1.89 cm2)仅为对照(3.51 cm2)的53.7%,存活率为对照的2.3%;600倍浸提液处理的瓜绢螟取食面积(3.43 cm2)为对照的97.7%,存活率为对照的51.4%。瓜绢螟幼虫虫龄对粗提物的作用有明显影响,粗提物对低龄幼虫的作用明显强于高龄幼虫,200倍液处理24 h后,1龄幼虫的存活率(22.22%)仅为5龄幼虫(66.67%)的33.33%。不同剂量蓖麻叶片粗提物处理后,瓜绢螟体内的谷胱甘肽转移酶、羧酸脂酶、多功能氧化酶等解毒酶活性迅速上升,随着处理剂量的增加,解毒酶的活性上升幅度增大。取食用稀释200倍的蓖麻粗提液处理的黄瓜叶片24 h后,1龄幼虫和5龄幼虫体内谷胱甘肽转移酶活性分别较对照高23.79%和78.02%,羧酸脂酶活性分别较对照高72.42%和23.84%,多功能氧化酶活性分别较对照高100.58%和122.39%。结果表明,蓖麻叶片粗提物对瓜绢螟有明显的拒食和毒杀作用。     

硒、锌及其交互作用对不同季节茶叶多酚氧化酶活性的影响

通过喷施不同浓度的亚硒酸钠和醋酸锌,研究了硒、锌及硒锌交互作用对不同季节茶叶叶片硒、锌含量以及多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)茶叶硒、锌含量均在春季最高,夏季次之,秋季最低。3季茶叶硒含量都在中高浓度(200~400μg/ml)的硒和低中浓度(0.2%~0.4%)的锌处理下相对较高;而锌含量在中高浓度(0.8%~1.2%)的锌和低中浓度(50~100μg/ml)的硒处理下较高;各季节茶叶硒、锌含量都在中浓度的硒(100~200μg/ml)和锌(0.4%~0.8%)配比下较高。(2)茶叶多酚氧化酶活性在夏季最高,春季次之,秋季最低。3季茶叶该酶活性均在中浓度的硒(100~200μg/ml)和锌(0.4%~0.8%)处理及其配比下相对较高;而高浓度的硒(400μg/ml)和锌(1.2%),以及低浓度(0.2%)的锌处理对春茶和夏茶多酚氧化酶活性的提高效应不甚明显,秋茶多酚氧化酶活性则在低浓度的硒(50μg/ml)和低浓度的锌(0.2%)以及高浓度的硒(400μg/ml)、锌(1.2%)处理下均无明显提高效应,同时低硒与低锌配比、高硒与中高浓度(0.2%~0.8%)的锌配比对春、夏、秋3季茶叶PPO活性的促进效应均不明显。     

纳米TiO2对黄瓜叶围细菌群落的影响

利用可培养和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法,对经不同浓度TiO2处理黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)叶围细菌群落结构的变化进行了分析。研究发现,TiO2处理后黄瓜叶围可培养细菌数量较对照显著降低。随着TiO2浓度从0.02 mg/mL提高至20 mg/mL,黄瓜叶围可培养细菌数量从1.8×107 cfu/g降低至3.1×106 cfu/g。DGGE指纹图谱分析表明,当TiO2的喷雾浓度超过0.02 mg/mL时,黄瓜叶围细菌的多样性显著降低。对DGGE条带克隆测序结果显示,在黄瓜叶围至少存在7种不同属的细菌,其中只有一种叶围细菌不受TiO2喷雾浓度影响。     

