Arterial blood pressure measurement in a population of healthy geriatric dogs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate healthy geriatric dogs for the presence of systemic hypertension. Thirty-three geriatric dogs (i.e., dogs exceeding the geriatric age range for their weight group) and 22 control dogs (i.e., dogs less than six years of age) were evaluated by measuring blood pressure with an oscillometric monitor. Five consecutive blood pressure measurements were taken in each dog, averaged, and compared. Diastolic and mean blood pressure measurements were significantly lower in the geriatric group as compared to the control group. Systolic blood pressure measurements were not significantly different between the two groups. Systemic hypertension does not appear to be a common clinical problem in the healthy geriatric dog.     

The effect of arterial blood sampling sites on blood gases and acid-base balance parameters in calves.

In 21 healthy calves, 1-6 months old, the interrelationship and comparability of acid-base balance variables (pH, HCO3-, BE) and blood gases (pCO2, pO2, and sat-O2) were evaluated in arterial blood collected from a larger, centrally localised (the a. axillaris) and a smaller peripheral artery (the a. auricularis caudalis). Sampling was done by direct puncture of the vessels without local anaesthesia. Except for blood pH, significant differences were observed in the average values of pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, sat-O2 (P < 0.001), and BE (P < 0.05). Analyses of blood from the a. axillaris showed higher pH, pO2, and sat-O2 values, and lower pCO2, HCO3-, and BE values compared with that from the a. auricularis caudalis. Despite statistically significant differences between some variables, in all indices high and significant correlation relationships were recorded (R = 0.928-0.961; P < 0.001). Therefore, from the biological and clinical point of view, these differences are unimportant and the presented method of peripheral arterial blood sampling can be considered suitable for evaluating blood gases and acid-base status.     

Contemporary approach to acid-base balance and its disorders in dogs and cats

The issue of the acid-base balance (ABB) parameters and their disorders in pets is rarely raised and analysed, though it affects almost 30% of veterinary clinics patients. Traditionally, ABB is described by the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, where blood pH is the resultant of HCO3- and pCO2 concentrations. Changes in blood pH caused by an original increase or decrease in pCO2 are called respiratory acidosis or alkalosis, respectively. Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis are characterized by an original increase or decrease in HCO3- concentration in the blood. When comparing concentration of main cations with this of main anions in the blood serum, the apparent absence of anions, i.e., anion gap (AG), is observed. The AG value is used in the diagnostics of metabolic acidosis. In 1980s Stewart noted, that the analysis of: pCO2, difference between concentrations of strong cations and anions in serum (SID) and total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids (Atot), provides a reliable insight into the body ABB. The Stewart model analyses relationships between pH change and movement of ions across membranes. Six basic types of ABB disorders are distinguished. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, strong ion acidosis, strong ion alkalosis, nonvolatile buffer ion acidosis and nonvolatile buffer ion alkalosis. The Stewart model provides the concept of strong ions gap (SIG), which is an apparent difference between concentrations of all strong cations and all strong anions. Its diagnostic value is greater than AG, because it includes concentration of albumin and phosphate. The therapy of ABB disorders consists, first of all, of diagnosis and treatment of the main disease. However, it is sometimes necessary to administer sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or tromethamine (THAM).     

Influence of the neuroleptanalgesic combination of etorphine and acepromazine on the horse: blood gases and acid-base balance.

Respiratory function and acid-base variables were studied in Welsh Mountain ponies before and at predetermined times after the intravenous injection of Immobilon and Revivon.A marked depression of respiratory rate was accompanied by large reductions in arterial blood oxygen tension and saturation and the development of a mild respiratory acidosis following the injection of Immobilon. It was concluded that at least three factors contributed to the hypoxic hypoxia produced by Immobilon; the posture of lateral recumbency, the decrease in respiratory rate and the laboured character of the respiration. Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions returned towards control levels soon after administering Revivon. Mixed venous oxygen tensions were little affected by either Immobilon or Revivon, and mixed venous carbon dioxide tensions were increased to smaller degrees that those of arterial blood. Haemoglobin was increased initially by Immobilon, had returned to the control level by 30 min and fell below the control following the administration of Revivon.     

Arterial blood gas tensions in healthy aged dogs.

Twenty-four healthy dogs > 8 years old were recruited. In each instance, arterial blood gas tensions were analyzed. The alveolar-to-arterial oxygen gradient (P[A-a]O2) was calculated to assess adequacy of pulmonary gas exchange. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated to ensure lack of visible signs of pulmonary disease and that lung features were similar to those in aged dogs of previous reports. Unlike findings in aged human beings, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was not decreased in this group of aged dogs (mean +/- SD, 102.9 +/- 7.8 mm of Hg). Similarly, P(A-a)O2 also was not increased. The thoracic radiographic findings were consistent with those of previous reports of pulmonary changes in aged dogs. The extent of radiographic abnormalities and the PaO2 were not correlated.     

Arterialized capillary blood used to determine the acid-base and blood gas status of dogs.

Blood samples were collected by microhematocrit tube from posterior medial margin of the shaved, but otherwise untreated, canine ear. Acid-base and blood gas values of these samples were compared with the values of samples obtained simultaneously from the carotid artery. The arterialized nature of capillary blood from the canine ear was demonstrated under various degrees of chemical restraint and during conditions of extreme hypoxic acidosis to hyperventilatory alkalosis. Once a week determinations of acid-base and blood gas status with such arterialized capillary blood from a group of awake dogs showed within-subject variance to be significantly less (P less than 0.05) than between-subject variance; thus, uniqueness of individual dogs was reliably revealed. This technique also was used to demonstrated breed differences for acid-base and blood gas characteristics.     

