荣成市海洋渔业生态系统的调查及其保护的研究

通过对荣成市近海渔业资源、河流入海口、海岸湿地的调查,与25年前对比,荣成近海生态系统平衡失调,严重制约了海洋渔业经济的可持续发展,海洋生态系统亟需加强保护、治理和修复。     

河口及近岸海域低氧环境对水生动物的影响

水体溶解氧浓度低于2 mg/L时,通常称水体为低氧或缺氧(hypoxia)。目前,中国的长江口等许多河口及近岸海域的底层水体出现了季节性低氧区,这些低氧区对鱼类等水生动物及海洋生态环境的影响目前仍不十分清楚,这应引起政府及研究部门的关注。本文综述了低氧区的成因,分析了低氧对水生动物的影响,特别是近年来研究较多的水生动物对低氧的分子响应研究进展,最后综述了低氧对海洋生态系统的影响。我国未来的研究应注重低氧区海洋物理、海洋生物等基础数据的收集,同时,要加强低氧区对我国主要渔场影响的研究。     

基于PSR模型的海洋牧场生态系统健康评价指标体系构建

在海洋牧场生态系统特征及健康内涵的基础上,针对海洋牧场区域这一复杂的生态系统,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,结合海洋牧场生态系统特征和所收集的数据特点及其可获取性等,经过反复筛选与提炼,形成由压力、状态和响应共33个具体评价指标组成的海洋牧场生态系统健康评价指标体系及具体指标,并对指标的选取和体系构建的构建进行了简要的诠释,通过熵权法对各指标进行权重计算,为了定量海洋牧场生态系统健康状态,通过建立综合健康指数,确定海洋牧场生态系统的健康状态。     

Primary productivity demands of global fishing fleets

To be sustainable, the extractive process of fishing requires biomass renewal via primary production driven by solar energy. Primary production required (PPR) estimates how much primary production is needed to replace the biomass of fisheries landings removed from marine ecosystems. Here, we examine the historical fishing behaviour of global fishing fleets, which parts of the food web they rely on, which ecosystems they fish and how intensively. Highly mobile European and Asian fleets have moved to ever more distant productive waters since the 1970s, especially once they are faced with the costs of access agreements for exclusive economic zones (EEZs) declared by host countries. We examine fleet PPR demands in the context of large marine ecosystems (LMEs), which are frequently fished with PPR demands well above their average primary productivity (PP). In some cases, this was mitigated by subsequent emigration of fleets or by management intervention. Fleet movements, however, have stressed additional marine areas, including the EEZs of developing countries. This suggests the potential for spatial serial depletion, if fishing capacity is not reduced to more sustainable PP removal levels. Fundamentally, fishing is limited by solar‐powered PP limits. Fishing beyond solar production has occurred, but in the future, marine systems may not be as forgiving, especially if overfishing and climate change compromise their resilience.     

Estimating fishery effects in a marine protected area: Lamlash Bay

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Recasting shortfalls of marine protected areas as opportunities through adaptive management

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The contribution of cephalopods to global marine fisheries: can we have our squid and eat them too?

Cephalopods are a key component of marine food webs, providing sustenance for myriad marine species. Cephalopods are also of increasing economic importance as evidenced by the rapid rise in their global landings over recent decades. If fisheries continue on this trajectory, conflicts may transpire among cephalopod and finfish fisheries, particularly in ecosystems where cephalopods are highly valuable both directly as a landed commodity and indirectly as prey for other harvested species. We provide the first measure of the ecosystem services that cephalopods contribute to fisheries in 28 marine ecosystems, both as a commodity and an ecological support service. We also evaluate how current demands on cephalopods compare to mid‐20th century conditions. We find that cephalopod contributions to fisheries vary widely, but are substantial in many ecosystems. Commodity and supportive services provided by cephalopods contributed as much as 55% of fishery landings (tonnes) and 70% of landed values ($USD). The contribution of cephalopods as a commodity was generally greatest in the coastal ecosystems, whereas their contribution as a supportive service was highest in open ocean systems. Further, the commodity and supportive services provided by cephalopods to fisheries landings increased in most of the coastal ecosystems between the mid‐20th century (years 1960–70) and contemporary periods (years 1990–2004), indicating the rising demand for cephalopods. Current demands have no historical precedent and ecosystems in which cephalopods are highly exploited as a targeted resource and as an ecological support service should be further evaluated to prevent the unsustainable development of marine fisheries within them.     