假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱的生物活性及代谢酶活性的影响

为研究假蒟对螺旋粉虱的作用效果及对体内酶活力的影响,在实验室采用叶片浸渍法测定了不同浓度的假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱成虫、若虫和蛹的生物活性,并用生化方法测定了成虫体内几种代谢酶的活性变化。结果显示,假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱具有良好的生物活性,且随着处理时间的延长,活性增强,其活性大小为成虫若虫蛹。处理168 h时,假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱若虫的LC50值(0.932 mg.mL 1)仅为处理24 h时LC50值(2.207 mg.mL 1)的42.23%。处理72 h时,假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱成虫和若虫的LC50值(0.430 mg.mL 1和1.303 mg.mL 1)分别为蛹(1.894 mg.mL 1)的22.70%和68.79%。经假蒟石油醚萃取物处理24 h后,螺旋粉虱成虫体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)等代谢酶均受到一定程度的抑制。10 mg.mL 1的假蒟石油醚萃取物对3种酶的抑制率分别为82.53%、82.79%、52.26%,但低浓度的假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱成虫CarE、GSTs两种酶的活性反而有诱导现象,其中对GSTs诱导效应较为明显。由此表明,假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱有明显的毒杀作用。     

Abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of Alphitonia neocaledonica, a non-nodulated Rhamnaceae endemicto New Caledonia

The capacity of different soils of New Caledonia to induce nodulation in Gymnostoma poissonianum was studied. The soils were sampled under five Gymnostoma species, Alphitonia neocaledonica (a non-nodulated endemic Rhamnaceae) and Pinus caribea (an introduced species) growing in various ecological conditions. Using G. poissonianum as trap-host, we observed a higher abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica as compared with bare soils and P. caribea rhizosphere. The nodulating capacity of A. neocaledonica rhizosphere was almost similar to that of the five Gymnostoma species (symbiotic host) studied in the same stations. In comparison, bare soils or rhizosphere of P. caribea had poor nodulating capacities. We isolated fourteen Frankia strains from nodules of G. poissonianum after baiting with the rhizospheric soils of five Gymnostoma and A. neocaledonica. Using the PCR/RFLP method, we confirmed the similarity with those already described. Frankia was abundant in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica in all the sites studied. One explanation could be a positive tropism of Frankia towards species belonging to families having nodulated species, which is the case of A. neocaledonica endemic in New Caledonia. We can suppose that the non-nodulated plants belonging to these families can excrete some chemical substances able to attract Frankia and to induce its proliferation.     

Diffusion of NH+4 and NO−3 mineralized from organic N in soil

The mineralization of native soil organic matter and the simultaneous diffusion of zero NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ to a solution sink of zero N concentration was analysed experimentally and theoretically for a fine sandy loam soil. Experimentally, the NH₄ and NO₃ ions produced in an incubated unsaturated soil column were allowed to diffuse through a sintered glass plate into a stirred solution sink. The distribution of NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ in the soil column was measured after various incubation times. The rate of ammonification was measured directly during incubation and the rate of nitrification modelled from nitrifier growth kinetics. A Freundlich equation was used to describe the equilibrium between soluble and exchangeable NH⁺₄ in the soil. Terms for the microbial transformation of N and the adsorption-desorption of NH⁺₄ were combined with diffusion equations which were solved numerically using finite difference methods. The model constructed was used to predict the NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ con-centration distributions in the soil column, and good agreement was obtained between the experimental and predicted concentration profiles. The use of the model for predicting the diffusive flux of mineral N to the outer surfaces of soil peds, where it is vulnerable to leaching, was demonstrated.     

