不同营养水平对杜长约三元猪肥育效果的试验

杜长约三元杂交商品猪已得到市场的认可 ,受到生产者和消费者的青睐。为了探讨用不同营养水平的日粮对三元育肥猪肥育效果的影响 ,我们于 1998年 6～ 9月在大湾种猪场进行了试验 ,现将试验结果报告如下。1　试验材料与方法1.1　试验猪的选择选择健康无病的杜长约三元杂交仔猪 2 0头 ,随机分成两组 ,即试验组和对照组 ,每组 10头 ,平均体重 2 5～ 3 0ｋｇ ,在哺乳床上去势 ,下培育床进行试验。1.2　营养水平育肥期分前、后两期 ,前期体重为 2 5～ 60ｋｇ ,后期体重为60～ 90ｋｇ ,基营养水平如表 1。表 1　营养水平组别 2 5～ 60ｋｇ体重　Ｄ…     

豫南黑猪及其杂种肥育猪生长性能和肉质性状的研究

选择48头平均初始体重为30.56kg的肥育猪,分别为对照组、试验1、2组,每组16头,对照组选自20头豫南黑猪母猪纯繁后代;试验1组选自10头豫南黑猪母猪与长白公猪杂交后代;试验2组选自10头豫南黑猪母猪与大约克公猪杂交后代;分别对试验猪的肥育性能和肉质性状进行研究。结果表明:平均日增重试验1组高于试验2组和对照组(P<0.05);胴体瘦肉率试验1、2组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。熟肉率和粗脂肪含量对照组高于试验1、2组(P<0.05);粗蛋白、粗灰分含量试验2组高于试验1组和对照组(P<0.05)。     

加系长白和大约克猪与本地猪杂交利用的观察

我们利用引进的加拿大长白和大约克猪与本地母猪进行二元和三元杂交 ,一方面通过杂交生产来克服本地猪的缺点 ,提高生产性能。另一方面通过杂交对比 ,来确定利用加系种猪改良本地猪比较好的杂交组合。1　材料与方法1 1　杂交对比试验猪的选择　分别设置 4组 ,各选择体重 2 0ｋｇ左右的 50头 ,即本地猪 (对照组 )、加系大约克公猪与本地母猪杂交生产的仔一代猪 (大本组 )、加系长白公猪与本地母猪杂交生产的子一代猪 (长本组 )、加系长白公猪与本地母猪杂交生产的杂一代母猪 ,再与加系大约克公猪杂交生产的三元仔一代猪 (大长本组 )进行肥育…     

饲粮中添加陈皮对肥育猪生长性能和血清指标的影响

为初步探索饲粮中添加不同比例陈皮对肥育猪生长性能和血清指标的影响,选择日龄、品系和体重相近的肥育猪48头,随机分为4组,每组设置3个重复,每个重复有4头肥育猪,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ)分别饲喂含0.5%、1.0%和1.5%比例陈皮粉的基础饲粮,预试期为1周,试验期为12周,试验期间测定各组猪群采食量、体重和发病率,并于试验末期检测各组猪群血清中胆固醇、甘油三酯、总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等血清指标。结果发现,与对照组相比,1)3个试验组均有利于提高肥育猪日均采食量和体重增长量,但试验组Ⅱ体重增长效果最明显;2)3个试验组均有利于降低肥育猪死亡率,并提高猪群血清中IgA、IgG和SOD等含量,且试验组Ⅱ提高效果最佳。研究结果表明,饲粮中添加适量比例陈皮粉有利于提高肥育猪生长性能、抗氧化、抗病毒等性能,并降低死亡率,其中添加比例以1.0%为佳。     

抗生素对生长肥育猪生产性能和血液指标的影响

抗生素作为饲料添加剂广泛地应用 ,促进了畜牧业和饲料工业的发展 ,提高了经济效益。根据我国的国情和畜牧业的发展状况 ,抗生素将在一定的时间内在畜牧业和饲料工业中大量应用。在养猪生产中 ,猪的年龄越小 ,使用抗生素的效果越显著。抗生素对畜禽免疫机能具有一定的抑制作用 ,但抗生素对血液指标的影响报道很少。本试验的目的旨在探索抗生素对生长肥育猪生产性能和部分血液指标的影响。1　材料与方法1 1　试验动物选择平均体重为 2 0ｋｇ的三元杂 (杜大长 )商品猪 5 0头母猪和阉公猪各半。分 2 0～5 0ｋｇ和 5 0～ 90ｋｇ两段饲养。于每…     

