Transcription and induction profiles of two esterase genes in susceptible and acaricide-resistant Tetranychus cinnabarinus

The carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus is the most serious of crop mite pests in China. Their ability to rapidly develop resistance to acaricides has caused difficulty in controlling this mite. In this study, the molecular mechanism of acaricide resistance associated with esterase genes TCE1 and TCE2 was investigated in susceptible and acaricide-resistant strains of T. cinnabarinus. The quantitative real-time PCR (qrtPCR) method was adopted to compare the expression level of two esterase genes TCE1 and TCE2 among four different strains (abamectin-resistant, AbR; fenpropathrin-resistant, FeR; omethoate-resistant, OmR and susceptible strains, S) of T. cinnabarinus. The relative expression level of TCE2 was 1.39-2.47 fold in the three resistant strains compared with the S strain. And after inducing with abamectin, fenpropathrin, and omethoate the highest expression level of TCE2 in the S was 1.64-, 2.92- and 2.24-fold compared with the control, respectively, and this difference was found to be significant. However, there was no obvious difference of the mRNA relative expression levels of TCE1 genes among the four strains, and those of TCE1 were not higher than the control throughout the study. Furthermore, the expression modes of TCE1 and TCE2 in AbR and FeR were similar with that in the S after being treated with abamectin and fenpropathrin, respectively. These results indicated that the enhanced expression of esterase gene TCE2 was associated with acaricide-resistance in T.cinnabarinus.     

Effect of dihydrodillapiole on pyrethroid resistance associated esterase inhibition in an Indian population of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) has been attributed to enhanced detoxification of insecticides by increased levels of esterases, oxidases and/or glutathione S-transferases. Enzyme inhibiting insecticide synergists can be employed to counter increased levels of such enzymes in S. litura. Dihydrodillapiole induced synergism of pyrethroid toxicity was examined in the laboratory-reared third instar larval population of S. litura collected in Delhi (susceptible), and Guntur (resistant) region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The Guntur population was found to be 7.04 and 10.19 times resistant to cypermethrin and lambdacyhalothrin, respectively. The activity of cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and profenophos against susceptible and resistance populations of S. litura, was gradually increased when used along with a plant-derived insecticide synergist dihydrodillapiole. The α-naphthyl acetate hydrolysable esterase activity in Delhi population was less as compared to the Guntur population. Resistance associated esterases in Delhi population were inhibited by pre-treatment with dihydrodillapiole. The esterase level in insect was instantly reduced initially, sustained for about 3 h and equilibrated at 4 h post treatment. The esterase activity of Guntur population was increased to 1.28 μmoles/mg/min at 2 h post treatment and subsequently reduced to lower than 0.70 μmoles at 4-12 h post treatment. The variation in esterase activity is suggestive of its homeostatic regulation in test populations. Dihydrodillapiole thus caused significant reduction of resistance in S. litura to cypermethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and profenophos.     

Pyrethroid resistance and esterase activity in three strains of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Microplate assay technique for estimation of esterase activity in a single insect was used in combination with dose mortality bioassays to detect pyrethroid resistance in three strains of Helicoverpa armigera and to study the frequency of pyrethroid resistant individuals within the population of the same strain at two larval stages, third and fifth instar. The third and fifth instar larvae of the field strains i.e., Nagpur strain and Delhi strain that displayed high degree of resistance towards deltamethrin, had higher esterase activity compared to a susceptible laboratory strain. The frequency distribution of individuals with elevated esterase activity above 1.00 absorbance unit was correlated with the resistance level of the strains. The frequency of resistant individuals in the third instar larvae of Nagpur strain and Delhi strain were 29% and 23%, respectively compared to 4% in the susceptible strain. The resistant individuals in the resistant strains have markedly increased in the fifth instar larvae with a frequency distribution of 63% and 90% in Delhi strain and Nagpur strain, respectively, while only 14% of individuals was found to have elevated esterase activity in the susceptible strain. The results demonstrated the role of esterase in pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera. Microplate assay proved to be a rapid and reliable biochemical technique for monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera.     

