坡耕地黑土有机碳和全氮的迁移与累积平衡

本文利用137CS示踪技术计算东北黑土坡耕地土壤再分布速率,结合表层土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量动态,探索典型漫岗坡地SOC和TN流失量的空间分布特征,据此计算研究区近50年来SOC和TN迁移、累积平衡。研究结果表明:研究区土壤再分布速率介于-24.61~33.56 T/HM2/A,绝大部分地区处于中度和轻度侵蚀状态,约占研究区总面积的83.66%,沉积面积占总面积的15.62%。SOC和TN的流失量与土壤再分布速率相一致,坡肩部位SOC和TN流失量最大,侵蚀损失率分别为407.57 KG/HM2/A和39.94 KG/HM2/A;其次为坡背和坡顶,平均流失量分别为244.2 KG/HM2/A和17.93 KG/HM2/A;坡脚和坡趾表现为累积,平均累积量分别为-207.2 KG/HM2/A和-20.56 KG/HM2/A。整个研究区SOC和TN的相对流失量>50%的面积分别占10.45%和11.21%。整个研究区48年来土壤净迁移泥沙量为45.54 T/A,其中,SOC流失量为612.62 KG/A,TN流失量为47.20 KG/A。考虑迁移泥沙对土壤有机质的富集作用,迁移损失的SOC和TN量比原计算值高52%。     

不同土地利用下黑土密度分组中碳、氮的分配变化

陆地生态系统植被覆盖会影响有机质在土壤及其各组分中的分布,是控制土壤有机质储量的重要因子。通过对黑土有机碳、氮含量的估算,阐明土地利用变化对土壤有机碳库及轻组、重组有机碳、氮含量和结合态腐殖质有机碳含量的影响以及有机碳、氮的消长变化。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式下土壤0～20cm土层总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)含量存在显著差异(p<0.05),自然土壤被破坏或转为农田,土壤总有机碳和全氮含量会持续下降,但农田化肥和有机肥配施后,土壤总有机碳和全氮含量显著增加;草地经过20年的植被恢复,土壤总有机碳含量显著高于农田化肥和无肥处理,有机碳库储量显著提高;(2)游离态轻组(Free-LF)和重组(HF)有机碳和氮含量与土壤总有机碳和全氮呈显著或极显著正相关,闭蓄态轻组(Occluded-LF)有机碳和氮在土壤中呈随机分布;(3)游离态轻组的C/N比高于全土和其他组分,易受微生物作用而降解,是土壤不稳定碳库的主要成分;(4)松结态胡敏酸碳含量与土壤总有机碳显著相关(p<0.05),土壤肥力随着胡敏酸的增加而提高。农田有机培肥不但能够提高有机质含量和土壤质量,也能显著提高农田生态系统抵押大气CO2的能力。     

人为活动对云南纳帕海湿地土壤碳氮变化的影响

以纳帕海湿地原生沼泽作为参照 ,选择人为干扰下的沼泽化草甸 ,草甸和排干湿地开垦的耕地作为研究对象 ,研究人为干扰对纳帕海湿地土壤碳氮变化的影响。两年的定位研究结果表明 :沼泽土壤C/N值较高 ;人为干扰下纳帕海湿地土壤空间结构上土壤有机质 0～ 2 0cm表层与 2 0～ 4 0cm下层相差 4倍 ,水平分布上则随人为干扰加强、沼泽化过程减弱而降低 ,下降幅度高达 2 2 .92 %～ 6 9.6 4 %;土壤全氮及其空间分布呈现与有机质相同趋势 ,两者相关系数r=0 .98;NH 4 N、NO-3 N与全氮和水解氮相关系数分别为r=- 0 .74、r=- 0 .6 5 ,r=- 0 .81、r=- 0 .76。表明了纳帕海湿地沼泽土壤较低的矿化量和对碳的固定及较大的氮累积量 ,以及人为活动干扰后湿地土壤碳氮养分的释放变化。     

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK AND FRACTIONS IN RELATION TO LAND USE AND SOIL DEPTH IN THE DEGRADED SHIWALIKS HILLS OF LOWER HIMALAYAS

