应用危险确认模型评估土地管理的可持续发展

New Zealand is highly dependent on its soil resource for continued agricultural production.To avoid depleting this resource,there is a need to identify soils and associated land management practices where there is a risk of soil degradation.Environmental integraity and ecosystem services also need to be maintoained.Accordingly,to ensure sustainable production,The on -and off-site environmental impacts of aldn management need to be identified and managed.We developed a structural vulnerability index for New Zealand soils.This index ranks solis according to their inherent susceptibility to physical degradation when used for agricultural (pasture,forestry and cropping) Purposes.We also developed a rule-based model to assess soil sompaction vulnerability by characterising the combined effects of resistance and resilience,Other soil attributes have been approatised using seven chemical,physical and biological indicators of soil quality.These indicators have been applied in a nation -wide project involving data collection from over 500 sites for a range of land uses.These soil quality data can be interpreted via the World Wide Web -through the in teractive decisionsupport tool SINDI,The land-use impact model is a framework to assess agricultural land management and environmental sustainability,and may be applied to land units at any scale.Using land resource data and information the model explicitly identifies hazards to land productivity and environmental integrity,It utilises qualitative expert and local knowledge and quantitative model-based evaluations to assess the potential environmental impacts of land-management pratices.The model is linked to a geographic information system(GIS),allowing model outputs.such at the environmental impacts of site-specific best management practices,to be identified in a spatially explicit manner,The model has been tested in New Zealand in an area of pastoral land use.Advantages of this risk identification model include:utilising current knowledege of the causes and effects of land-management practices on soil degradation;linking land management practice to both on-and off-site environmental consequences;identifying important gaps in local knowledge,and providing spatially explicit information on the environmental impact of land-management practices.     

Soil properties characterization for land-use planning and soil management in watersheds under family farming

Environmental monitoring of small, rural watersheds was one of the components of the Natural Resources Management and Rural Poverty Alleviation Program (RS-Rural) in southern Brazil. The purpose of the monitoring was to assess the impact of promoting soil conservation and environment management practices adopted by farmers and funded by the Program. In four small monitored watersheds, in a total of 95 plots representing distinct land use and soil management, surface soil was collected to characterize ground-zero of the Program by determining several soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows soil physical, chemical and biological properties were decisive in defining the agricultural soils in the rural watersheds with family farming. The sensitivity to chemical properties provides an opportunity to improve soil quality if soil management focuses on altering those properties. Soil management practiced by tobacco farmers leads to rapid, intense degradation of some natural soil properties, especially those related to the dynamics of soil organic matter, compared with more conservationist uses (forest, regrowth, and grassland). Thus, soil management must be reoriented to avoid the progress of degradation and recover soil physical and biological quality. Cover crops and by land-abandonment to allow natural vegetation are important management strategies for the degraded soils used for tobacco production, increasing soil organic matter, nutrients and microbial activity and thus allowing further crop production. In conclusion, watersheds with tobacco cropping have soils with lower quality than when under no-tillage grain production, requiring changes in land use and soil management.     

Some major developments in soil science since the mid-1960s

Although the science of soil was established about 150 years ago with the modern soil science taking off after the Second World War, the new Millennium has brought other challenges and new opportunities. Rapidly increasing population in countries that can least afford it have made them food-insecure. With inadequate inputs in agriculture, developing countries are degrading their lands rapidly and destroying ecosystems. Affluence in the richer countries has precipitated other problems hampering ecosystem functions and quality of land resources. These changing conditions have placed new demands on both the society and the soil science community. The latter has resulted in new areas of soil sub-disciplines such as land and soil quality, land degradation and desertification, cycling of bio-geochemicals, soil pollution assessment and monitoring etc. Advances in information technology have also enabled the science to meet the new demands of the enviro-centric world. In the last decade, noticeable changes are evident in methods and research priorities in the discipline. Soil resource assessment and monitoring is entering a new era, in terms of quality of information produced by new information technologies through the innovative use of Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing and significantly improving the acceptance and use of soil survey information. Electronic technology has dramatically increased the demand for and ability to process more data. Other innovations have resulted in quantitative approaches in soil genetic studies and demonstrated the integral role of soils in ecosystems. For global and regional resource assessment, concepts and procedures were refined. The World Reference Base for soil classification and the Global Soil and Terrain Database are the first steps towards standardisation and a more detailed assessment of global soils. The global assessment of human-induced land degradation and vulnerability to desertification are benchmark products of the databases. Environmental pollution and its effects on human and ecosystem health have become public concerns and soil science has contributed to localising, quantifying, and developing mitigation technologies to address the problems. The challenges of climate change and the charge to maintain ecological integrity have been met with technologies such as conservation tillage, agroforestry, precision agriculture etc. New concepts such as multi-functionality of land, soil quality, sustainability of agriculture and carbon sequestration, have emerged leading to new management strategies and an enhanced quality of life.     