Evidence that fungi can oxidize NH4+ to NO3− in a grassland soil

The contribution of bacteria and fungi to NH₄⁺ and organic N (N_org) oxidation was determined in a grassland soil (pH 6.3) by using the general bacterial inhibitor streptomycin or the fungal inhibitor cycloheximide in a laboratory incubation study at 20°C. Each inhibitor was applied at a rate of 3 mg g^?1 oven‐dry soil. The size and enrichment of the mineral N pools from differentially (NH₄¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵NH₄NO₃) and doubly labelled (¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃) NH₄NO₃ were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after N addition. Labelled N was applied to each treatment, to supply NH₄⁺‐N and NO₃^?‐N at 3.15 μmol N g^?1 oven‐dry soil. The N treatments were enriched to 60 atom % excess in ¹⁵N and acetate was added at 100 μmol C g^?1 oven‐dry soil, to provide a readily available carbon source. The oxidation rates of NH₄⁺ and N_org were analysed separately for each inhibitor treatment with a ¹⁵N tracing model. In the absence of inhibitors, the rates of NH₄⁺ oxidation and organic N oxidation were 0.0045 μmol N g^?1 hour^?1 and 0.0023 μmol N g^?1 hour^?1, respectively. Streptomycin had no effect on nitrification but cycloheximide inhibited the oxidation of NH₄⁺ by 89% and the oxidation of organic N by more than 30%. The current study provides evidence to suggest that nitrification in grassland soil is carried out by fungi and that they can simultaneously oxidize NH₄⁺ and organic N.     

Chemical and colloidal stability of sols in the Al2O3-Fe2O3-SiO2-H2O system: their role in podzolization

Concentrations of dialysable silica in equilibrium with Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O sols at pH 4.5–5.0 confirm the formation of a poorly ordered non-dialysable proto-imogolite species with an Al : Si ratio near 2, close to that of imogolite. Sols with Al : Si>2 give nearly constant levels of free silica in solution in the range 2–6 μg/cm³, indicating equilibrium between proto-imogolite and aluminium hydroxide species. These findings indicate that imogolite-like precipitates in acid soils will buffer silica in solution to within this range during leaching episodes. Imogolite is more stable than a previous estimate suggested, and a revised value for its free energy of formation is proposed: ΔG⁰_f(298.15) = -2929.7 kJ/mol. In Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O sols, the Fe : Si ratio of the non-dialysable species varies smoothly from 11 to 3 as free silica in solution ranges from 4 to 35 μg/cm³. Such sols are much less colloidally stable than hydroxyaluminium silicate sols, but mixed Al₂O₃—Fe₂O₃—SiO₂—H₂O sols are almost as stable as iron-free sols up to a Fe : Al ratio of 1.5. Thus migration of Al and Fe as mixed hydroxide sols can account for the almost constant ratio of Al to Fe with depth in oxalate extracts from Bs horizons of podzols.     

Comparison of volatile generation in serine/threonine/glutamine-ribose/glucose/fructose model systems

Thermal generation of volatiles in nine model reactions was studied and compared. Each of the model systems contained one amino acid and one monosaccharide. The amino acid was serine, threonine, or glutamine, and the monosaccharide was ribose, glucose, or fructose. More unsubstituted pyrazine was generated in serine-sugar systems than threonine-sugar systems. The formation of several furfuryl-substituted pyrazines and pyrroles was observed in some of the studied systems. Total pyrazines were generated more in glutamine-containing systems than in serine- and threonine-containing systems, and the reverse was true for generation of furfuryl-substituted compounds. Acetylpyrazine was generated in serine/threonine/glutamine-glucose and serine/glutamine-fructose systems.     

Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中的迁移实验及模拟

通过稳定流混合置换实验,研究了孔隙水流速和pH变化对Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中迁移行为的影响,获得了示踪剂Br-和Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的穿透曲线(BTCs);并通过室内批量平衡实验获得吸附系数,进而计算出阻滞因子Rd。基于这些实验结果,借助CXTFIT2.1软件,用平衡CDE模型拟合了Br-的BTCs,得到了弥散系数D;在此基础上应用CDE非平衡模型拟合Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在不同流速和pH条件下的BTCs,并预测了平行实验和不同埋深处Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd浓度的动态变化。结果表明,Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移能力随流速的增大而增强,而随pH的增大而降低;化学非平衡的两点模型能较好地模拟本文实验条件下Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移过程。     

Determination of kC and kNin situ for calibration of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method