Partial purification and characterization of a methyl-parathion resistance-associated general esterase in Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Increased hydrolytic metabolism of organophosphate insecticides has been associated with resistance among Nebraska western corn rootworm populations. In this study, resistance-associated esterases were partially purified by differential centrifugation, ion exchange, and hydroxyapatite column chromatography, with a final purification factor of 100-fold and recovery of approximately 10%. Kinetic analysis of the partially purified enzyme indicated that the K_m of the group II esterases was identical for the two populations, although V_max was consistently threefold higher in the resistant population. A putative esterase, DvvII, was further purified to homogeneity by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. DvvII is a monomer with a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa, although three distinct isoforms with similar pIs were evident based on isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. Immunoassays with the Myzus persicae E4 antiserum indicated that group II esterases from D. v. virgifera were cross-reactive and expressed at much higher titers in the resistant population relative to the susceptible counterpart. These results suggest that the resistance is likely associated with overproduction of an esterase isozyme in resistant D. v. virgifera populations.     

Relationship among expression, amplification, and methylation of FE4 esterase genes in Italian populations of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The wide use of insecticides containing an esteric group selected resistant Myzus persicae populations characterised by the overproduction of one of two closely related carboxylesterases (E4 and FE4). In this paper, we present data collected from Italian population indicating that all the 22 populations analysed possess amplified FE4 gene only. The estimation of FE4 copy number, carried out by densitometric scanning of dot and Southern blots, puts in evidence that the different populations possess a gene copy number ranging from 6 to 104. Statistical analysis shows the existence of a high positive correlation between gene copy number and total esterase activity. In aphid strain with low FE4 copy number, these genes are almost totally methylated. On the contrary, aphid strains with high FE4 gene number evidenced highly variable methylation levels and absence of correlation between the number of genes and their methylation state. The same result has been observed when comparing FE4 methylation levels and esterase activity.     

马铃薯X病毒运动蛋白基因的原核表达、抗血清制备及应用

构建马铃薯X病毒运动蛋白(P25)原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS中诱导表达融合蛋白,所表达的P25蛋白经SDS-PAGE电泳纯化后免疫小鼠,抗血清效价为1∶4000,抗血清与PVX有特异性反应(P/N>2),且具有较强的反应特异性,而与PVY、TMV均不发生反应.该方法制备的抗血清可用于ELISA检测PVX感病植株及Western blot检测转基因植株.     

Variation of acephate susceptibility and correlation with esterase and glutathione S-transferase activities in field populations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris

The tarnished plant bug (TPB) has increasingly become an economically important pest of cotton. Heavy dependence on insecticides, particularly organophosphates and pyrethroids, for TPB control facilitated resistance development to multiple classes of insecticides. To better understand resistance and explore ways to monitor resistance in field populations, this study examined acephate susceptibility and the activities of two major detoxification enzymes in nine field populations collected in the Delta region of Mississippi and Arkansas in 2010. Two Arkansas populations from Reed and Backgate had 3.5- and 4.3-fold resistance to acephate, as compared to a susceptible laboratory strain. Extensive planting of cotton and heavy chemical sprays is a major driving force for resistance development to acephate in Mid-south cotton growing areas. Reduced susceptibility to acephate was highly correlated with elevated esterase activities. The acephate-resistant populations from Backgate, Lula, and Reed consistently had higher (up to 5.3-fold) esterase activities than susceptible populations. Regression analysis of LC₅₀s with kinetic esterase activities revealed a significant polynomial quadratic relationship with R² up to 0.89. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) also had elevated activity in most populations, but the variations of GST activities were not significantly correlated with changes of acephate susceptibility. Finally, examination of esterase and GST inhibitors indicated that suppression rates (up to 70%) by two esterase inhibitors in 2010 were slightly lower than those detected in 2006, and ethacrynic acid (EA) inhibited GST effectively in both years. Two other GST inhibitors (sulfobromophthalein and diethyl maleate) displayed significantly lower suppression rates in 2010 than those detected in 2006, suggesting a potential genetic shift in pest populations and a necessity of continued monitoring for insecticide resistance with both bioassay and biochemical approaches. Results indicated that using major detoxification enzyme activities for resistance monitoring may provide insight into acephate resistance in field populations of TPB.     