长期施肥下黄壤旱地磷对水环境的影响及其风险评价

通过对贵州中部黄壤旱坡地进行采样以及采用无界径流小区法收集地表径流样品 ,探讨长期施肥下旱地磷素水平与地表径流磷浓度的变化及其对水环境的影响。结果表明 :长期施肥下黄壤旱地的磷素水平不断提高 ,CaCl2 浸提磷 (溶解态活性磷 )和NaOH浸提磷 (藻类可利用的土壤总磷 )与土壤全磷或有效磷之间存在显著的相关性 ,土壤富磷化的同时 ,旱地磷对水环境影响的潜能明显提高。黄壤旱坡地中CaCl2 浸提磷、Olsen P、NaOH浸提磷、土壤磷吸持指数、土壤磷饱和度与地表径流中颗粒态磷、生物有效性磷和溶解态活性磷之间的相关性均达显著水平 ,以这些参数作为评价指标 ,初步将黄壤旱地磷对水环境的潜在影响程度分为 3个等级     

中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估：研究进展与展望

农田土壤重金属污染对食品安全和人体健康构成巨大的威胁。重金属主要通过经口摄入土壤、吸入土壤颗粒、皮肤接触和食物链摄取等暴露途径进入人体,其中经口摄入重金属污染土壤和农产品是主要的暴露途径。人体健康风险评估在农田土壤质量分类和风险管控中起着重要作用。因此,梳理了中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估的发展状况,介绍了人体健康风险评估的基本流程和评估技术,论述了影响人体健康风险评价准确性的主要因素及优化措施。在农田土壤重金属健康风险评估中,应加强耦合污染源识别技术、重视食物消费暴露途径、精准识别不同敏感受体、本土化敏感受体的暴露参数、纳入重金属的生物可给性,同时提高农田土壤重金属健康风险评估的准确性。未来可从加强应对健康风险评估过程不确定性的技术方法、考虑各种饮食的暴露途径和建立本土化的重金属毒性标准数据等多方面深化农田土壤重金属健康风险评估,以期推动中国农田土壤重金属人体健康风险评估的理论和技术发展。     

Proposed assessment of the vulnerability of European soils to pollution using a soter shell approach

After recent unanticipated occurrences of environmental pollution caused by the time-delayed and sudden release of contaminants previously believed to be held firmly in soils, awareness has increased that the vulnerability of soils to chemical degradation needs to be assessed and mapped. Although some soils appear to be capable of receiving and holding chemical compounds while at the same time retaining their ecological functions, others are readily damaged. Procedures for identifying areas where vulnerable soils occur are presented, with special reference to the minimum soil data sets that would be required in a small scale study at the European level using geographical information systems. These data can readily be compiled, stored and processed with the relational database management system developed for SOTER, The 1:1 million world soil and terrain digital database project of the International Society of Soil Science, which is co-ordinated by the International Soil Reference and Information Centre. the proposed initial soil vulnerability programme would essentially serve to increase awareness about areas prone to chemical soil degradation, and will form the basis for implementing soil pollution assessment programmes at larger scales (1:1 M to 1:250 000). the latter national or regional programmes would include the identification of the major sources of soil pollution, and measurement of the accumulated load and the rate of loading according to uniform and standardized procedures, providing the conceptual basis for developing process based models to assess where particular types of soil degradation are likely to occur.     

