小麦/玉米套作及其相应单作群体棵间土壤蒸发规律

通过大田实验,对比分析河套灌区小麦/玉米套作与单作小麦、单作玉米棵间土壤蒸发的差异及其规律。结果表明,单作小麦、小麦/玉米套作和单作玉米的棵间土壤蒸发量占总耗水量的比例分别为28.8%、38.6%和29.9%;套作群体全生育期的棵间土壤蒸发量显著高于单作,且日均棵间土壤蒸发量为1.06 mm/d,高于单作小麦0.85 mm/d和单作玉米0.90 mm/d。不同生育期棵间土壤蒸发的日变化规律基本一致,峰值出现在中午12:00~14:00之间,不同种植模式下棵间蒸发占蒸散发的比例与叶面积指数均呈良好的指数关系,同时棵间土壤蒸发与表层土壤含水率均呈脉冲波动变化,且灌溉后波动幅度增大。     

西湖龙井茶品质的智能嗅觉识别

通过电子鼻采集不同等级、树种和产地西湖龙井茶的智能嗅觉指纹图谱,利用主成分分析得分矩阵研究等级、树种和产地指纹信息对茶叶品质的影响程度,基于软独立模型分类分析方法建立茶叶等级、树种和产地的3类智能嗅觉判别模型.结果表明,不同等级西湖龙井茶的电子鼻信号差异最大;在涵盖不同树种和产地信息的样品中,电子鼻能准确预测品质相近的高档等级(精品、特级和一级)茶叶,等级判别正确率基本达到100％.树种与产地特征对于茶叶品质的影响程度比较接近,并且同一等级、同一产地下不同树种模型和同一等级、同一树种下不同产地模型的判别正确率基本都达到92％以上.在此基础上,提出了首先利用电子鼻进行等级划分,然后在同一等级下进行树种鉴定和产地判别的西湖龙井茶品质智能嗅觉快速检测策略.     

测试部位对猕猴桃近红外光谱响应特性的影响

应用近红外光谱漫反射技术,采集猕猴桃赤道附近不同测试部位的近红外光谱,对不同测试部位的平均吸光度和噪声进行差异性分析,对不同测试部位的近红外光谱波峰位置、不同波长处的吸光度以及近红外光谱糖度定量分析模型的预测精度进行了单因素方差分析.同一猕猴桃在赤道附近的不同测试部位,其近红外光谱平均吸光度及噪声的波动性较小,波峰位置差异不显著;同一猕猴桃在相同的波峰位置处,不同测试部位的吸光度差异不显著.越是靠近长波近红外区,吸光度的相对标准偏差越大,但是从总体上看,不同波长位置、不同测试部位吸光度的离散度都不大;用不同测试部位的光谱所建立的糖度定量分析模型检测精度差异不显著.猕猴桃赤道附近不同测试部位的近红外光谱都可以用来分析整个猕猴桃的品质.     

不同沟灌方式下夏玉米棵间蒸发试验

采用常规沟灌和交替隔沟灌技术,研究了不同水分处理(水分控制下限为田间持水率的80%、70%、60%)夏玉米的棵间蒸发。结果表明:常规沟灌的灌后蒸发和全生育期棵间蒸发量均大于交替隔沟灌,灌水后短期内由于表层土壤含水率较高,土壤蒸发较大;在满足作物蒸腾耗水的基础上,交替隔沟灌减小了灌溉湿润面积而减小无效蒸发耗水;不同沟灌方式下土壤蒸发与表层土壤含水率呈明显的脉冲波动变化,而深层土壤含水率波动较弱;表层土壤含水率和叶面积指数对棵间蒸发影响明显,二者与相对土面蒸发强度均有良好的指数函数关系。水分下限控制合适,交替隔沟灌棵间蒸发与蒸腾耗水明显降低,是夏玉米适宜的灌水方式。     

秸秆覆盖条件下滨海土壤蒸发阻力模型研究

为明确秸秆覆盖对土壤蒸发阻力的影响、实现秸秆覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发模拟,以滨海土壤为对象,通过室内模拟试验,确立并构建了不同秸秆覆盖量（0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2kg/m2,分别表示为CK、S1、S2、S3、S4）下的土壤水分蒸发动力学模型和秸秆覆盖模式下的蒸发阻力模型,并根据实测蒸发数据进行了模拟评价。结果表明,表层土壤含水率随时间呈指数型减小趋势,且同一时刻,秸秆覆盖量较大的处理表层土壤含水率较大;土壤蒸发强度随含水率的增加呈指数型增加,土壤累计蒸发量随含水率的降低呈线性增加趋势,拟合直线的决定系数R2均大于0.9,且秸秆覆盖量越大,平均土壤蒸发强度和土壤累计蒸发量均越小;不同秸秆覆盖量下覆盖阻力差异较大,而同一秸秆覆盖量间覆盖阻力差异较小,覆盖阻力随秸秆覆盖量的增加而线性增加,两者呈显著正相关（R2=0.9114,p<0.05）。根据秸秆覆盖阻力模型模拟的计算土壤蒸发量与实际土壤蒸发量的RMSE为4.18×10-4mm/min、MAE为3.85×10-5mm/min、NS为0.90,拟合直线斜率k为0.926。说明所建立的秸秆覆盖阻力模型能够准确估算秸秆覆盖模式下的土壤蒸发量。     