Cloning of the acetylcholinesterase 1 gene and identification of point mutations putatively associated with carbofuran resistance in Nilaparvata lugens

Molecular mechanisms of carbofuran resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, were investigated. A carbofuran-resistant strain (CAS) showed approximately 45.5- and 15.1-fold resistance compared with a susceptible strain (SUS) and a non-selected field strain (FM), respectively. Activities of the esterase and mixed-function oxidase were approximately 2.8- and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, in the CAS strain than in the SUS strain, suggesting that these enzymes play a minor role in carbofuran resistance. Interestingly, the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to carbofuran was approximately 5.5- and 3.7-fold higher in the CAS strain compared to the SUS and FM strains, respectively, indicating that AChE insensitivity is associated with carbofuran resistance. Western blot analysis identified two kinds of AChEs, of which the type-1 AChE (encoded from Nlace1, which is paralogous to the Drosophila AChE gene) was determined to be the major catalytic AChE in N. lugens. The open reading frame of Nlace1 is composed of 1989 bp (approximately 74 kD) and revealed 52.5% and 24.3% amino acid sequence identities to those of Nephotettix cincticeps and Drosophila melanogaster, respectively. Screening of point mutations identified four amino acid substitutions (G119A, F/Y330S, F331H and H332L) in the CAS strain that likely contribute to AChE insensitivity. The frequencies of these mutations were well correlated with resistance levels, confirming that they are associated with reduced sensitivity to carbofuran in N. lugens. These point mutations can be useful as genetic markers for monitoring resistance levels in field populations of N. lugens.     

芽胞杆菌CQBS03抑菌蛋白TasA基因的克隆及原核表达

为了探讨柑桔溃疡病生防菌芽胞杆菌Bacillus CQBS03菌株TasA基因的功能,采用PCR方法从CQBS03基因组DNA中扩增出编码TasA基因的全长DNA序列,并构建pEASY-E1/TasA原核表达载体,经大肠杆菌Escherichia coli表达获得TasA基因的融合表达蛋白,纸碟法检验融合蛋白对柑桔溃疡病菌Xanthomonas citri citri的抑制作用。结果显示,CQBS03菌株的TasA基因包含1个786 bp的完整开放阅读框（GenBank登录号为JQ309841）,编码261个氨基酸残基;该序列与来源于解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens的1个已知同源TasA基因序列FJ713580的相似性达99.75%。原核表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析,检测到约31 kD的融合蛋白;纯化后的融合蛋白对柑桔溃疡病菌有明显的抑制作用,72 h后抑菌圈直径达11.5 mm。研究表明TasA基因是生防菌芽胞杆菌CQBS03抑制柑桔溃疡病菌的功能基因之一,并且该基因对原核表达宿主没有抑制作用,具有较好的开发利用前景。     

Bt稻Cry1Ab蛋白的表达和降解及对采后季节土表灰橄榄长角跳虫发生的影响

Bt水稻及其植株残体中的Bt杀虫蛋白对土壤跳虫具有潜在的生态风险。作者以Bt杂交稻东龙(DL)及非亲本对照汕优46(XY)和西农优1号(XN)为材料,采用ELISA法分析了DL各植株组织中Cry1Ab蛋白的田间表达和采后残留,并评价了采后季节DL植株秸秆还田对稻田土表跳虫发生量的影响。结果表明,在测定的各生长阶段,DL Cry1Ab在叶、茎和根系中的表达量为2.49~16.13μg/g FW;在采后季节,DL各秸秆还田植株残体中的Cry1Ab可残留较长时间,在试验第132天地表茎叶、稻桩和根系中的残留量分别为0.072、0.074和0.033μg/g DW;DL秸秆还田未对采后季节稻田土表发生量大的灰橄榄长角跳虫Entomobrya griseoolivata (Packard) 种群数量产生显著影响,该跳虫种群密度动态在DL与对照XY和XN稻田基本相似,多数调查日期发生量无显著差异。     

三叶草斑潜蝇hsp70的克隆及其表达量在高低温胁迫下的变化

为了明确高低温胁迫对三叶草斑潜蝇hsp70表达量的影响,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术获得了1条三叶草斑潜蝇诱导型热激蛋白基因hsp70,命名为Lthsp70-1,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测其在温度胁迫后的表达量.该基因的开放阅读框为1923 bp,编码640个氨基酸.氨基酸序列中含有HSP70家族的签名序列IFDLGGGTFDVSIL和IVLVGGSTRIPK、DnaK特征基序IDLGTT(Y)S(C)V、非细胞器基序RARFEEL,以及C末端的保守序列EEVD.实时荧光定量PCR结果显示:成虫在31～33℃范围内,其hsp70表达量随温度升高而上升,33℃时达到最高峰;35～39℃时,hsp70表达量迅速下降;蛹经0℃胁迫0.5～2.0 h,其hsp70表达量随时间延长呈上升趋势.由此可见,高低温胁迫均能诱导三叶草斑潜蝇hsp70的表达.     