Definition of priority areas for soil protection at a continental scale

Resources for achieving better soil protection are limited and need to be effectively targeted. Spatial variability is high for soil types and related quality and for the risk of degradation because of the threats of organic matter decline, erosion, compaction and salinization. A framework is presented for mapping priority areas for soil protection based on assessing where there is greater risk of degradation and evaluating its acceptability. A conceptual model is proposed which links anthropogenic hazards, threats and the risk of degradation with soil functions. It is recommended that a set of test areas is defined according to dominant soil types, and the probabilities of changes to soil properties relevant to soil functions are then estimated. The risk of exceeding a particular degradation threshold within these test areas can then be assessed and assigned to risk categories to provide the basis for the identification of priority areas.     

香港土壤研究 Ⅰ.研究现状与展望

对近半个世纪以来香港地区的土壤分类、农业和园林绿地土壤的肥力以及土壤环境保护等研究工作进行了系统的回顾和介绍,为中国香港地区及其他社会经济快速发展地区的土壤资源合理利用、生态环境保护与社会可持续发展提供了科学信息。认为,高度城市化和国际化的香港地区可以结合香港高科技及新产业的发展目标,合理利用和开发土地资源,定向培育中草药产地土壤环境与教育基地;需要进一步系统研究香港地区土壤发生与系统分类、性状与特征、空间分布与变异规律,建立香港土壤基础数据库、土壤图和土壤信息与服务系统;进一步探明污染元素和有益元素的土壤地球化学背景以及持久性有机污染物的环境生物地球化学过程及其生态与健康风险,建立长期的土壤环境质量动态观测点与研究平台,以及区域尺度的土壤环境质量信息系统和定量可视化预测预警系统;研究与发展适合香港地区的有问题土壤的风险评估与修复技术体系     

Application of a visual soil examination and evaluation technique at site and farm level

Visual soil examination and evaluation (VSEE) techniques are semi‐quantitative methods that provide rapid and cost‐effective information on soil quality. These are mostly applied at site or field level, but there is an increased need for soil quality indicators at farm level to allow integration with other sustainability indicators. The objectives of this study were to develop and apply a protocol for application of a VSEE technique at site level, to assess the VSEE observations against standardized laboratory analyses and to aggregate VSEE observations to farm level using an appropriate sampling design. The study was conducted at ten dairy farms in a reclaimed polder in the Netherlands with clay and organic soils. A stratified random sampling design was used to account for spatial variability in land use and soil series. VSEE was carried out using the Visual Soil Assessment approach. Results show that 81% of sites were assessed as good and the remainder as moderate to poor. For the clay soils, field observations of soil structure were significantly correlated with pH, bulk density, soil organic matter (SOM) and mean weight diameter of aggregates, whereas for organic soils, soil structure significantly correlated with pH, bulk density, organic C and SOM. The range in overall scores calculated at farm level was smaller than at site level, and most farms were assessed as good.     

盐碱地土壤酶活性研究进展和展望

盐碱地是农业生产重要的后备土地资源,同时土壤盐渍化是灌溉农业生产过程中首要考虑的问题之一。近年来,越来越多的研究开始关注盐碱地改良利用过程中包括土壤生物学性质在内的土壤整体环境质量的改善。其中,土壤酶是土壤生物活动的产物,其活性水平是土壤环境质量的良好生物学指标,可以用来评价土壤退化程度及管理措施的效果和可持续性。本文总结说明了盐渍化土壤酶活性状况及盐碱胁迫机理,并对盐碱地改良利用过程中土壤酶活性的研究现状进行了综述。最后从存在问题和关注热点出发,提出了下一步的研究重点。     

Is pH increasing in the noncalcareous topsoils of France under agricultural management? A statistical framework to overcome the limitations of a soil test database

