体外产气法研究百脉根及其缩合单宁对瘤胃发酵特性及降解率的影响

研究旨在评价百脉根(Lotus corniculatus L.)对瘤胃发酵特性和消化率的影响,并确定其所含缩合单宁的作用。利用体外发酵系统,设置六组发酵底物,分别为燕麦(O)、燕麦和百脉根混合(OL,干物质比例为11)、百脉根(L)、燕麦+聚乙二醇(PEG)(OP)、燕麦干草和百脉根+聚乙二醇(OLP)、百脉根+聚乙二醇(LP),发酵72 h后测定产气量、干物质消化率和发酵参数。结果表明,在4～24 h和6～24 h之间,百脉根组和百脉根燕麦混合组的产气量明显低于燕麦组(P0.05),添加聚乙二醇后的百脉根组与相应的未添加组相比,产气量降低(P0.05);百脉根组的干物质降解率明显高于燕麦组(P0.05);百脉根组的瘤胃液pH值、总挥发性脂肪酸含量和乙酸浓度明显高于燕麦组(P0.05);添加聚乙二醇的百脉根组和未添加组相比,pH值、氨态氮和挥发性脂肪酸浓度都没有变化(P0.05)。综上所述,与燕麦相比,百脉根瘤胃发酵产气量较低,干物质降解率和总挥发性脂肪酸含量较高,其体内的缩合单宁对瘤胃产气有促进作用,但对其他瘤胃发酵特性没有影响。     

一年生和多年生苜蓿品种的丹宁

<正> 有些豆科牧草,特别是紫花苜蓿、白三叶、红三叶和地三叶会引起放牧牛的臌胀病,而另外一些豆科牧草,如红豆草(Onob-rychis vicicfolia)和百脉根(Lotus corni-culatis)不会引起臌胀病。最近研究已证实不引起臌胀病的豆科牧草在其叶里能产生一种凝缩类丹宁(黄烷醇聚合物形式的蛋白质沉淀剂),而能诱发臌胀病的豆科牧草叶里却     

山羊瘤胃臌胀病因及治疗措施

山羊瘤胃臌胀可分为泡沫型和气体型两类.泡沫型主要病因是采食大量的豆科牧草,日粮中豆粕等高蛋白饲料原料含量过高或者谷物等能量饲料粉碎粒度过小;气体型则是由于突然更换日粮中谷物等能量饲料,羊未能适应日粮所致.只要根据引发臌胀的原因,采用适当的措施,该病通常能治愈或控制.     

从朱樱花、大叶千斤拔和银合欢中提纯的缩合单宁对体外试验豆粕瘤胃及过瘤胃降解率的影响

试验选用改进的两步法,将从朱樱花（San Ram&#243;nCIAT22310和Patulul CIAT22316）、大叶千斤拔（CIAT17403）和银合欢（CIAT734）中提纯的缩合单宁,按照0、300、600、900 mg/g豆粕粗蛋白质的比例添加到豆粕中,测定对瘤胃液中和瘤胃后盐酸胃蛋白酶溶液中降解的影响。结果表明,添加缩合单宁后瘤胃液中干物质和粗蛋白质降解率极显著降低（P〈0.001）。缩合单宁添加量最高的900 mg/g粗蛋白质组,瘤胃干物质降解率比未添加缩合单宁组降低了30%。添加缩合单宁后瘤胃粗蛋白质降解率下降了25%~63%。缩合单宁的来源极显著影响这种作用的程度（P〈0.001）。由于缩合单宁来源不同,随缩合单宁浓度升高,干物质和粗蛋白质瘤胃降解率极显著降低（P〈0.001）,分别降低了24%~73%和16%~55%。缩合单宁的来源和浓度极显著影响不在瘤胃中降解而在酸性胃蛋白酶溶液中降解的可发酵粗蛋白质的比例,使可发酵粗蛋白质分别增加了18%和412%。可发酵粗蛋白质在朱樱花组增幅最大,而在银合欢组增幅最小。缩合单宁的来源和浓度也极显著影响过瘤胃蛋白在酸性胃蛋白酶溶液中的降解,当缩合单宁浓度从10％升高到82％时,过瘤胃蛋白在酸性胃蛋白酶溶液中的降解率极显著下降（P〈0．001）。与朱樱花组和大叶千斤拔组相比,银合欢组似乎对豆粕在瘤胃液中的降解影响更小。相反,银合欢组粗蛋白质和缩合单宁的复杂化合物比其他组更能抵抗酸性胃蛋白酶溶液的降解。这个结果说明,银合欢组缩合单宁对提高过瘤胃蛋白降解率的作用比朱樱花组和大叶千斤拔组缩合单宁的作用更小。     

抗臌胀病紫花苜蓿研究进展

综述了紫花苜蓿中导致瘤胃臌胀病的臌胀因子,包括浓缩单宁、可溶性蛋白和皂角苷,同时阐述了抗臌胀病紫花苜蓿育种研究进展.     

