贵州省干旱时空分布特征研究

为探究季节性干旱对贵州省农业生产造成的影响,基于贵州省9个气象站点1960~2010年逐日降雨资料计算的标准化降水指数(SPI),使用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和GIS克里金插值等方法,分析了该区域近51a以来的干旱时空分布特征。结果表明:近51a来贵州省内大部分站点的月尺度SPI值在4-5月和9-10月呈下降趋势;年尺度SPI值呈减小趋势,干旱影响站次比呈上升趋势,干旱范围和干旱程度有加大趋势;1年四季中干旱频率空间分布在不同地域上显示出了较大差异性。     

Temporal and spatial dynamics of insecticide resistance in Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Advances in understanding insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), at the genotypic, biochemical and molecular levels have led to rapid and precise methods for the detection of several resistance mechanisms (elevated carboxylesterase, modified acetylcholinesterase or MACE, and knockdown resistance or kdr) in individual insects, and for monitoring their frequencies over space and time. This paper summarises the results of two long-term surveys of resistance dynamics in M persicae in England, based on samples collected directly from field and glasshouse crops or from four 12.2-m suction traps. The study showed marked fluctuations in resistance frequencies that probably reflect the counteracting forces of selection imposed by insecticides for aphids possessing more copies of esterase resistance genes, and selection against these forms when insecticide use is relaxed. There is growing evidence that several different resistance mechanisms in M persicae have associated fitness costs. In the case of esterase and MACE, these costs are apparently strong enough to effect a decline in resistance frequency over winter, and a more prolonged decline over successive cropping seasons when aphid numbers are insufficient to trigger intensive chemical applications. Changes in the overall frequency of resistance genotypes may also be influenced by the predominance of year-round parthenogenesis in M persicae in the UK, leading to non-random associations between mechanisms and selection operating on clonal lineages rather than individual genotypes.     

Effects of methoxyfenozide on Lobesia botrana Den & Schiff (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) egg, larval and adult stages

The effect of the non-steroidal ecdysone agonist methoxyfenozide was evaluated against different developmental stages of the grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana Dennis & Schiffermuller (Lep, Tortricidae). Methoxyfenozide administered orally reduced the fecundity and fertility of adults treated with 1, 5 and 10 mg litre(-1); longevity was not affected. An LC(50) value of 4.5 mg litre(-1) was obtained when applied to eggs of less than 1 day old. Surface treatment was more effective than when applied by spraying. Administered into the diet, methoxyfenozide had a larvicidal effect; older larvae were more susceptible than younger larvae, with LC(50) values of 0.1 mg litre(-1) for L(1), 0.04 for L(3) and 0.02 for L(5). Larvae treated with sub-lethal doses throughout their lives did not emerge as adults at the highest doses (0.08, 0.04, 0.02 and 0.01 mg litre(-1)), with 65% and 40% emergence occurring for the lowest (0.005 and 0.0025 mg litre(-1)). Mortality occurred only in the larval stage.     

西安地区降水时空分布及变化规律分析

运用非参数检验法(Mann-Kendall)对西安地区7个县区的降水数据(1961-2005年)做了计算分析,探讨了降水时空分布规律。在时间上,从年、季、月三个角度进行了研究,在空间上,分析了整个区域年降水和春、夏、秋、冬四季降水的分布规律,并检验了其变化趋势。结果表明:1961年以来西安地区降水时空分布不均匀,降水主要集中在夏秋季节,5-10月份的降水可占全年降水量的79%,并且年降水有减少的趋势,其中春、秋季节降水减少,尤其以春季最为显著,变化率为-1.98mm/a,夏、冬季降水有增加的趋势。     

内蒙古高温酷暑天气时空分布特征及成因分析

应用1971～2008年内蒙古自治区117个观测站资料,选取64次较强高温酷暑天气过程,结合同期的NCEP再分析资料,应用统计分析和诊断分析方法,对内蒙古高温酷暑天气的时空分布特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:内蒙古高温酷暑天气地域差异大,高温中心在阿拉善盟沙漠地区的拐子湖,年平均35℃高温日数达32天,也是全国的高温区之一;高温酷暑年日数有增长趋势,影响在增强;高温酷暑集中出现在盛夏季节6～8月,7月发生最多,占一半以上;最高温度出现在每日的14至17时,气温日较差大;高温酷暑天气可分为蒙古暖脊型、贝加尔湖高压坝型、副高西进型、乌拉尔山高脊型四个天气学类型,大陆暖高压脊的强烈发展和维持与高温酷暑天气密切相关;300hPa高空锋区的北退或断裂与大陆暖高压系统的形成和发展有很好的相关性;对流层中层的暖平流对大陆暖高压系统的发展强盛起到关键作用;500～850hPa厚度场可以更好的反映出整层气柱冷暖性质,其分布特征直接影响到内蒙古高温酷暑天气发生的部位和区域;蒙古暖高压控制区中盛行下沉气流,使得大气下沉增温,对流层中低层维持暖心结构,由于整层气柱很暖,低层减压形成了近地层的热低压,具有干热的特征。     