Soil pH is one of the most common and important measurements used to assess soil quality and manage soil fertility. Soil acidification is a slow process that can have large consequences. Therefore, it is important to detect soil changes early. Using a French soil test database, we show that the soil pH increased in 36% of arable soils monitored from 1996 to 2010, which suggests that soils became less acidic across the country. Conversely, decreases in pH were rarely detected. To perform this assessment, we used a statistical framework to analyse 488 717 soil test results from the French national soil test database. We excluded calcareous soils due to their relatively stable pH. Two periods were analysed: 1996 to 2000 (period 1) and 2006 to 2010 (period 2). Then, we performed nonparametric Mann–Whitney U tests following a resampling step to account for the noncontrolled selection of spatial and temporal localization in the observations. Our statistical framework smoothed the effects of some limitations of the database related to the variable number of samples collected during both periods and uncertainties in sampling locations. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using this type of database and a relevant statistical framework to detect long‐term changes in soil properties.     

Priorities towards national-level soil protection: a survey of soil stakeholders in Scotland

Abstract. Soil protection policies are being developed in many countries, particularly those in the European Union where pan-national regulatory frameworks now exist. We report an analysis of a survey of the views of a wide range of stakeholders in the soil resource of Scotland, including representatives of rural and urban land users, public bodies and authorities, non-governmental environmental organizations, and soil scientists based in Scotland. The four soil issues considered of particular importance were soil pollution, soil erosion, loss of soils to development, and loss of biodiversity. Comments were strongly polarized, either strongly promoting issues or indicating lack of awareness, on a set of topics: the loss of valued soils, loss of archaeological sites, and changes in terrestrial carbon store. It is argued that an integrated approach is required to implement any future soil protection strategies, and that special attention should be paid to monitoring long-term changes and to provision of soil survey data from urban areas.     

Salinization,alkalinization and sodification in Punjab (Pakistan): characterization of the geochemical and physical processes of degradation

Evidence of soil degradation impeding soil tillage and irrigation in cultivated soils in Pakistan is identified, described and represented in a general process of degradation. Based on a chemical analysis of soil characteristics, it is shown that a more general geochemical degradation process may occur in these soils. Two paths of salinization, i.e. neutral salinization and alkalinization inducing a process of sodification, are identified. The wide range of chemical properties of soils and corresponding geochemical processes can be explained by the great diversity of quality in irrigation water that is taken either from the canal or from the groundwater. The basic module of a geochemical model AQUA (Vallès and DeCockborne, 1992) is calibrated with the help of a study of the soil geochemical properties (identification of minerals, characterization of exchanges) and then used to assess the effect of four different water qualities on sandy and loamy soils. Based on these scenarios, the salinity, alkalinity and sodicity hazard of irrigation water is assessed by taking into account simultaneously the electrical conductivity and the residual alkalinity (calcite-residual alkalinity, residual sodium carbonates) or irrigation water and the soil cation exchange capacity: these three indicators appear the most relevant in the context of the study. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Acid sulphate soil characterization in Negara Brunei Darussalam: a case study to inform management decisions

A diverse range of acid sulphate soils occur in Negara Brunei Darussalam on the inland flat areas that are important agricultural lands. Prior to this study, there was no information on their occurrence. Information about these soils is critical because they present significant management challenges for both agriculture and protection of the environment. Field surveys and laboratory analysis conducted in eight areas of the Brunei‐Muara district and four areas of the Belait district identified, characterized and classified using Soil Taxonomy, a wide range of 10 acid sulphate soil types in four soil orders: Histosols, Vertisols, Inceptisols and Entisols. A user‐friendly soil identification key using easily observed soil characteristics was developed to assist users with the recognition of the range of acid sulphate soils. Conceptual soil hydro‐toposequence models in the form of cross‐sections were constructed to explain the spatial heterogeneity of (i) acid sulphate soil properties comprising a range of features (e.g. organic‐rich materials/peats, clays, sands, cracks and jarosite‐rich mottles), sulphidic material and sulphuric horizons, (ii) pyrite shale outcrops and (iii) soil types using both the soil identification key and Soil Taxonomy. The soil hydro‐toposequence models together with the soil identification key helped to easily visualize and illustrate the complexities and importance of understanding specific sites to assess the detailed behaviour and implications of various soil, regolith and topographic features.     

