耐热性白桦种子筛选研究

为筛选适应北京地区气候的耐热白桦种源,丰富北京园林绿化植物种类,本试验对收集的5个不同种源白桦种子做发芽率试验,得出以下结论:(1)不同种源种子的发芽率、发芽势、千粒重等指标,是研究不同种源种子之间的差异性的定性指标。(2)东北4个种源的种子千粒重、发芽率、发芽势均表现良好,KYY种源最差,但种子耐高温能力最强。(3)白桦自交,种子千粒重、种子活力(发芽率、发芽势)明显低于杂交组合。(4)白桦生殖生长受气候环境影响较大,气温高种子质量差。     

不同种源八月瓜种子发芽率及总黄酮含量测定研究

为了在海南推广种植八月瓜,试验通过收集不同种源的八月瓜,并开展种子发芽率试验和总黄酮含量的测定.结果表明:种子在播种前采用10％赤霉素浸泡种子2h,随后采用撒播的方式进行播种,育苗基质为全河沙基质时发芽率最高,达到92.6％;不同种源的八月瓜果肉中总黄酮含量最高的是云南种源(1.173％),其次为广东种源(0.789％...     

不同种源麻疯树种子品质及苗期生长研究

通过对6个不同种源麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)进行种子观测及播种育苗试验,对种子品质、苗期生长做比较分析,结果表明:不同种源间种源间千粒重、发芽率、发芽势、R值差异较大,变异系数较高,形状差异不明显;苗高、地径分别存在显著和极显著差异;生物量差异明显,但不均衡。经过综合评价,初步选出贵州贞丰和百色隆林2个种源为苗期优良种源。     

珍稀濒危树种银缕梅种子萌发特性研究

在测定银缕梅(Parrotia subaequalis)种子形态和千粒重的同时,研究了不同储藏方式、温度、赤霉素处理、光照条件对种子萌发的影响.结果表明:银缕梅种子呈长纺锤形,平均长径8.08 mm,平均短径3.79 mm,千粒重46.35 g;储藏方式对银缕梅种子的萌发影响较大,其次为温度,赤霉素浓度对种子发芽率的影响较小,种子萌发的最佳处理组合为常温沙藏、赤霉素浓度600 mg/L、温度20～25℃,发芽率达73.73％;适度光照可缩短种子发芽时间,提高发芽势.     

东革阿里种子生物学特性研究

为研究药用植物东革阿里(Eurycoma longifolia)种子的生物学特性,通过形态学观察、种子发芽试验等方法对5个东革阿里种源的种子形态、千粒重、种子含水量、种子发芽率等指标进行测定.结果表明:5个东革阿里种源的种子外观形态差异不大,其千粒重和含水量从大到小排列均为:海岸带种源＞海岛种源＞低地种源＞大陆种源＞山地种源.5个种源中以海岸带种源发芽率最高,为52％;低地种源和海岛种源发芽率低,仅为28％和34％.初步筛选出海岸带种源东革阿里种子可作为优良种质资源.     

竹子种子品质测定和发芽率试验

对不同时间采集的12个种源地竹子种子进行随机抽样,得到12个样品,利用恒温发芽箱进行发芽率实验及种子品质测定.结果表明,种子的纯净度、千粒重、发芽率、发芽势分别为32.4％ ～ 96.7％、11.5 ～107.5 g、0％～72％、0％ ～ 44.5％.多数种子发芽率为10％ ～50％,巨竹种子发芽率较高,可达50％以上.种源不同,种子保存条件不同,种子发芽情况也不同.     

两种不同种源麻疯树种子发芽特征探讨

比较分析两种不同麻疯树种源种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽速度、发芽指数、发芽条件以及外观品质,结果表明：种源、种壳、种质、湿度、氧气以及种子前处理影响了种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽速度、发芽指数;破壳比未破壳的发芽效果好,种源A比种源B种子发芽率高,发芽期间应保持一定的湿度和通气条件,前期的消毒、浸种也是必需的环节。     

不同种源苦楝种子形态特征和播种品质差异研究

本研究以苦楝自然分布区内8个种源的种子为研究对象,对种子形态特征和播种品质等生物学特性进行了测定,结果如下：（1）苦楝种子大小存在显著的产地差异,不同种源苦楝种子纵径、横径、纵横径比及千粒重差异均达0．01极显著水平。（2）不同种源苦楝种子发芽率均较高,变幅为50％～81％,平均发芽率为65％,变异系数为15％;发芽指数变化幅度为1．531—2．919,变异系数为19．45％;活力指数变幅为0．054～0．330,变异系数达56．64％。（3）综合种子形态指标和播种品质指标可以分析得出福建平潭,陕西杨凌、广西武鸣、安徽歙县等种源种子品质较好,湖北黄冈种源种子品质较差。     

木荚红豆育苗技术研究

采用随机区组设计木荚红豆种子不同采收期、播种方式、播种期、种子处理、种源对比研究。结果表明:不同采收期木荚红豆种子产量和质量存在差异,本地区种子采收期以11月以后为好;播种方式对苗木质量和产量无明显差异,但条播节省种子,便于锄草、施肥;播种期对苗木质量和产量存在差异,以3月后为好;种子处理对种子的发芽率、成活率无明显差异,但经机械处理种皮的种子出苗早且整齐;不同种源对单株生物量有所差异,但不影响苗木质量。     

湖南省主要经济林树种(品种)种子等级标准的研究

由申南林学院和湖南省林业厅共同研究完成的《湖南省主要经济林树种（品种）种子等级标准的研究》1993年12月通过由省林业厅组织的鉴是。专家认为，该项研究居国内同类研究领先水平。该成果对我省范围内的11个主要经济林树种种子的收购、贮藏和播种实践有一定的指导意义。研究人间建议种子分级指标为：①杜仲：一级种子发芽率为80％，净度为98％；二级种子发芽率为65％，净度98％；三级种子发芽率50％，净度96％。含水量为30％－55％。②葡萄桐：一级种子发芽车95％，净度98％．二级林子发芽率85％，净度98％，三级种子发芽率65％，净度96％…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.