中国海洋牧场研究现状与发展

本文对中国海洋牧场自建设以来的研究工作进行了综述,分析了国内外海洋牧场建立的背景与必要性,介绍了我国海洋牧场的研究内容和基本状况。阐述了国外海洋牧场研究内容与研究经验,特别是日本在海洋牧场研究方面的经验总结,国外研究者提出海洋牧场建立的终极目标是恢复自然生态系统。我国海洋牧场当前的研究侧重于牧场本身的建立与增殖种群数量恢复方面,对于牧场生态系统的研究虽有所涉猎,但多停留在研究初级阶段,研究精度与深度不够。提出我国海洋牧场今后研究重心应集中于牧场生态系统实时食物网结构与能量传递方面,在此基础上提高海洋牧场生产力,并建立海洋牧场与周边水域的自然营养通道以逐步改善与恢复海洋生态系统。     

渔获物平均营养级在渔业可持续性评价中的应用研究进展

高强度的捕捞努力量和渔业管理不力等因素导致全球范围内传统渔业资源的衰退,近年来渔获物平均营养级(MTL,mean trophic level)作为以生态系统为基础的渔业管理评价指标被普遍应用。本文在广泛收集国内外相关文献资料基础上,系统地介绍了MTL在渔业资源评价中的研究进展。已有研究显示,MTL能够利用已知渔获数据来分析,且参数化较为简便,在评价渔业可持续性中优势明显。受以渔获量作为生态系统指标、营养级(TL,trophic level)随体长的变化、渔获统计数据质量、低TL种类的过多捕捞和海域环境富营养化等因素的影响,在评估渔业资源利用状况时,需将MTL与剔除TL小于3.25物种下的3.25MTL、渔业均衡指数(FIB)等营养指标综合分析。此外,综合运用多指标,将营养指标与渔获组成、中上层鱼类与底层鱼类产量的比值、市场价格等指标结合分析,有助于掌握引起MTL变动的因素,更加全面地掌握捕捞活动下鱼类群落结构的实际变化状况。     

Spatial structure and temporal patterns in a large marine ecosystem: Exploited reef fishes of the southeast United States

The continental shelf of the southeast United States forms one of North America's Large Marine Ecosystems (LME). Despite increased attention on ecosystem management, fisheries within this LME continue to be managed on a single stock basis, in part because interactions among species and environmental effects are poorly understood. Using fishery data from two different sources (recreational and commercial), we applied multivariate statistical techniques to elucidate spatial and temporal dynamics of reef fish assemblages. Spatial analyses of species composition revealed a zoogeographic boundary near Cape Canaveral, Florida, suggesting that management of reef fishes could be applied to the northern and southern regions with discrimination. Temporal analyses revealed, in general, gradual changes in species composition of landings, but with primary shifts in 1992 and again in 1999–2000. Chronological patterns, evident in these two independent data sets, bear the signature of one or more trending factors, which in this LME could include increased exploitation, spread of invasive species, habitat degradation, or climate change.     

近岸海域底质重金属生态风险评价初步研究

根据金属元素在地壳、海水、近海沉积物和海洋生物体内的丰度,吸收金属毒性实验研究成果,也考虑了沉积物内金属赋存形态对生物体吸收金属的影响,以及海洋生态系统对金属毒性的敏感程度,初步建立了近岸渔业海域沉积物重金属的生态风险评价指标体系。应用该体系对南海东北部红海湾沉积物重金属的生态风险性作试评价,所得结论同其它研究结果互为补充和借鉴,并能为南海区半封闭型海湾规模化养殖的环境容量研究提供有益的参考。     

大鹏澳牡蛎养殖区生态服务价值评估

对中国南海典型的浅海养殖区——大亚湾大鹏澳牡蛎养殖区的生态服务价值进行了评估,结果表明:2012年,牡蛎养殖区生态服务价值总量为3 460.52万元,单位面积生态服务价值为17.30万元/hm2。在各项服务价值组成中,供给服务中的养殖生产服务价值(3 158.00万元)占主要份额(91.26%);此外,文化服务中的休闲娱乐(124.00万元)和科研服务(71.52万元)也比较可观,分别占价值总量的3.58%和2.07%;其他服务价值,如氧气生产(31.34万元),气候调节(61.06万元)以及废弃物处理(14.60万元)所占份额较小。2013年,养殖区生态服务价值总量降为814.10万元,单位面积生态服务价值降为4.07万元/hm2。在各项服务中,养殖生产服务价值(540.00万元)较2012年出现大幅度降低,但仍占主要份额(66.33%);氧气生产(31.34万元),休闲娱乐(124.00万元)和科研服务(71.52万元)价值与2012年持平,但其所占份额有所提升,分别占服务价值总量的3.85%,15.23%和8.79%;调节服务(包括气候调节与废弃物处理)价值相较2012年有大幅度下降,而其所占份额却有所上升。2013年养殖区生态服务价值的降低主要是由于养殖生产服务价值的大幅度降低造成的,而养殖规模过大和海区环境老化是造成该结果的直接原因。总体来说,牡蛎养殖大大提升了海区的生态服务价值,但是必须对养殖模式进行合理规划,这样才能实现大鹏澳生态服务功能的可持续发展。     