马铃薯StTCP7基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达分析

为了探究马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L.）TCP7基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达模式,以耐旱品种‘Desiree’和干旱敏感品种‘Atlantic’为材料,通过自然干旱和200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液对盆栽苗进行胁迫处理。采用PCR法克隆得到StTCP7基因,CDS区长741 bp,启动子区含有响应干旱诱导的作用元件,蛋白序列与窄刀薯TCP7相似度最高,同源性为98.2%,共编码1个含246个氨基酸的蛋白质;该蛋白含有1个TCP保守结构域,属于碱性蛋白,定位于细胞核上。利用qRT-PCR方法,对干旱和盐胁迫下StTCP7基因在‘Desiree’和‘Atlantic’中的表达量进行分析发现,StTCP7基因表达存在器官差异和品种间差异,在‘Desiree’中的表达量表现为根（1.02）>茎（0.33）>叶（0.29）,在‘Atlantic’中的表达量为叶（4.62）>茎（3.72）>根（1.00）。干旱胁迫下,StTCP7基因在‘Desiree’根和叶中的表达量随干旱胁迫程度的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,W3（土壤含水量为35%~45%）时达到峰值,其表达量分别为对照组的1.27倍和1.87倍;该基因在‘Atlantic’根部的表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,W3（35%~45%）时达到峰值,其表达量为对照组的1.39倍,叶中表达量呈持续上升趋势,W4（15%~25%）时达到峰值,其表达量为对照组的2.52倍。盐处理下,随胁迫时间的增加,StTCP7基因在‘Desiree’根部的表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,处理6 h时达到最高,为对照组的2.16倍;叶中表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,处理3 h时达到最高,为对照组的4.54倍;该基因在‘Atlantic’根部的表达量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,胁迫3 h时达到最高,为对照组的2.12倍,叶中表达量呈上升趋势,在48 h时达到峰值,其表达量为对照组的4.04倍。综上所述,马铃薯StTCP7基因响应干旱与盐胁迫,且在根和叶不同器官中的表达存在差异,可为StTCP7基因在马铃薯非生物逆境响应中的功能研究提供基础。     

玉米黑粉菌cyp51基因上游调控区克隆及生物信息学分析

为探明玉米黑粉菌cyp51基因的表达调控机制,根据玉米黑粉菌cyp51基因cDNA的5'-序列,采用染色体步移技术,获得其5'-上游调控区序列,总长为490bp.利用NNPP分析软件预测转录起始位点,并采用TFSEARCH 1.3软件分析转录因子结合位点.结果显示:转录起始位点位于上游134bp处;上游调控区不仅包含启动子的核心结构序列TATA盒(分别位于-30、-58、-318和-348 bp处)和CAAT盒(分别位于-150、-161和-191 bp处),亦包含多个转录因子结合位点,如AP-4、GATA-1、CdxA、Dfd和Oct-1等;在上游调控序列中嘌呤含量高,而且从-222 bp处开始存在4个连续高嘌呤含量的热激转录因子特异性结合位点(HSE).     

大豆对灰斑病菌15号小种的抗病基因定位及标记检测

为明确大豆对灰斑病菌15号小种的抗性位点,以大豆抗病品种垦丰16、感病品种绥农10及其杂交F₂、F₃代群体为试验材料,在接种鉴定的基础上,运用SSR标记技术及分离群体组群分析法(BSA法)对垦丰16抗病基因进行了定位,并应用108份大豆新品系对标记进行了符合性检测。结果表明,垦丰16对15号小种的抗性受1对显性基因控制,抗病基因位于大豆染色体组的J连锁群上,将该基因定名为Rcs15。用Mapmaker/Exp 3.0 b进行连锁分析,获得了5个与抗病基因紧密连锁的SSR标记:Satt 529、Satt 431、Sat_151、Satt 547和Sat_224,标记与抗病基因间的排列顺序和遗传距离为Sat_151-10.7 cM-Satt 529-18.5 cM- Rcs15-6.7 cM-Satt 547-7.8 cM-Sat_224-10.7 cM-Satt 431。标记符合性检测结果显示,Satt 547和Sat_224的检测准确率达到85%以上,可用于分子标记辅助选择育种和抗源筛选。     