The proportional differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions under different land uses are of significance for understanding the process of aggregation and soil carbon sequestration mechanisms. A study was conducted in a mixed vegetation cover watershed with forest, grass, cultivated and eroded lands in the degraded Shiwaliks of the lower Himalayas to assess land‐use effects on profile SOC distribution and storage and to quantify the SOC fractions in water‐stable aggregates (WSA) and bulk soils. The soil samples were collected from eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils for the analysis of SOC fractions and aggregate stability. The SOC in eroded surface soils was lower than in less disturbed grassland, cultivated and forest soils. The surface and subsurface soils of grassland and forest lands differentially contributed to the total profile carbon stock. The SOC stock in the 1.05‐m soil profile was highest (83.5 Mg ha⁻¹) under forest and lowest (55.6 Mg ha⁻¹) in eroded lands. The SOC stock in the surface (0–15 cm) soil constituted 6.95, 27.6, 27 and 42.4 per cent of the total stock in the 1.05‐m profile of eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils, respectively. The forest soils were found to sequester 22.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than the cultivated soils as measured in the 1.05‐m soil profiles. The differences in aggregate SOC content among the land uses were more conspicuous in bigger water‐stable macro‐aggregates (WSA > 2 mm) than in water‐stable micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm). The SOC in micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm) was found to be less vulnerable to changes in land use. The hot water soluble and labile carbon fractions were higher in the bulk soils of grasslands than in the individual aggregates, whereas particulate organic carbon was higher in the aggregates than in bulk soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑土坡耕地侵蚀和沉积对物理性组分有机碳积累与损耗的影响

以侵蚀和沉积过程明显的黑土坡耕地为研究对象,通过测定不同地形部位表层和典型剖面土壤不同粒级的水稳性团聚体、颗粒态有机碳（POC）以及团聚体结合态有机碳含量,探讨土壤侵蚀和沉积对土壤有机碳（SOC）损失、迁移和累积过程的影响。研究结果表明：上坡三个侵蚀部位表层土壤大团聚体、矿质结合态有机碳（MOC）以及团聚体结合态有机碳含量随侵蚀速率增加而减小;沉积部位（尤其是坡脚）POC含量和POC/SOC较低,而MOC含量和MOC/SOC较高。始终处于沉积状态的坡脚部位,各粒级有机碳组分的深度分布均表现出土壤累积和埋藏特征,并随着粒级的减小累积现象趋于明显。上述结果反映了土壤侵蚀优先使与细颗粒和微团聚体结合的SOC迁移流失,并在低洼的沉积区累积;埋藏层中的侵蚀物质（如微团聚体、颗粒态有机质）通过深埋作用和重新团聚作用形成稳定的大团聚体,最终促进SOC的固定。     

USING THE 137Cs TECHNIQUE TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SOIL REDISTRIBUTION ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN STOCKS IN AN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENT OF NORTHEAST CHINA

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks can be affected by soil erosion and this is of great significance in relation to global environmental concern about environmental change. This study investigated the spatial patterns of ¹³⁷Cs, SOC and TN as well as their relationships for an agricultural catchment and presents a budget analysis of the redistributions of SOC and TN for the period 1954–2010. ¹³⁷Cs, SOC and TN inventories were found to be significantly correlated, and the application of the¹³⁷Cs technique proved to be useful for evaluating SOC and TN dynamics in the Luvic Phaeozem soil typical of the Chinese black soil region. Spatial patterns of soil, SOC and TN were greatly influenced by shelterbelts/windbreaks within the study catchment. Higher ¹³⁷Cs, SOC and TN stocks were generally found upwind of the shelterbelts and at the study catchment outlet, whereas lower stocks of ¹³⁷Cs, SOC and TN occurred behind the shelterbelts (i.e. in the lee). The total net losses of SOC and TN over the past 56 years were approximately 152 and 11 t respectively, with 47 and 38 per cent of the eroded SOC and TN in soils redeposited within the study catchment, respectively. Based on the relationships of soil, SOC and TN in the investigated catchment, erosion‐induced SOC and TN losses per year are around 1·2 × 10⁶ and 0·1 × 10⁶ t for the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

施用秸秆对土壤有机碳组成和结构稳定性的影响

在室内条件下培养 6个月时随秸秆添加量的增加 ,土壤中总有机碳 (TOC)、焦磷酸钠提取有机碳 (SPPC)、水解碳水化合物 (HDC)、热水提取碳水化合物 (HWC)的含量和水稳性团聚体含量极显著增加 ,粘粒分散率除一个盐土土样外其余 3个土样显著降低。虽然玉米秆和小麦秆分别对TOC、SPPC、水稳性团聚体和粘粒分散性的影响之间没有显著差异 ,但是有小麦秆处理比玉米秆处理HDC和HWC含量高的趋势。TOC、SPPC、HDC和HWC分别与水稳性团聚体显著正相关 ,与粘粒分散率显著负相关 ,但总体而言 ,HWC与团聚体的稳定性更相关 ,HDC和粘粒的分散性更相关。     