中黑苜蓿盲蝽成虫和卵在棉株上的时空分布

在田间笼罩内观察了中黑苜蓿盲蝽卵在2个Bt棉品种99B、鲁93 2和1个常规棉品种春矮早上的分布情况,以及成虫在99B棉株上的日节律。结果表明：棉花苗期和盛花期,成虫对产卵部位的选择与棉花品种无关,均趋向于棉株中上部较嫩的叶柄处产卵;在99B上,成虫主要集中在棉株的中上部活动,早晨和傍晚各有1次起飞高峰,但白天的活动性不强。因此,应在早晨或傍晚进行成虫的田间抽样调查或喷施农药,田间卵量调查则应集中在棉株中上部的叶柄处。     

Phloxine B affects glycogen metabolism in larval stages of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Xanthene dyes have been tested as photoinsecticides on different dipteran species. Phloxine B ingested by Ceratitis capitata larvae showed low toxicity under dark conditions and acute light-dependent toxicity when the insects were exposed to light during the dispersion stage before pupariation. In this study we show that sub-lethal concentrations of Phloxine B generated subtle changes in weight gain and in the accurately regulated jumping behavior of metamorphosing larvae. These changes are correlated with a strong accumulation of glycogen in fat body, intestine and muscles, as well as with an inhibition of the glycogen phosphorylase activity. These results suggest that some of the non-phototoxic effects of Phloxine B might be caused by an alteration of the glycogen catabolism, which can eventually affect the viability of the flies.     

树莓根际AM真菌分布和定殖

2004年7~12月在关中盆地西部,每月分别从0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm 4个土层采集树莓根际土样,系统研究树莓根际AM真菌时空分布和土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明,树莓能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系。AM真菌的最高定殖率并不伴随有最大孢子密度,最高定殖率发生在9月,达86%,而最大孢子密度出现在11月,平均密度为14个/g土。土壤碱解氮与孢子密度呈极显著负相关,土壤有机质与孢子密度呈显著负相关,土壤pH与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关,与泡囊定殖率呈极显著负相关。在检测和评估土壤生态状况和植物形成菌根的能力等方面,宿主植物根际AM真菌的孢子密度和AM真菌不同结构的定殖程度是十分有用的指标。     

Distribution and metabolism of abamectin in larval stages of Spodoptera littoralis boisduval and Heliothis armigera hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Comparisons were made between the amounts of abamectin and total radioactivity recovered from Spodoptera littoralis and Heliothis armigera larvae after topical application of [³H]abamectin. Penetration (as shown by wash-off experiments) did not differ significantly between the Spodoptera instars. Significantly more abamectin was recovered from ventral nerve cord samples of larvae showing symptoms of poisoning than from larvae not showing these symptoms. Fifth-instar S. littoralis larvae had a significantly lower proportion of radioactivity as abamectin in the ventral nerve cord than in sixth-instar S. littoralis or fifth- and sixth-instar H. armigera. The proportion of radioactivity present as abamectin (but not total radioactivity) was significantly increased when the fifth-instar S. littoralis larvae were pre-treated with piperonyl butoxide (PB) suggesting that the relative insensitivity of fifth-instar S. littoralis larvae to abamectin is due at least in part to greater metabolism, particularly by microsomal oxidases. Fat body samples consistently had a greater proportion of radioactivity as abamectin than the nerve cord and the former may act as storage sites for abamectin.     

