沼气两步发酵工艺微生物生态学的研究

本文比较研究了常温下猪粪沼气两步发酵法和常规发酵法对沼气发酵四大微生物功能菌群(发酵细菌群、同型产乙酸细菌群、产氢产乙酸细菌群和产甲烷细菌群)的影响,测定结果表明,在两步发酵法中,产酸槽甲烷菌低于产甲烷罐近两个数量级,而其它细菌群数量相近。结合工艺研究的分析,初步揭示了工艺分段对沼气发酵微生物食物链影响的实际状况。     

管道厌氧消化器处理柠檬酸生产废水中的微生物学特性 Ⅰ.厌氧消化器中微生物的数量及其对消化特性的影响

本文报道柠檬酸生产废水在实验室装置四级管道厌氧消化器消化过程中各类沼气发酵微生物的数量分布特性及其对消化特性的影响。结果表明,发酵性细菌数量在10~9—10~(13)个/毫升,在各管消化液中的数量与总挥发性有机酸和乙酸浓度成较好的正相关性。产氢产乙酸细菌数量在10~7—10~(10)个/毫升,产甲垸细菌数量在10~4—10~(10)个/毫升,同型产乙酸细菌数量在10~5—10~(10)个/毫升。在第一、二级管节消化液中有较高数量的沼气发酵微生物群,而在第二管具有糖类等有机物酸化、COD去除和甲烷形成等活性最大、效率最高的消化特性,两者相一致。     

奶牛粪便沼气发酵液中各类细菌数量的测定

从半连续进料的奶牛粪二级常温沼气发酵池,连续稳定运行一年后的的发酵液中,采用Hungate厌氧操作技术,进行发酵各阶段细菌类群数量的测定。以十倍稀释法,分别采用相应培养液,以最大概率数(MPN)法计算三个类群细菌的数量。以氢、乙酸和甲烷的形成作为三个类群细菌生长的指标。每毫升发酵液中发酵性细菌的数量为5.37×10~(10),产氢产乙酸细菌的数量为2.41×10~8,产甲烷细菌的数量分别为8.96×10~5(液体培养法)和1.15×10~6(滚管法)。     

玉米废醪厌氧产氢产甲烷比较研究

氢气和甲烷作为清洁、有效的可再生能源，具有很高的回收价值。通过UASB反应器利用玉米酒精废醪厌氧消化产氢和产甲烷。在UASB产氢的过程中，平均COD去除率为42.21%,日产气量为2560.95 mL,氢气含量为34.08%,比产氢率为1.02 H₂L·g^-1COD;在UASB产甲烷的过程中，平均COD去除率为83.86%,日产气量为1441.43 mL,甲烷含量为68.55%。对比两种消化途径，结果表明：比较产氢产甲烷两种途径，产氢过程更易酸积累，能源回收率较低；相对于厌氧消化产氢来说，低浓度玉米酒精废水更利于产甲烷，废醪COD去除率较高，能源回收率较高。     

回流液的曝气处理对两相联合厌氧发酵过程的影响

在两相联合厌氧发酵产氢气-甲烷系统中,采用上清液回流可以避免产氢相中的酸积累现象,但容易导致菌种混合,影响有机质降解。针对该问题,论文将回流液经过曝气处理,研究曝气时间和曝气方式对发酵系统产气及有机质降解特性的影响规律。试验发现,曝气可以有效抑制产氢相中产甲烷菌活性、提高气体产量,经过间歇曝气10 min的处理组,产氢相气体产量最高,比对照组提高29.7%,同时发酵液的VFA浓度峰值也最高,但曝气对产甲烷相气体产量有消极作用。曝气处理对产氢相及产甲烷相的挥发性脂肪酸浓度变化趋势无明显影响。间歇曝气、曝气时间分别为7 min和10 min的试验中发酵系统总COD降解率最高,分别达到82.1%,78.7%,比空白组分别提高了30.1%,26.7%,但连续曝气工艺在提高产气量和COD去除率方面不如间歇曝气效果显著。     

