刺激隐核虫病害情况分析与防控措施探讨

<正>刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans Brown),又叫海水小瓜虫(Ichthyophthirius marinus),属原生动物门、纤毛亚门、寡膜纤毛纲、膜口亚纲、膜口目、凹口科、隐核虫属。刺激隐核虫无特定宿主,几乎危害所有海水养殖鱼类,包括大黄鱼、大菱鲆、黑鲷、红笛鲷、石斑鱼、卵形鲳鲹等。近几年来在福建、浙江、广东等主要海水鱼类养殖地区刺激隐核虫暴发频繁,造成了较为严重的经济损失。一、主要流行特点刺激隐核虫主要寄生于海水鱼体     

大黄鱼养殖过程中的几种疾病与防治

刺激隐核虫，义称“海水鱼小瓜虫”，属纤毛动物门小瓜虫类。虫体为卵圆或球形，全身表面有均匀一致的纤毛。     

浅谈小瓜虫病的药物治疗及其负面效应

小瓜虫病（Ｉｃｈｔｈｙｏｐｈｔｈｉｒｉａｓｉｓ又叫白点病Ｗｈｉｔｅｓｐｏｔｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅ），是淡水养殖生产中极为常见的鱼病之一。小瓜虫属原生动物门纤毛虫纲膜口目凹口科，寄生在淡水鱼体上的是多子小瓜虫，成虫卵圆形或球形，大小为３５０～８００ｕｍ×３００～５００ｕｍ，肉眼可见；虫体很柔软，可任意变形，全身密布短而均匀的纤毛；大核呈马蹄形或香肠形，小核圆形，紧贴在大核上。小瓜虫寄生处常形成１ｍｍ以下的小白点，当病情严重时，病鱼体躯干、头、鳍、鳃、口腔等处布满小白点，有时眼角膜上也有小白点，并同时伴有…     

淡水鱼类小瓜虫病

<正>病原小瓜虫病,又称为白点病,是危害淡水养殖品种的主要纤毛类寄生虫病,其病原体是多子小瓜虫(Ichthyophthirius multifliis),隶属于纤毛门、寡膜纤毛纲、膜口亚纲、膜口目、凹口科、小瓜虫属。流行情况小瓜虫对宿主无选择性,可寄生于各种淡水鱼、洄游性鱼类、观赏鱼类,亦能寄生各年龄组的鱼类,尤以鱼苗、鱼种、     

大黄鱼的疾病与防治

一、白点病(刺激隐核虫病)l、病原:刺激隐核虫,又称“海水鱼小瓜虫”,属纤毛动物门小瓜虫类。虫体为卵圆形或球形,全身表面有均匀一致的纤毛。2、发病症状:虫体主要寄生在大黄鱼的体表、鳃和鳍条上。发病初期,肉眼可见病鱼尾鳍和胸鳍上有白点,随着病情发展逐渐扩展到体表和鳃部,白点增多形成一层膜,俗称“白点病”。病鱼急躁不安,或沿池壁游动,或跳跃窜出水面,或往池壁上冲撞摩擦,严重时鳞片脱落、肌肉发炎、溃烂,眼睛白浊、食欲下降、身体消瘦、行动迟缓,最后因鳃组织被严重破坏,呼吸困难,窒息死亡。     

刺激隐核虫与多子小瓜虫免疫学特性比较研究综述

刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)与多子小瓜虫(Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)是影响渔业生产重要寄生虫,本文主要阐述了刺激隐核虫与多子小瓜虫种内和种间的免疫学相似性和差异性,及其两种寄生虫抑动抗原的免疫学特性以及克隆表达研究。为免疫学方法预防两种寄生虫病提供理论依据。     

15种中草药对刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的杀灭效果及包囊破裂的条件

比较分析了15种中草药对刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)滋养体和幼虫的离体杀灭效果,并探讨了刺激隐核虫包囊破裂产生幼虫的最适温度和盐度条件。结果显示,中草药药物浓度为4.55 g/L时,槟榔对滋养体和幼虫有杀灭效果,大黄和野菊花仅对幼虫有杀灭效果;药物浓度为9.09 g/L时,苦参、贯众对滋养体和幼虫具有杀灭效果。药物浓度为18.18 g/L时,黄芩、川楝子、枳壳对滋养体和幼虫都具有杀灭效果。野菊花对滋养体也具有杀灭效果;在45.45、90.09 g/L较高药物浓度时,黄芪、鱼腥草、板蓝根、白头翁、金银花、熟地黄对幼虫和滋养体具有杀灭效果。研究表明,槟榔、苦参、大黄、贯众、黄芩、枳壳、川楝子、野菊花杀虫效果显著;黄芪、鱼腥草、板蓝根、白头翁、金银花、熟地黄、黄连的杀虫效果不显著。不同培养温度和盐度对刺激隐核虫包囊破裂产出幼虫所需时间比较结果显示,包囊破裂产出幼虫的最适温度为26℃、最适盐度为20–30。     