梅花星杂交猪毛色对生长性能及肉品质影响的研究

为探究梅花星杂交猪毛色对生长性能及肉品质的影响,试验选择15 kg巴梅(巴克夏×梅花星)后代猪纯黑30头,黑白花猪30头,对照组选取纯种梅花星猪30头,总计90头猪,分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪,体重达100 kg进行屠宰测定和肌肉品质测定。结果表明,黑白花巴梅猪平均日增重达0.60 kg、料重比3.17,肥育性能优于其他组合,黑白花巴梅猪屠宰率为76.90%、胴体直长91.23 cm、瘦肉率51.87%,肉色、p H、系水力均在理想优质肉范围之内,肌肉中脂肪酸、氨基酸含量与梅花星纯种相差不大,说明毛色分化对梅花星杂交猪肥育猪生长性能、肌肉品质影响不大。     

蔗糖对肥育猪生长性能和经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究甜味剂—蔗糖对肥育猪生长性能(日采食量、日增重、料重比)和经济效益的影响。试验选择100头体重73.0 kg左右的健康杜长大三元杂种肥育猪,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在对照组饲粮基础上添加蔗糖1%,对照组和试验组饲粮营养水平一致。试验期23 d。试验结果表明:1)生长性能:对照组与试验组生长性能无显著差异(P0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组日采食量、日增重均有一定程度的提高;试验组料重比降低。2)经济效益:肥育猪增重饲料成本,试验组(6.89元/kg)低于对照组(6.99元/kg)。综上所述,在炎热的季节,肥育猪饲粮中添加蔗糖,可提高猪只采食量,改善其生长性能,并获得较好的经济效益。     

电解质平衡剂在肥育猪生产中的应用研究

试验1电解质平衡剂组和对照组各80头肥育猪,每组5个重复,每个重复16头猪,用于研究电解质平衡剂对肥育猪生长性能的影响。试验2电解质平衡剂组和对照组各120头肥育猪,每组3个重复,每个重复40头猪,用于研究电解质平衡剂对肥育猪长途运输损耗的影响。两个试验的试验期均为30 d。试验1与试验2方法相同：对照组饮水不做任何处理;电解质平衡剂组前5 d在白天饮水中添加2%的电解质平衡剂,后25 d在白天饮水中添加1.25%的电解质平衡剂。试验2在运输当天晚上电解质平衡剂组不添加电解质平衡剂。试验1结果表明,与对照组相比,电解质平衡剂组末重提高2.34 kg（P＜0.05）,日采食量提高10.04%（P＜0.05）,日增重提高95 g（P＜0.01）,料重比降低0.09（P＜0.05）。试验2结果显示,与对照组相比,电解质平衡剂组运输损耗减少21.60%（P＜0.05）。两个试验说明电解质平衡剂对肥育猪生长性能与长途运输损耗的改善有显著地促进作用。     

低磷饲粮中苯甲酸和植酸酶对生长肥育猪骨特征的影响

在两个同时进行的试验（试验1和试验2）中，测定了低磷饲粮中添加苯甲酸（BA）和植酸酶（Phy）对生长猪和生长肥育猪骨代谢、骨成分和骨稳定性的影响。试验l选择16头体重25-66kg的杂种小母猪，而试验2使用32头体重25-108kg的杂种小母猪。所有猪单栏饲养，整个试验期严格饲喂4种饲粮中的一种。小麦一豆粕型饲粮的总磷含量是0．4％（所有数值都以饲喂状态为基础）。     

饲粮不同营养水平对猪生长肥育性能及瘦肉生长指数的影响

近年来 ,国外研究营养需要的一个新的方法是通过屠宰试验或利用超声波活体测定背脂和眼肌面积 (Smith等 ,1 999;Schinckel等 ,1 996)间接得到无脂瘦肉重 ,利用瘦肉生长指数结合其他参数评估猪的营养需要量。基于此 ,本试验探讨了该方法的可行性 ,目的是验证和评价应用NRC( 1 998)模型估测出的生长肥育猪营养需要 ,进而为修订我国生长肥育猪饲养标准提供理论依据。1　材料与方法1 1　试验动物　选择平均体重为 2 1 5kg左右大约克×荣昌白猪生长猪 48头 ,公母各半 ,均分为三组。1 2　试验设计　生长肥育猪三阶段饲养过程中日粮分别设计 3…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.