利用紫外吸收光谱研究植物油精炼程度

利用脂肪酸在紫外区域有特征吸收光谱的特点,根据其紫外吸收图谱,测定不同精炼程度的植物油在232nm、270nm下的紫外吸光度。结果表明:初榨油和未精炼的压榨油的紫外吸收值较低,而经过脱胶、脱酸、脱色和脱臭等工序后得到的一级和二级植物油,紫外吸收值较高。以此可逐步建立植物油精炼程度的检验方法。     

蓄水坑灌条件下灌水量对棵间蒸发强度的影响研究

采用蓄水坑灌技术,研究了不同灌水量处理下(W90,W150,W210)的果园棵间蒸发。在田间采用微型蒸渗仪,观测了距树干不同距离处棵间地表蒸发强度、距坑口不同深度处坑壁蒸发强度的逐日变化过程,并利用微型气象站和nk3500手持气象仪,同步观测了地表棵间以及蓄水坑内的气象因素。结果表明:不同灌水量处理下的棵间地表蒸发逐日变化特征基本一致,呈现随时间先逐渐递减,然后稳定的变化规律;不同灌水量处理下的棵间坑壁蒸发、棵间总蒸发逐日变化特征基本一致,呈现单峰性,随时间先逐渐增大、后逐渐减小、最后稳定的变化规律;不同灌水量下的棵间坑壁、棵间地表蒸发强度存在显著差异;W90、W150,W210处理下的棵间总蒸发量分别为41 920、45 045、45 447mm3,W210比W90处理下的棵间总蒸发量大1.08倍,棵间总蒸发量随着灌水量的增加而呈现逐渐增加趋势。蓄水坑灌条件下,灌水量大小对果园棵间蒸发影响显著,研究成果将更进一步揭示蓄水坑灌节水机理,并为蓄水坑灌理论的完善提供重要的科学依据。     

肉品质光谱检测中探头与样品距离对结果影响的校正

针对畜肉品质光谱检测中光纤探头与样品表面不同检测距离对预测结果影响较大的问题,分析了光谱曲线随检测距离变化的变化规律,提出光谱数据的校正方法。通过猪肉嫩度预测,验证校正效果。分别采集光纤探头固定时和光纤探头与样品表面检测点距离在4~18 mm变化范围内的猪肉背肌可见/近红外光谱。对每种情况下的光谱数据进行相同预处理,建立猪肉嫩度PLSR预测模型。探头固定时,预测集猪肉嫩度预测值和实测值相关系数为0.82,均方根误差为5.82 N。五次多项式拟合光纤探头与样品表面检测点距离在4~18 mm范围内380~1 050 nm各个波段的相对光谱数据,拟合相关系数R均大于0.999,均方根误差在0.018 7~0.242 2范围内。利用拟合方程校正后的光谱数据和最优嫩度预测模型对预测集进行预测,光纤探头与样品表面检测点距离在4~17 mm范围内时预测集嫩度预测值和实测值的相关系数在0.83~0.90之间,均方根误差在4.80~5.75 N之间。结果表明:对不同光纤探头与样品表面检测点距离采集的漫反射光谱数据进行校正,能够较好地克服光纤探头与样品表面检测点距离对猪肉嫩度预测模型的影响。     

奶粉中钙含量的非线性化学指纹图谱法测定

采用非线性化学指纹图谱法对奶粉中固有钙含量进行定量分析。先用国标火焰原子吸收分光光度法对3份奶粉标准样品中固有的钙含量进行测定,分别向奶粉标样中加入不同量的碳酸钙,利用"硫酸-硫酸锰-丙酮-溴酸钠-标样成分"为反应体系,通过非线性化学指纹图谱法对含有不同量碳酸钙的奶粉进行测定,运用最小二乘法,拟合出其波动周期与奶粉中钙的总含量之间的一元线性关系,当奶粉中钙的加入量已知时,可求出奶粉中固有的钙含量。实验表明,当奶粉总量为0.9 g、奶粉中钙的总含量在0.022 7~0.032 3 g范围内时,钙的总含量与波动周期线性关系良好,决定系数R2为0.995 3~0.998 8,样品加标回收率为99.18%~101.60%,RSD为0.47%~1.63%,奶粉中固有的钙含量检测范围为0~0.032 3 g。方法准确度高,操作简单,是一种切实可行的测定奶粉中固有钙含量的方法,也可作为复杂样本中其它成分定量分析借鉴的方法。     

批量式沼气发酵中细菌类群变化及其与产气之间的相关性

在相同温度和初始发酵液条件下,采用DGGE指纹图谱结合沼气产量与成分,对批量式沼气发酵的3个发酵重复的分析,表明了沼气发酵体系中细菌类群丰富的多样性。随着发酵的进行,细菌绝对数量先增加后趋于稳定;细菌类群发生明显的变化,发酵时间越长,发酵前后的细菌类群区别越大;有的细菌类群始终保持优势,不受产气速率、甲烷含量和温度变化的影响;有的细菌类群在特定发酵时期处于优势地位,且与产气速率和甲烷含量的变化存在相关性;发酵前84天的DGGE分析表明,3个重复的细菌类群特别是优势类群的变化基本同步,但也存在一定区别,相似度在65%~83%之间。与细菌类群变化相对应,三个重复的产气速率和甲烷含量的变化也基本同步,在发酵前55天,5日产气量在2~8 L之间,甲烷体积百分数从65%下降到30%~45%之间。发酵60天到100天,产气速率迅速升高并达到高峰,高峰时的5日产气量达到20 L,甲烷体积百分数迅速升高并达到顶峰为72%~75%;从较短的发酵期间来看,3个重复的产气速率和甲烷含量也存较明显区别,这与3个重复在同一时期细菌类群存在一定的差异性相对应。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。