城市土壤压实对土壤水分特征的影响——以南京市为例

通过对南京市不同土地利用下的土壤容重、孔隙度和土壤水分特征曲线的测定，研究了压实对土壤水分特征参数的影响。结果表明城市土壤存在严重的压实退化现象，土壤容重和孔隙度能够很好地反映土壤的压实程度。随着压实程度的增加，土壤的田间持水量增加，萎蔫点含水量增加，而土壤的最大有效水含量却明显减少。所以，压实土壤对水分的调节能力下降，使其上生长的植物更不容易获得水分供应。     

Influence of topographic and edaphic factors on vulnerability to soil degradation due to cattle grazing in humid tropical mountains in northern Honduras

Low altitude humid tropical mountains in Central America have experienced a process of livestock expansion during recent decades. However, the use of sloping areas for cattle grazing may lead to significant soil degradation and therefore we examined the influence of the slope gradient on soil degradation in pastures in a humid tropical mountainous area in northern Honduras. Understanding this relationship permits estimates of the physical carrying capacity of the soil, which in turn may help to improve livestock use within the study area. Variables examined included soil bulk density, texture, organic matter content and consistency as well as visual indicators of soil and vegetation degradation. There is a significant positive correlation between the bulk density as a proxy for soil degradation and slope gradient. Furthermore, it was found that when soils are water-saturated grazing leads to severe degradation. Together with visual indicators, these data show that paddocks with slopes less than 30% have a carrying capacity between 900 and 1900 Animal Units (AU) ha^− 1 year^− 1 and many are currently underutilized. Paddocks with slopes between 30 and 50% have a carrying capacity between 400 and 600 AU ha^− 1 year^− 1. Paddocks with slopes over 50% have the lowest carrying capacity: less than 200 AU ha^− 1 year^− 1. The latter are frequently over-used; most of them show clear signs of soil and vegetation degradation. Land use in these areas needs to change or their grazing management needs to be reorganized to adjust actual stocking rate to physical carrying capacity of the soils to prevent further degradation.     

Development of key soil health indicators for the Australian banana industry

To improve the sustainability and environmental accountability of the banana industry there is a need to develop a set of soil health indicators that integrate physical, chemical and biological soil properties. These indicators would allow banana growers, extension and research workers to improve soil health management practices. To determine changes in soil properties due to the cultivation of bananas, a paired site survey was conducted comparing soil properties under conventional banana systems to less intensively managed vegetation systems, such as pastures and forest. Measurements were made on physical, chemical and biological soil properties at seven locations in tropical and sub-tropical banana producing areas. Soil nematode community composition was used as a bioindicator of the biological properties of the soil. Soils under conventional banana production tended to have a greater soil bulk density, with less soil organic carbon (C) (both total C and labile C), greater exchangeable cations, higher extractable P, greater numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes and less nematode diversity, relative to less intensively managed plant systems. The organic banana production systems at two locations had greater labile C, relative to conventional banana systems, but there was no significant change in nematode community composition. There were significant interactions between physical, chemical and nematode community measurements in the soil, particularly with soil C measurements, confirming the need for a holistic set of indicators to aid soil management. There was no single indicator of soil health for the Australian banana industry, but a set of soil health indicators, which would allow the measurement of soil improvements should include: bulk density, soil C, pH, EC, total N, extractable P, ECEC and soil nematode community structure.     