耕作及水蚀影响下坡耕地土壤有机碳动态模拟

土壤侵蚀和沉积明显影响土壤有机碳(SOC)的积累与损耗,在以往土壤碳平衡模拟中却未得到应有的重视。本文以典型黑土漫岗坡耕地表层土壤为研究对象,利用CENTURY模型模拟特定质地下自然黑土有机碳的积累过程,估算研究区黑土有机碳及各组分的背景值;对比研究侵蚀泥沙对SOC富集的影响,将模型模拟值与实测值进行统计比较来验证模型;进而模拟侵蚀区开垦后SOC以及各组分随时间的变化,定量研究土壤侵蚀对SOC各组分损失的贡献。研究结果表明:黑土有机碳的累积大致可分为初期的快速积累和后期缓慢积累两个阶段,前期慢性有机碳库的累积对SOC库的增加贡献最大,后期SOC累积主要由惰性有机碳缓慢累积来完成。达到平衡状态时,研究区黑土有机碳含量为7 240 g m-2,以慢性和惰性有机碳为主,约占总SOC的97.4%。考虑泥沙对SOC的富集作用,模型模拟值与实测值更加吻合。自然黑土开垦后,微生物分解矿化作用是活性和慢性有机碳损失的主要途径,土壤侵蚀明显降低惰性有机碳含量,其贡献率随侵蚀速率的增加而增大。因研究区侵蚀不严重,土壤侵蚀对开垦以来的SOC库损耗贡献较小。     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤 沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比 ,微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验 ,两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤／沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比，微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验，两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

CHANGES IN SOIL ORGANIC CARBON UNDER EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS IN BRAZIL: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Proper assessment of environmental quality or degradation requires knowledge of how terrestrial C pools respond to land use change. Forest plantations offer a considerable potential to sequester C in aboveground biomass. However, their impact on initial levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) varies from strong losses to gains, possibly affecting C balances in afforestation or reforestation initiatives. We compiled paired‐plot studies on how SOC stocks under native vegetation change after planting fast‐growth Eucalyptus species in Brazil, where these plantations are becoming increasingly important. SOC changes for the 0–20 and 0–40 cm depths varied between −25 and 42 Mg ha⁻¹, following a normal distribution centered near zero. After replacing native vegetation by Eucalyptus plantations, mean SOC changes were −1·5 and 0·3 Mg ha⁻¹ for the 0–20 and 0–40 cm depths, respectively. These are very low figures in comparison to C stocks usually sequestered in aboveground biomass and were statistically nonsignificant as demonstrated by a t‐test at p < 0·05. Similar low, nonsignificant SOC changes were estimated after data were stratified into first or second rotation cycles, soil texture and biome (savanna, rainforest or grassland). Although strong SOC losses or gains effectively occurred in some cases, their underpinning causes could not be generally identified in the present work and must be ascribed in a case basis, considering the full set of environmental and management conditions. We conclude that Eucalyptus spp. plantations in average have no net effect on SOC stocks in Brazil. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳分布的影响

通过23年的长期田间定位试验观测,研究了施肥对红壤水稻土不同发生层团聚体组成、有机碳含量及有机碳库分布的影响.试验设不施肥（CK）、无机肥（NPK）、有机肥（猪粪＋紫云英）（OM）和无机肥与有机肥配施（NPKM）等4个处理.结果表明,＞3 mm团聚体含量随土层深度呈增加趋势,而其他粒径的团聚体含量则呈下降趋势.施肥处理有利于1～3 mm和0.25～1 mm团聚体含量增加.各处理中,各层同粒径团聚体有机碳含量从高到低的顺序为：A＞P＞W1、W2.不同粒径团聚体中有机碳含量有明显差异,除＜0.05 mm团聚体外,粒径愈细,有机碳含量愈高.1～3 mm和0.25～1 mm团聚体含量与全土有机碳含量呈显著正相关.不同施肥处理有机碳储量表现出NPKM＞OM＞NPK＞CK的趋势.同施肥处理同发生层不同粒径团聚体有机碳储量从高到低的顺序为：＞3 mm、1～3 mm、0.25～1 mm、0.05～0.25 mm和＜0.05 mm,且差异显著.施肥处理增加的新碳主要向1～3 mm、0.25～1 mm团聚体富集.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体活性有机碳的影响