水力停留时间对牛粪两相厌氧发酵特性的影响

研究了不同水力停留时间(HRT)对两相厌氧发酵产酸和产气特性的影响,结果表明:产酸相的最佳水力停留时间为3 d,挥发酸总量最高为1 3701.67mg/L,乙酸和丁酸之和的百分含量在80%以上,属于丁酸型发酵类型;产甲烷相的最佳水力停留时间为6d;37d的累积产气量为926.51 L,甲烷百分含量达到73%左右;对于连续补料发酵,在产酸相和产甲烷相反应器有效容积相同的情况下,产酸罐和产甲烷罐的个数比为1:2。     

牛粪产氢产甲烷联合发酵产能效率的实验研究

为了克服产氢发酵和产甲烷发酵都存在的能源转换效率低这一瓶颈,实验将产氢发酵和产甲烷发酵进行联合,以牛粪为原料,进行产氢产甲烷联合发酵产能效率的研究,以期提升整体厌氧生物处理的产能效率;在产氢发酵阶段,通过调节pH值至5.0,抑制产甲烷菌、中断产甲烷过程的手段来实现产氢发酵,使其在产生氢气的同时生成小分子有机酸及醇类等有机物,当产氢发酵结束后,将产氢余液提供给产氢产乙酸菌和产甲烷菌进行产甲烷发酵,使小分子有机酸及醇类等物质继续代谢生成甲烷;结果显示牛粪产氢产甲烷联合发酵的能源转换效率为28.15%,明显高于牛粪产氢发酵的(9.76%)以及牛粪单独产甲烷发酵的(25.8%);结果表明本实验所建立的产氢产甲烷联合发酵模式能显著提升传统厌氧生物处理的能源转换效率。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵连续产氢产甲烷的试验研究

餐厨垃圾中有机物含量高,是理想的厌氧发酵底物。文章从接种菌来源和p H值角度,研究餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵连续产氢产甲烷的可行性,以期提高餐厨垃圾资源化利用率。结果表明,餐厨垃圾产氢阶段100℃处理30 min以沼渣和厌氧消化污泥为来源的接种菌,有利于氢气产生和提高产生气体中氢气浓度,且沼渣比污泥产气效果好,调节发酵p H值于4.5~5.5有利于氢气发酵。产氢残留物厌氧发酵产甲烷阶段,调节发酵p H值于7.0~7.5有利于沼气发酵。产氢阶段以沼渣为菌源的连续产甲烷阶段产生气体量及产生气体中甲烷浓度比以污泥为菌源的厌氧发酵效果好。     

鸡粪与玉米秸秆混合“干-湿两相”厌氧发酵启动研究

目前我国的厌氧发酵沼气工程多是单一物料和单相发酵,产气效率不高。针对这一问题,试验利用干发酵和湿发酵各自优势,研究了两相厌氧反应器对玉米秸秆和鸡粪不同配比情况下厌氧发酵的启动过程。产酸相选用TS浓度20%的干发酵,产甲烷相选用TS浓度3%的湿发酵,发酵温度均为37℃±1℃。试验结果显示两相反应器均能较快完成启动。产酸相启动试验中纯秸秆组、混合组和纯鸡粪组的产酸相停留时间(HRT)分别为4天,6天和9天。产甲烷相启动试验中纯秸秆组、混合组和纯鸡粪组的产甲烷相启动时间分别为23天,21天和15天。     

产氢产乙酸菌与产甲烷菌互养培养物的分离

从豆制品废水厌氧发酵液分离到氧化丁酸盐的两种细菌的互养培养物,其中氧化丁酸盐的产氢产乙酸细菌与已报道的沃氏互养单胞菌(Syntrophomonas wolfei)相似。细胞杆状,微弯,两端稍尖,在凹陷侧有多根鞭毛,与其相伴生活的用氢菌是在发酵器中与其共同生存的一种产甲烷球菌。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。