土壤质量评价中文文献分析

基于中国知网(CNKI,http://www.cnki.net)1950~2016年关于土壤质量方面的中文文献查阅结果,概述了我国关于土壤质量的内涵认知、评价指标体系选择和权重确定方法以及土壤质量评价方法,旨在为今后的土壤质量评价提供参考。关于土壤质量的内涵,中国科研人员更接受土壤肥力和土壤质量这两个概念,进入21世纪后,中国开始更为关注基于"污染"的土壤环境质量;评价指标体系大致可以分为土壤物理指标、土壤养分和常规化学指标、土壤生物指标和污染物指标四类,土壤物理指标中,质地、含水量和耕层厚度使用频数最多,土壤养分与常规化学指标中,有机碳和pH使用频数最多,土壤生物指标中酶活性、细菌数量和真菌数量使用频数最多,但相比于物理指标和土壤养分和常规化学指标,生物指标的应用较少,污染物指标中重金属指标的使用频数最多;指标权重的确定方法中主观法的层次分析法和客观法的主成分分析占主导地位;土壤质量评价方法中综合指数法和内梅罗指数法应用的最多。土壤质量评价指标体系,因评价者、评价区域、评价对象和评价目的的不同而不同,随着我国经济、土壤微生物的研究技术的迅猛发展,预计微生物指标在土壤质量评价中将会得到越来越广泛和深入的应用。     

Integration of multiple soil parameters to evaluate soil quality: a field example

Development of a method to assess and monitor soil quality is critical to soil resource management and policy formation. To be useful, a method for assessing soil quality must be able to integrate many different kinds of data, allow evaluation of soil quality based on alternative uses or definitions and estimate soil quality for unsampled locations. In the present study we used one such method, based on non-parametric geostatistics. We evaluated soil quality from the integration of six soil variables measured at 220 locations in an agricultural field in southeastern Washington State. We converted the continous data values for each soil variable at each location to a binary variable indicator transform based on thresholds. We then combined indicator transformed data for individual soil variables into a single integrative indicator of soil quality termed a multiple variable indicator transform (MVIT). We observed that soil chemical variables, pools of soil resources, populations of microorgansims, and soil enzymes covaried spatially across the landscape. These ensembles of soil variables were not randomly distributed, but rather were systematically patterned. Soil quality maps calculated by kriging showed that the joint probabilities of meeting specific MVIT selection were influenced by the critical threshold values used to transform each individual soil quality variable and the MVIT selection criteria. If MVIT criteria adequately reflect soil quality then the kriging can produce maps of the probabilty of a soil being of good or poor quality.     

GISQ, a multifunctional indicator of soil quality

We present here an indicator of soil quality that evaluates soil ecosystem services through a set of 5 subindicators, and further combines them into a single general Indicator of Soil Quality (GISQ). We used information derived from 54 properties commonly used to describe the multifaceted aspects of soil quality. The design and calculation of the indicators were based on sequences of multivariate analyses. Subindicators evaluated the physical quality, chemical fertility, organic matter stocks, aggregation and morphology of the upper 5 cm of soil and the biodiversity of soil macrofauna. A GISQ combined the different subindicators providing a global assessment of soil quality.Research was conducted in two hillside regions of Colombia and Nicaragua, with similar types of land use and socio-economic context. However, soil and climatic conditions differed significantly. In Nicaragua, soil quality was assessed at 61 points regularly distributed 200 m apart on a regular grid across the landscape. In Colombia, 8 plots representing different types of land use were arbitrarily chosen in the landscape and intensively sampled. Indicators that were designed in the Nicaragua site were further applied to the Colombian site to test for their applicability.In Nicaragua, coffee plantations, fallows, pastures and forest had the highest values of GISQ (1.00; 0.80; 0.78 and 0.77, respectively) while maize crops and eroded soils (0.19 and 0.10) had the lowest values. Examination of subindicator values allowed the separate evaluation of different aspects of soil quality: subindicators of organic matter, aggregation and morphology and biodiversity of macrofauna had the maximum values in coffee plantations (0.89; 0.72 and 0.56, respectively on average) while eroded soils had the lowest values for these indicators (0.10; 0.31 and 0.33, respectively).Indicator formulae derived from information gained at the Nicaraguan sites were not applicable to the Colombian situation and site-specific constants were calculated.This indicator allows the evaluation of soil quality and facilitates the identification of problem areas through the individual values of each subindicator. It allows monitoring of change through time and can guide the implementation of soil restoration technologies. Although GISQ formulae computed on a set of data were only valid at a regional scale, the methodology used to create these indices can be applied everywhere.