新菠萝灰粉蚧雌成虫空间分布型的初步研究

本文通过对新菠萝灰粉蚧的雌成虫进行田间调查,应用David和Moore的聚集性指标、Cassie的指标C和Kuno的指标CA、Lloyd的平均拥挤度m*及聚块性指标m*/m 3个聚集性指标及Taylor的幂法则和Iwao的m* m的回归法对新菠萝灰粉蚧雌成虫的空间分布型进行了分析和检验。结果表明,其在剑麻株内的空间分布为聚集分布,且具有密度依赖性,引起聚集的原因主要是新菠萝灰粉蚧雌成虫自身习性,与环境因素也有一定关系。     

Insecticidal activity of destruxin, a mycotoxin from Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales), against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval stages

BACKGROUND: The cyclodepsipeptide destruxin produced by the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) was administered by different methods, topical application, ingestion and a combination of the two, in an attempt to minimize the mycotoxin dose for efficient management of the insect pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.).RESULTS: The insecticidal activity of destruxin on the larval stages of S. litura showed an ascending trend in LD(50) values with increasing age. The value for 12-day-old larvae in the combined application assay was as low as 0.045 microg g(-1) body weight of crude destruxin from M-19 strain when compared with the corresponding values of 0.17 microg g(-1) body weight in the ingestion assay and 0.237 microg g(-1) body weight in the topical application assay. On the other hand, values were higher in the treatments with crude destruxin from the low-virulence M-10 strain of M. anisopliae showing the least quantities of A and E components of destruxin.CONCLUSION: Laboratory bioevaluation showed the combination assay of ingestion and topical application of crude destruxin to be efficient in enhancing its insecticidal properties. The adopted combination assay apparently simulates application of the insecticide at field level. Quantitative differences between destruxins from low- and high-virulence strains of M. anisopliae are in accordance with its presumed role in virulence.     

Effects of the larval host plant on the supercooling capacity and physiological characteristics of beet armyworm pupae,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a serious economic pest worldwide that overwinters as pupae in temperate regions. There...     

Differential host utilisation by different life history stages of the fish ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea: Branchiura)

In this study we examine differences in the occurrence of life history stages of the destructive fish ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus (L., 1758) on eight fish species (stickleback, rudd, roach, gudgeon, bream, tench, crucian carp and common carp) sampled from a mixed-species recreational fishing lake on nine occasions during late spring and summer. Total numbers ofA. foliaceus, as well as the number of larval, juvenile and adult parasite stages, from each fish were recorded along with the fish species. Lice generally exhibited an aggregated distribution approximating a negative binomial distribution. Significant differences in the prevalence, intensity and intensity frequency distribution were observed between life history stages and between host species. In general, all life history stages of A. foliaceus exhibited an over-dispersed distribution. However, larval lice did show some degree of aggregation particularly within the stickleback samples. Infection data for parasite larval stages suggested that sticklebacks are more likely to be infected than other host species. For adult lice, however, carp appeared to be the main host. We propose that A. foliaceus infection characteristics are predominantly determined by the level of host exposure to the parasite and its life history stages (larval, juvenile and adult) rather than by an innate difference in host susceptibility related to individual host factors such as immune responses. We conclude that host exposure is determined by the parasite-host behavioural interplay related to species-specific ecology and behavioural traits such as microhabitat preference and normal swimming speed.     

松树材小蠹Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff (Scolytinae: Xyleborini)在中国南方的发生及其共生真菌研究

松树材小蠹Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff是东南亚地区为害松属植物的重要害虫,为掌握该虫在中国南方的发生情况及其共生真菌种类,本文通过检视标本馆标本和野外调查,并对采集的标本携带的真菌进行分类培养,利用分子生物学的方法对获得的真菌种类进行鉴定。本文提供了松树材小蠹的鉴别特征,记录了其在中国南方的发生情况、地理分布、寄主等,同时分离出共生真菌7种,并确定其储菌囊中的优势真菌——Raffaelea cf.arxii。松树材小蠹对寄主植物的危害极有可能引起或加速其他病害发生,应引起相关部门的重视。     

大盾象属的种类、分布、寄主及其检疫重要性(鞘翅目:象虫科)

大盾象属(Magdalis Germar,1817)已记录种类95种,分布于古北区的71种,25种分布在新北区。大盾象属既危害针叶树,也取食阔叶树,其寄主植物包括36个属71种。美洲的25种、俄罗斯31种中的22种、日本的8种,在我国均没有分布,是我国检疫工作需要关注的重点种类。     

基于水分亏缺指数的北疆春小麦不同生育阶段干旱时空特征

基于水分亏缺指数模型,结合新疆历史干旱资料记载,对比分析典型年份干旱指数,确定北疆春小麦干旱等级指标,利用ArcGIS探究1986—2016年北疆春小麦各生育阶段干旱强度、干旱站次比的年际变化规律以及干旱频率的时空分布特征.结果表明:除春小麦营养生长和生殖生长并进阶段干旱站次比呈微弱增大趋势(0.355％·10a-1)...