来自波斯小麦Ps5的一对隐性抗叶锈病基因的染色体定位

为了筛选小麦抗叶锈病资源和发掘新的抗叶锈病基因,对由抗病波斯小麦Ps5与感病粗山羊草Ae38合成的双二倍体Am3进行了单体分析。将中国春单体和二体分别与Am3杂交,测定杂交F1植株的染色体条数以及F1、F2群体对叶锈病的抗/感病性。结果表明:在18℃条件下,Am3对小麦叶锈菌致病类型DHS/GD的抗病性由1对隐性抗病基因控制,该基因来自四倍体亲本波斯小麦Ps5,具有剂量效应,位于5A染色体上。     

哈茨木霉对黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用和抗性相关基因表达

采用室内筛选与田间防效相结合的方法,对哈茨木霉抑制黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌的拮抗机制进行了研究。对峙培养结果显示,木霉菌和病原菌间均形成了较明显的抑菌圈,对病原菌的抑菌率达66.7%~85.8%,其中菌株TG、TM对枯萎病菌抑制作用较强。木霉菌可有效提高根系对病原菌的抗性,黄瓜植株接种枯萎病菌后,根系细胞大量死亡,而先接种木霉菌再接种病原菌后则减小了对根系的伤害。田间防效试验结果表明,TG和TM孢子悬浮液浓度在108个/mL时防效最好,分别为54.9%和49.4%。接种木霉菌植株根系抗性基因的表达量均高于对照植株,呈双峰趋势。在第6天时抗性基因表达量最高,WRKY6、MYB、PR-1、PAL、GST和GLU的表达量分别为对照的5.15、5.22、6.07、6.00、3.16、和16.15倍。表明木霉菌通过激活与胁迫相关的基因表达提高了对病原菌的抗性。     

水稻条纹病毒胁迫对灰飞虱mucin基因表达量的影响

为分析灰飞虱mucin基因在水稻条纹病毒(Rice stripe virus, RSV)侵染过程中的作用,采用荧光定量PCR的方法分析了RSV 胁迫条件下灰飞虱mucin基因mRNA表达量的变化。饲喂RSV病叶1天和2天时灰飞虱mucin基因的表达量没有明显变化,而在3天和7天时灰飞虱mucin基因的表达量增加了3.60倍和1.97倍。饲喂健康水稻叶片1、2、3和7天后,灰飞虱mucin基因的表达量分别为饲喂前的1.07、1.12、0.78和0.34倍,而饲喂病叶1、2、3和7天后,mucin基因的表达量分别为饲喂前的1.15、1.19、3.19和1.01倍。结果表明,病毒胁迫使灰飞虱体内mucin基因的表达量增加,暗示mucin基因在RSV与灰飞虱互作过程中起着重要作用。     

小麦抗白粉病基因Pm2的SSR标记筛选

为筛选与小麦抗白粉病基因Pm2紧密连锁的分子标记,将感病品种Chancellor与Pm2的近等基因系杂交,获得F1、F2分离群体,采用分离群体分组法对Pm2进行了微卫星(microsatellite,又称simple sequence repeats,SSR)标记分析.结果表明,定位于小麦5D染色体上的71对SSR引物中有12对引物能在Pm2的近等基因系、Chancellor间稳定地揭示出多态性差异,7对引物Xcfd189、Xcfd29、Xcfd8、Xcfd102、Xcfd7、Xcfd57和Xgwm190分别能在抗病、感病池间和F2分离群体的抗病、感病单株间稳定地扩增出特异性产物.7对引物所扩增的特异谱带分别为:Xcfd189360、Xcfd29190、Xcfd8160、Xcfd102250、Xcfd7200、Xcfd57245和Xgwm190210,它们与Pm2基因间的遗传距离分别为0、1.5、2.3、5.4、10.2、31.5和54.3 cM,其中标记Xcfd189360与Pm2共分离,标记Xcfd29190、Xcfd8160和Xcfd102250与Pm2紧密连锁,可用于Pm2的标记辅助选择.