¹⁴C-labelled glucose and ¹⁵N-labelled KNO₃ were added to soil and the microbial biomass during 42 days' incubation was estimated using the chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM). By day 1, most of the glucose (1577 μgCg^?1 soil) was metabolized and 110 μg NO^?₃-Ng^?1 soil were immobilized. In situ values for the proportions of biomass C (k_C) and biomass N (k_N) mineralized during the 10 days after CHCl₃ fumigation were determined on the basis that the immobilized labelled C and N remaining in the soil at this time were present as living microbial cells and their associated metabolites. The tracer data indicated that biomass C could be calculated by applying a k_c value of 0.41 to the CO₂-C evolved from the fumigated sample without subtraction of an unfumigated “control”. Biomass N was estimated from the net NH₄^?-N accumulation during the fumigation-incubation. The problem of reimmobilization of NH⁺₄-N where organisms of wide C:N ratio occur was overcome by adjusting the value of k_N according to the ratio of CO₂-C evolved: net NH₄⁺-N accumulated during the fumigation-incubation (C_F:N_F).A C_F:N_F ratio of 6:1 resulted in a k_N of 0.30 whereas a ratio of 13:1 indicated a k_N of 0.20.     

Incorporation studies of NH+4 during incubation of organic residues by l5N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy

This study focuses on the processes occurring during incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into humic substances. Therefore rye grass, wheat straw, beech saw dust, sulphonated lignin and organosolve lignin were incubated together with highly ¹⁵N-enriched ammonium sulphate in the laboratory for 600 days. Samples from the incubates were periodically analysed for weight loss, and carbon and nitrogen contents. The samples were also analysed by solid-state ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy to follow the turnover of the materials during incubation. Most of the detectable N-signals was assigned to amide - peptide structures. The remaining intensities could be ascribed to free and alkylated amino groups, and those on the low field side of the broad amide-peptide signal to indole, pyrrole and nucleotide derivatives. Abiotic reactions of ammonia with suitable precursors and the formation of pyridine, pyrazine or phenyloxazone derivatives were not observed. Signals from ammonia and nitrate occurred only at the end of the incubation.     

TRANSFORMATION OF 15N-LABELLED AMMONIUM IN TWO SOILS DIFFERING IN NH+4-FIXING CAPACITY

Two soils differing in ammonium fixation capacity were incubated for 127 days with ¹⁵N-ammonium sulphate. In a gley soil with high NH⁺₄-fixing capacity caused by smectites with a charge up to 0.8 per formula unit, the major part of the added ammonium was first fixed by minerals and then released slowly during incubation. The proportion of labelled N in the nitrate fraction increased during the first weeks and then decreased permanently. In contrast, in a histosol with low NH⁺₄-fixing capacity, the exchangeable fraction contained most of the labelled NH⁺₄, this being highly available to microorganisms and therefore subject to nitrification. About 50% of the added ¹⁵NH₄ was lost from the histosol in 127 days, but only about 20 per cent was lost from the gley soil.     

Ca2+ Effects on K+ Fluxes in Arabidopsis Seedlings Exposed to Al3+

Potassium transport was investigated in the root elongation zone of Arabidopsis seedlings during the first minutes of Al³⁺ exposure, using the non-invasive MIFE microelectrode technique. To prevent pH changes during Al³⁺ application, and to separate aluminium from acidic stress, plants were pre-treated with 5 mM homoPIPES before addition of AlCl₃ (pH 4.2). The 30-min treatment with 50 or 500 μM AlCl₃ led to a significant increase in K⁺ efflux in solutions containing 100 μM CaCl₂. This efflux was suppressed by high concentrations of Ca²⁺ (10 mM) in the bathing solution. Our results suggest that elevated external Ca²⁺ activities can sustain K⁺ influx in the root elongation zone during Al³⁺ exposure either by maintaining [Ca²⁺]_cyt or by affecting Al³⁺ uptake across the plasma membrane.