在23年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体活性有机碳含量的影响。结果表明,在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(NPK)、有机肥(猪粪+紫云英绿肥)(OM)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量均随深度的增加而降低。长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施会提高土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量,从而保持和提高土壤有机碳库质量。不同粒级土壤团聚体中活性有机碳含量和团聚体活性有机碳占团聚体有机碳比率有差异,潜在可矿化碳含量和潜在可矿化碳占团聚体有机碳比率从高到低的顺序为:0.25~1mm、1~3mm、>3mm、0.05~0.25mm和<0.05mm;而可溶性有机碳含量和可溶性有机碳占团聚体有机碳比率从高到低的顺序为:0.05~0.25mm、0.25~1mm、1~3mm、>3mm和<0.05mm。不同施肥处理A层土壤团聚体潜在可矿化碳、可溶性有机碳含量都与土壤团聚体有机碳含量都呈极显著相关;P层除1~3mm团聚体外都呈显著相关。土壤微团聚体(<0.25mm)中有机碳的稳定性高于大团聚体(>0.25mm)。     

可溶性有机碳的含量动态及其与土壤有机碳矿化的关系

采用我国东部地区的黑土、潮土、黄泥土和红壤水稻土,通过室内分析和培育试验,研究了不同水分条件下可溶性有机碳含量及土壤有机碳矿化量的动态变化,分析了淹水导致可溶性有机碳含量的变化程度及其对土壤有机碳矿化量的可能影响.结果表明,可溶性有机碳含量与水土比呈直线相关关系,累计提取量随浸提时间增加,单次提取量随提取次数降低.在8周的培养期内,淹水处理的可溶性有机碳含量均显著高于好气处理,黄泥土一号高46%～117%(p＜0.05),黄泥土二号高112%～285%(p＜0.001),潴育黄泥田高21%～73%(p＜0.05).在培养的前3周(黄泥土一号)或前4周(黄泥土二号),不同水分处理的日均土壤有机碳矿化量有极显著差异(p＜0.01),其后,差异不显著;但在整个培养过程中,淹水处理的累计土壤有机碳矿化量均极显著高于好气处理(p＜0.01).培养过程中,土壤有机碳的矿化速率动态与可溶性有机碳含量的变化趋势相一致,特别是黄泥土二号,可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳日均矿化量达到极显著的相关关系(好气相关系数0.942,淹水相关系数0.975).结果还表明,两种黄泥土有机碳矿化量(包括日均矿化量和累计矿化量)的差异并不与全土有机碳含量相关,而主要是其可溶性有机碳含量明显不同所致.因此,对于原土可溶性有机碳含量较高的土壤,淹水显著提高可溶性有机碳量是导致其土壤有机碳矿化量高于好气处理的主要原因.     

LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPACT ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN THE NORTHERN PART OF GADARIF REGION,SUDAN

Several decades of intensive dry land farming in the Gadarif region, located in the Eastern part of Sudan, has led to rapid land use/land cover (LULC) changes mainly due to agricultural expansion, government policies and environmental calamities such as drought. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse and monitor the LULC changes using multi‐temporal Landsat data for the years 1979, 1989 and 1999 and ASTER data for the year 2009. In addition, efforts were made to discuss the impact of LULC changes on the selected soil properties. For this, a post‐classification comparison technique was used to detect LULC changes from satellite images. Primarily, three main LULC types were selected to investigate the properties of soil, namely, cultivated land, fallow land and woodland. Moreover, soil samples were also collected at two depths of surface soil from ten sample plots for each of the LULC type. For these soil samples, various soil properties such as texture, bulk density, organic matter, soil pH, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, phosphorous and potassium were analysed. The results showed that a significant and extensive change of LULC patterns has occurred in the last three decades in the study area. Further, laboratory tests revealed that soil properties were significantly affected by these LULC changes. The change of the physical and chemical properties of the soil may have attributed to the changes in the LULC resulting in land degradation, which in turn has led to a decline in soil productivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤水分、有机质和总氮含量的近红外光谱分析研究

本文首次采用了近红外光谱分析法对我国黄土区土壤水分,有机质和总氮含量进行主人分析。结果表明,该法与实验室化学分析法之间相关性高,误差小,５２份样品定标结果：水分,有机质和总氮的复合相关系数分别为０．９７４,０．９３８和０．９４２;标准误差分别为１．０８,０．２３和０．０４２。７４份样品的检验结果;相关系数分别为０．９６９,０．９２１和０．９２８;估测标准误差分别为１．１４,０．２８和０．０４６。三     