抗臌胀病紫花苜蓿研究进展

综述了紫花苜蓿中导致瘤胃臌胀病的臌胀因子,包括浓缩单宁、可溶性蛋白和皂角苷,同时阐述了抗臌胀病紫花苜蓿育种研究进展。     

不同氮源添加低水平缩合单宁对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵特性及降解率的影响

试验旨在研究不同氮源饲粮基础上添加低水平缩合单宁（CT）对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵参数及降解率的影响,以期筛选出缩合单宁的最佳添加比例及利用率更高的氮源,为缩合单宁作为反当动物功能性添加剂提供科学依据。试验选用4头延边黄牛（体重452.3 kg±27.1 kg）提供瘤胃液,以不含缩合单宁的6种饲料为氮源（大豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、紫花苜蓿、红三叶及山野豌豆）,在每种氮源饲料中分别添加不同水平（0（对照组）、0.1%、0.5%、0.9%）缩合单宁,共24组,每组3个重复。采用体外培养法测定不同组合饲粮延边黄牛瘤胃体外发酵pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、产气量以及干物质有效降解率、粗蛋白质有效降解率、中性洗涤纤维有效降解率。结果表明,各试验组的pH、NH₃-N与VFA均在正常范围内变化并且可以满足瘤胃微生物的正常代谢,牧草类0.5%缩合单宁添加组（以下简称0.5%组）与饼粕类0.9%组以上各指标相对较好,且与各自对照组相比,产气量较低;大豆粕0.9%组、菜籽粕0.5%组以及红三叶0.1%组干物质有效降解率均较各自对照组略低（P>0.05）。棉籽粕0.5%组粗蛋白质有效降解率较对照组降低（P<0.05）,3种牧草类0.9%组粗蛋白质有效降解率均低于对照组（P>0.05）。除红三叶0.1%组外,其余5种氮源缩合单宁添加组的中性洗涤纤维有效降解率均显著低于各自对照组（P<0.05）。综合考虑,饼粕类0.9%组、牧草类0.5%组更有利于优化瘤胃发酵环境,可降低瘤胃粗蛋白质降解率,能有效保护过瘤胃蛋白,其中山野豌豆、棉籽粕效果更优。     

红豆草单宁的研究概况

红豆草是豆科红豆属多年生草本植物,因其营养价值高、适口性好,又具有抗寒、抗旱等特性,故有＂牧草皇后＂之美誉,在世界上被广泛种植。目前,关于红豆草的饲用价值、病害、栽培技术等方面的相关研究和综述已有报道,而对其次生代谢产物的研究相对零散。主要从红豆草含有的多酚类物质——缩合单宁出发,系统综述了不同品种、物候期的红豆草缩合单宁在含量和结构上的差异性,同时整合阐述了红豆草缩合单宁在调控反刍动物营养过程中的应用,尤其是其对养分消化吸收、生产性能、泡沫性瘤胃臌胀病和胃肠道寄生虫等生理过程的影响和作用。     

不同相对分子质量缩合单宁对瘤胃体外发酵的影响

试验以延边地区野生牧草为原料,研究不同来源和不同相对分子质量的缩合单宁对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。结果表明,其中添加缩合单宁各组的pH高于对照组;所有添加缩合单宁的处理组的总产气量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),甲烷产量除3h外的其他发酵阶段均显著低于对照组(P0.05);氨态氮与细菌蛋白在培养过程中含量均低于对照组,并且随着培养时间的延长,差异逐渐减小;总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸产量最低的组为L1组。添加的缩合单宁相对分子质量越大,对瘤胃参数的影响越显著。     

牛瘤胃臌气的诊断与防治

牛瘤胃臌气又称瘤胃臌胀,是因为牛过量食用大量易发酵饲料迅速发酵产气,并不能排出,从而引起瘤胃臌气。本病按气体的性质分为泡沫性与非泡沫性;按发病的原因又分为原发性和继发性。1病因原发性瘤胃臌胀主要是牛采食了大量易发酵的青绿饲草、易发酵饲料引起。继发性瘤胃臌胀常继     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.