Central venous blood gas and acid-base status in conscious dogs and cats

To determine the reference level of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO₂) and clinical efficacy of central venous blood gas analysis, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, oxygen saturation, base excess (B.E.) and HCO₃ concentration were compared between simultaneously obtained central venous and arterial blood samples from conscious healthy 6 dogs and 5 cats. Comparisons between arteriovenous samples were performed by a paired t-test and Bland-Altman analysis. Between arteriovenous samples, B.E. showed good agreement, but there were significant differences in other parameters in the dogs, and no good agreement was detected in cats. The ScvO₂ in dogs and cats were 82.3 ± 3.5 and 62.4 ± 13.5%, respectively. Central venous blood gas analysis is indispensable, especially in cats.     

Dynamics of the acid-base balance of venous and arterial blood in clinically healthy calves]

Values of the acid base balance were examined in both venous and arterial blood of healthy calves (n = 6) of the Slovak Spotted breed aged, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 weeks, respectively. Until week 4 of age the animals were fed milk only, until the age of 9 weeks a milk-roughage transition fodder and from week 10 on they were given classical herbage. Blood samples were taken from the V. jugularis and A. carotis communis or A. axillaris, respectively. The results achieved were corrected to a body temperature of 39 degrees C. During the examination period the following values were stated for both arterial and venous blood: actual acidity (pH) 7.391 +/- 0.014 and 7.362 +/- 0.013 logmolc, pCO2 6.35 +/- 0.15 and 7.35 +/- 0.11 kPa, HCO3-28.38 +/- 1.42 and 30.32 +/- 1.02 mmol. l(-1), ABE 3.57 +/- 1.44 and 4.34 +/- 1.09 mmol. l(-1); pO2 12.63 +/- 1.15 and 5.21 +/- 0.73 kPa, SAT 95.8 +/- 1.03 and 61.2 +/- 9.59%, respectively. A gradual increase in most indices of the acid base balance could be stated both in arterial and venous blood. The trends either revealed a parallel increase (HCO3-, pH) or they were more pronounced either in venous blood (SAT) or in arterial blood (ABE, pO2). Some trends were almost balanced (pCO2 and pO2 in venous blood and SAT and pCO2 in arterial blood). Thus pH, pO2 and SAT indices of the acid base balance were higher in arterial blood as compared to venous blood while pCO2, HCO3- and ABE values were higher in venous blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of limb tourniquet ischemia on local and systemic acid-base and blood gases of cattle.

Effects of forelimb tourniquet ischemia of 90 minute duration were investigated in six bulls aged two to three years. Studies were also conducted up to 150 minutes after release of the tourniquet. Parameters investigated were pH, PCO2, PO2, oxygen saturation and HCO3. In systemic circulation no variations in different parameters were observed during 90 minutes of ischemia. However, significant increase in arterial and venous pH were observed after 30 and 45 minutes of the release of tourniquet, respectively. These increases were accompanied by an increase in HCO3. In the affected limb, ischemia resulted in severe acidosis with a significant increase in PCO2 and a nonsignificant decrease of HCO3. There was a significant fall in PO2 and oxygen saturation. After release of the tourniquet, limb venous pH increased significantly due to a significant fall in PCO2 and a nonsignificant increase in HCO3. A significant increase in the limb venous PO2 and oxygen saturation post tourniquet was observed up to the end of the experiments. There was evidence of very poor oxygen exchange and utilization up to 150 minutes after release of the tourniquet. These results demonstrated that tourniquet ischemia of 90 minutes duration of the limb of cattle may not be safe.     

水合氯醛对马血气,酸碱值影响的研究

通过对１１匹实验马的血气、酸碱值分析，结果表明以１２ｇ／１００ｋｇ体重的水合氯醛麻醉后，实验马的Ｐｏ２、Ｓａｔ·Ｏ２、Ｃ－Ｏ２三项指标均显著降低，ＰＡ－ａＤＯ２显著增加；而ｐＨ、Ｐｃｏ２、Ｔ－ＣＯ２、ＡＢ、ＳＢ、ＢＥｂ六项指标无显著变化。说明该剂量的水合氯醛对马的呼吸功能有一定影响，且主要影响与氧有关的指标。     

The effect of propofol on acid-base balance and ionic composition of venous and arterial blood in goats

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of propofol on acid-base balance and ionic composition of arterial and venous blood in clinically healthy goats. The experiment was performed on ten adult goats. Propofol was administered intravenously at bolus dose of 6 mg/kg bw. The heart and breath rate, acid-base balance (pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, BE, O2SAT, ctCO2) and ionic composition (Na+, K+, Cl-) of arterial and venous blood were measured before injection and 3, 6 and 15 min. after. The propofol infusion induced increase of heart rate, decrease of breath rate and compensated respiratory acidosis in venous and arterial blood. It was found that changes of acid-base balance parameters in arterial blood arose faster than in venous blood. The levels of sodium and chloride ions in both types of blood were similar, whereas the level of potassium ions was higher in venous blood during entire experiment.     

Blood gases and acid-base status of normal Zebu cattle

Nine adult bullocks were used for this study. The auricular artery was found to be convenient for collecting arterial blood samples. Samples were also taken from the jugular and auricular veins. The mean values of blood gas analyses from these animals are recorded.     

Blood gases and acid-base status of normal Zebu cattle

Nine adult bullocks were used for this study. The auricular artery was found to be convenient for collecting arterial blood samples. Samples were also taken from the jugular and auricular veins. The mean values of blood gas analyses from these animals are recorded.     

Renal regulation of electrolyte and acid-base balance in ruminants

The kidney maintains volume, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. These functions are examined in the ruminant in response to differing dietary intakes and disease states. The consequences of renal disease for these homeostatic processes and the interpretation of urinary excretion data are reviewed.