PROJECTED CHANGES IN SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCKS UPON ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN THE UPPER TANA RIVER CATCHMENT,KENYA

Large areas in the Upper Tana river catchment, Kenya, have been over‐exploited, resulting in soil erosion, nutrient depletion and loss of soil organic matter (SOM). This study focuses on sections of the catchment earmarked as being most promising for implementing Green Water Credits, an incentive mechanism to help farmers invest in land and soil management activities that affect all fresh water resources at source. Such management practices can also help restore SOM levels towards their natural level. Opportunities to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, for two broadly defined land use types (croplands and plantation crops, with moderate input levels), are calculated using a simple empirical model, using three scenarios for the proportion of suitable land that may be treated with these practices (low = 40 per cent, medium = 60 per cent, high = 80 per cent). For the medium scenario, corresponding to implementation on ~348 000 ha in the basin, the eco‐technologically possible SOC gains are estimated at 4·8 to 9·3 × 10⁶ tonnes (Mg) CO₂ over the next 20 years. Assuming a conservative price of US$10 per tonne CO₂‐equivalent on the carbon offset market, this would correspond to ~US$48–93 million over a 20‐year period of sustained green water management. This would imply a projected (potential) payment of some US$7–13 ha⁻¹ to farmers annually; this sum would be in addition to incentives that are being put in place for implementing green water management practices and also in addition to the benefits that farmers would realize from the impact on production of these practices themselves. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

坡耕地土壤有机碳再分布特征及其迁移累积平衡

利用137Cs和飞灰示踪技术,研究坡耕地黑土近50年和近100年来土壤再分布过程,计算坡耕地土壤有机碳(SOC)迁移和累积平衡。结果表明:利用SOC的深度分布特征鉴定坡脚和坡足原始埋藏土壤的表面分别位于地表下70和80cm,其埋藏层的SOC含量分别比与其接壤的上覆土层SOC含量高5.2和0.4gkg。坡顶、坡肩和坡背均遭受侵蚀,年平均侵蚀的土壤厚度为0.2、5.0和2.2mmyr。坡脚和坡足部位飞灰到达的深度分别为70和80cm,与埋藏层表面相吻合。坡脚飞灰出现于埋藏A层之中,表明沉积区在蒸汽机车开始使用前已被开垦为农田(或已有侵蚀和堆积发生)。根据137Cs和飞灰分布深度构建了不同年代的坡型,结果表明侵蚀部位剥蚀的土壤多堆积在坡脚和坡足,且搬运的土壤物质先累积于坡脚,随着景观坡度变缓,土壤累积逐渐向坡足过渡。研究区(1m宽)坡顶、坡肩和坡背近百年来由于土壤侵蚀共失去683kgSOC,其中60%(418kgSOC)沉积在坡脚和坡足等低洼部位,其中有257kgSOC是近50年累积的。     

秸秆还田对稻田土壤溶液中溶解性有机质的影响

研究了麦秆不同方式还田、施用无机氮肥及不同移栽时间对水稻田土壤溶液中溶解性有机碳（DOC）、溶解性有机氮（DON）浓度的影响。结果表明，淹水后土壤溶液中DOC浓度在淹水初期明显增加，而后逐渐下降。添加麦秆这一有机物料，在水稻生长期前2个月内显著提高了DOC，对DON在一段时间内也表现出促进作用，其后差异不显著。施用无机氮肥降低了土壤溶液中DOC、DON浓度。DON的浓度与施肥量呈负相关。水稻推迟移栽，土壤溶液中溶解性有机质（DOM）均显著降低。     

不同施肥处理对旱地红壤团聚体中有机碳含量及其组分的影响

借助筛分、浮选等物理分组和化学分析方法研究了不同施肥处理下旱地红壤团聚体中不同有机碳组分的差异.结果表明：长期施肥显著地提高了土壤中总有机碳含量（TOC）和团聚体中轻组有机碳（LF-C）、团聚体内粗颗粒有机碳（CF-C）、团聚体内细颗粒有机碳（FF-C）和矿物结合态有机碳（mSOC）的含量,且各有机碳组分与TOC均呈极显著相关;团聚体中有机碳含量随团聚体的粒级减小而降低,厩肥处理的促进效果最明显;团聚体中有机碳主要以mSOC形式存在.有机肥的施入降低了大团聚体的周转,秸秆处理对团聚体的形成和稳定效果优于厩肥处理;在红壤地区有机无机肥配施使得有机碳在团聚体形成及稳定方面的作用得以加强.