Sea Change Tai Timu Tai Pari: addressing catchment and marine issues in an integrated marine spatial planning process

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Protection,conservation and biological diversity in the North East Atlantic

1. The development of the new Oslo and Paris (OSPAR) Convention and its relationship with the International Conferences for the Protection of the North Sea (North Sea Conferences) and the European Union (EU) are described. 2. It is debatable whether the EU, through its Habitats Directive, is able to take action beyond Territorial Waters and could be applied to International Waters. 3. Implementation of EC and international legislation is realized through Member States legislature. There is variation between countries. 4. An additional annex to the new OSPAR Convention was to be adopted in July 1998 to cover the protection of species and habitats in the Exclusive Economic Zones of the North East Atlantic. 5. Classification systems in the EU and the North East Atlantic are complementary to the scientific knowledge and ecological understanding which is required for sound management. 6. Through the example of the control of fisheries, it is demonstrated that the protection of fish species could be incorporated in a general framework and not separated from the rest of the marine ecosystem, especially the pelagic and benthic trophic levels. 7. Wider international collaboration is recommended, notably on biological monitoring and on the production of periodic assessments of the quality of the environment. 8. Simplification of the regulatory framework is suggested to the benefit of more integrated scientific research. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marine ecosystem science and the media: Exploring ways to improve news coverage through journalist–scientist working relations

1. The ocean's remoteness, ecological complexities, lengthy ecosystem processes, and vulnerability to multiple and cumulative anthropogenic threats make marine conservation communication particularly difficult. Both scientists and journalists face unique challenges in explaining the science of these often out-of-sight ecosystems. Given the inadequacies of marine news, improvement appeared necessary. However, the experiences and views of journalists and scientists have hardly been examined within marine news contexts. Thus, this study sought the perspectives of these two professional groups to provide a discussion on ways to improve news coverage of complex ocean issues through enhanced journalist–scientist working relations.
2. Both journalists and scientists rated the quantity, breadth and quality of marine news as average and were receptive to alternative ways for reporting ecosystem complexities. Although some frustrations remain, both valued impactful news stories resulting from their working relations and preferred direct contact with each other over indirect methods such as press releases and science news platforms. Both groups generally agreed on what to include in marine news, but scientists favoured a collaborative approach to news content decision-making more strongly than journalists.
3. Journalists' and scientists' commonly shared views and goals concerning marine news identified in this study could serve as a common ground for uniting the two professions. Institutional policies that permit one-on-one journalist–scientist interactions could lead to mutual understandings about the contexts of their relationship challenges. More trustful and mutually beneficial relationships, in turn, could be a basis for a more collaborative news generation process. Compiling and making marine visuals readily accessible to journalists; training programmes that enhance journalists' and scientists' understanding of the influence of media message framing on conservation actions; media appreciation of marine ecosystem complexities' newsworthiness; and the notion of media's social responsibility in reporting marine conservation issues could contribute to more impactful coverage.

     

Local and remote physical processes driving variability of the planktonic system in the Juan Fernández Archipelago: A multidisciplinary framework providing conservation insights

1. The Juan Fernandez Ridge, a vulnerable marine ecosystem located far off the coast of central Chile and formed by several seamounts, guyots and three islands (Robinson Crusoe, Santa Clara and Alejandro Selkirk), has recently been declared a Coastal Marine Protected Area of Multiple Uses with several National Parks embedded in it.
2. Recent studies have highlighted the influence of remote and local oceanographic structures on the hydrographic dynamics of this ridge. However, there is still a gap in understanding how they affect the structure and dynamics of the surrounding insular planktonic communities.
3. A hydroacoustic and oceanographic survey was conducted during the austral spring (October 2016), including hydrographic and zooplankton sampling around Robinson Crusoe Island. Oceanographic features were identified and tracked using satellite data (chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and sea surface temperature) and modelling results.
4. Two events of Chl-a increase relative to a threshold (>0.45 mg m⁻³) were forced by different physical processes, both affecting the western side of Robinson Crusoe Island. In event A during the cruise period, Chl-a subsurface maxima were associated with the arrival of a coastal meander originating on the continental shelf off Chile (remote process); the zooplankton was dominated by copepods and salps, with an evident coastal–oceanic gradient. In event B, Chl-a maxima were linked to a local upwelling forced by the intensification of a localized SSW wind. No influence of remote eddies or local Von Kármán vortices on Chl-a distribution was observed.
5. These findings highlight the influence of remote and local physical processes on the structure of planktonic communities around Robinson Crusoe Island. Understanding the variability of these mechanisms and their effects at the base of the pelagic food web is critical in adopting an ecosystem-level approach.

     

关于容纳量及其研究

容纳量概念来源于种群增长逻辑斯谛方程。８０年代以来，作为海洋可持续发展的科学依据，对容纳量的研究明显加强，并在研究规模、应用范围和研究方法等方面取得新的进展。“九五”计划中，我国进一步加强了容纳量研究，如养殖容量评估、总允许渔获量评估和生态系统持续产量评估等。在进一步研究中，应该注重对容纳量动态特性的研究。     

The influence of bottom type and shelf position on biodiversity of tropical fish inside a recently enlarged marine reserve

• 1. A necessary component of implementing a successful marine reserve is the quantification of the biological resources that fall under its protection. Without such an initial assessment, the future effects of the reserve on the local habitat and biotic community cannot be quantified and will remain the subject of debate.
• 2. This study provides such a baseline assessment of fish diversity and habitat types within a recently enlarged marine reserve. Buck Island Reef National Monument, US Virgin Islands, was recently enlarged from approximately 4 km² to over 76 km². Areas of sand, seagrass, and hard‐bottom under protection were increased from 0.29 km², 0.47 km², and 1.96 km² to 2.70 km², 2.89 km², and 18.30 km² respectively when the Monument was expanded. A 53 km² area of pelagic/deep‐water habitat with unknown bottom type is now also protected by the Monument.
• 3. Visual counts of fish within 25×4 m² transects conducted during the day were used to assess fish community structure and habitat utilization patterns. Species richness, diversity, assemblage structure, and fish density were evaluated and compared among sand, seagrass, and hard‐bottom habitats. Hard‐bottom sites had over twice the mean species richness and diversity as sand and seagrass sites, and several times greater mean fish density.
• 4. Quantification of the fish community in pelagic and deep‐water habitats within the reserve is recommended to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the offshore areas of the reserve. Fish numbers, size, and diversity outside the reserve boundaries must also be evaluated to allow quantification of the effects of the marine reserve on the adjacent fish communities.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fishing for biodiversity by balanced harvesting

Fisheries are damaging and seemingly incompatible with the conservation of marine ecosystems. Yet fish are an important source of food and support the lives of many people in coastal communities. This paper considers an idea that a moderate intensity of fishing, appropriately scaled across species, could help in maintaining biodiversity, rather than reducing it. The scaling comes from an intuition that rates of fishing mortality of species should be kept in line with production rates of the species, a notion known as balanced harvesting. This places species conservation and exploitation on an equal footing in a single equation, showing quantitatively the relative levels of fishing mortality that species of different abundance can support. Using a dynamic model of a marine ecosystem, we give numerical evidence showing for the first time that fishing, if scaled in this way, can protect rarer species, while allowing some exploitation of species with greater production. This works because fishing mortality rates, when scaled by production, are density-dependent. Such fishing, operating adaptively to follow species' production rates over time, contains a feedback that would help to protect species from overfishing in the presence of uncertainty about how marine ecosystems work.     

An integrated scheme for the management of drifting fish aggregating devices in tuna purse seine fisheries

Drifting fish aggregating devices (dFADs) are extensively used in modern tuna purse seine fisheries. The use of dFADs has greatly improved fishing efficiency and generated substantial economic returns in purse seine fisheries, but adverse impacts on tuna juveniles, associated species and marine ecosystems are still of concern. Based on an analysis of current challenges in dFAD management measures in tuna regional fishery management organisations (t-RFMOs), we explored opportunities to strengthen dFAD management in tuna fisheries. An integrated dFAD management scheme with multiple tools that account for different usage stages of a dFAD needs to be organised to regulate, track, monitor and recover in tuna purse seine fisheries. We recommend that (1) dFAD-associated definitions should be standardised to provide operational guidance for dFAD activities; (2) all deployed dFADs should be counted towards dFAD limits on active dFADs, except those reported as lost and abandoned; (3) a regional dFAD tracking and monitoring program should track dFAD paths based on daily position reported to RFMOs directly, in addition to mandatory dFAD marking requirements; and (4) a framework of compensation mechanisms should provide financial support for joint dFAD recovery and eco-compensation.