15种中草药对刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的杀灭效果及包囊破裂的条件

比较分析了15种中草药对刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)滋养体和幼虫的离体杀灭效果,并探讨了刺激隐核虫包囊破裂产生幼虫的最适温度和盐度条件。结果显示,中草药药物浓度为4.55 g/L时,槟榔对滋养体和幼虫有杀灭效果,大黄和野菊花仅对幼虫有杀灭效果;药物浓度为9.09 g/L时,苦参、贯众对滋养体和幼虫具有杀灭效果。药物浓度为18.18 g/L时,黄芩、川楝子、枳壳对滋养体和幼虫都具有杀灭效果。野菊花对滋养体也具有杀灭效果;在45.45、90.09 g/L较高药物浓度时,黄芪、鱼腥草、板蓝根、白头翁、金银花、熟地黄对幼虫和滋养体具有杀灭效果。研究表明,槟榔、苦参、大黄、贯众、黄芩、枳壳、川楝子、野菊花杀虫效果显著;黄芪、鱼腥草、板蓝根、白头翁、金银花、熟地黄、黄连的杀虫效果不显著。不同培养温度和盐度对刺激隐核虫包囊破裂产出幼虫所需时间比较结果显示,包囊破裂产出幼虫的最适温度为26℃、最适盐度为20–30。     

刺激隐核虫钙调蛋白基因的分子鉴定

为了解钙调蛋白在刺激隐核虫生长发育过程中的作用，实验从刺激隐核虫滋养体cDNA 文库中克隆出钙调蛋白基因 （cicam），优化密码子后人工合成开放阅读框 （ORF），构建成重组质粒 pGEX-4T-1/cicam，将其转化至大肠杆菌后，通过 ZYM-5052 自诱导培养基诱导重组子表达。用谷胱甘肽琼脂糖凝胶及凝血酶纯化重组蛋白 rCiCaM，并用其免疫小鼠 BALB/c 株获得多克隆抗体。分别用逆转录 PCR 和免疫印迹实验检测 cicam 及其编码蛋白 CiCaM 在各期虫体中的表达。通过间接荧光抗体实验检测 CiCaM 在幼虫中的定位。通过覆盖印迹实验 （Blot overlay assay） 初步探讨了重组蛋白 rCiCaM 结合重组肌动蛋白解聚因子的活性。结果显示，cicam 的 ORF 为 450 bp，编码含 149 个氨基酸的肽链，其分子量预测值为 16.9 ku；原核表达的融合蛋白 GST-rCiCaM 及切除 GST 标签的 rCiCaM 的表观分子量分别为 43 和 16.9 ku，均与预测值相符；cicam 在刺激隐核虫的各个发育阶段都有稳定的表达，其表达产物 C...     

鱼类抗刺激隐核虫感染的黏膜免疫研究进展

刺激隐核虫是一种原生纤毛类寄生虫,可以感染几乎所有海水硬骨鱼类并导致死亡,给海水鱼类养殖业造成巨大经济损失。由于刺激隐核虫体表寄生的特性,使其成为研究鱼类黏膜免疫机制的良好病原模型,可为高效疫苗的研发提供理论依据。本文综述了鱼类抗刺激隐核虫感染的黏膜免疫研究进展,以期为开展海水鱼类抗刺激隐核虫感染的免疫防控措施研究提供理论支撑。已有研究表明,受刺激隐核虫感染后,斜带石斑鱼皮肤黏液或其培养上清液能使幼虫发生阻动,由皮肤中的抗体分泌细胞产生的特异性IgM抗体在抗寄生虫感染中发挥重要作用;同时在刺激隐核虫感染时,多种免疫细胞如NCC细胞、中性粒细胞等在寄生虫周围聚集,趋化因子以及趋化因子受体表达量在寄生虫感染部位上调,暗示其调节的免疫细胞也参与抗虫免疫;此外,研究发现黄斑蓝子鱼对刺激隐核虫具有天然抗性,其血清和皮肤黏液对刺激隐核虫幼虫和滋养体均具有杀灭作用,已从其血清中分离到一种天然抗虫蛋白—L-氨基酸氧化酶,为刺激隐核虫病的防控提供新的途径;在理论研究的基础上,通过免疫实验证实疫苗防控刺激隐核虫病是可行的。     

Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 (Ichthyophthiriidae): the ultrastructure of the somatic cortex throughout the life cycle

Abstract. Cryptocaryon irritans was isolated from Grammistes sexlineatus and maintained in aquaria under controlled conditions using the mullet, Chelon labrosus (Risso), as an experimental host. The pellicle and cortical cytoplasm of the trophont, tomont, tomite and theront stages were investigated with the aid of transmission electron microscopy. The general structural organization of the pellicle resembles that of the freshwater holotrich, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ; however, the pellicular alveoli are characterized by the accumulation of electron-dense material in the trophont, tomite and theront, this material being lost in the newly-encysted tomont. The outer membranes of the pellicle are infolded into the alveoli of the trophont. Cilia are present at all stages of the life cycle, although at encystment their numbers are greatly reduced by shedding. Mitochondria, mucocysts and Golgi-like cisternae are distributed throughout the cortical cytoplasm. Mucocysts differ from those of I. multifiliis in size, shape and distribution and are of uniform electron density. The role of the pellicle and cortical cytoplasm is discussed in relation to the invasion of the fish epidermis, possible intertransferance of materials between parasite and host and the process of encystment.     

Induced cross-protection in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against different immobilization serotypes of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Abstract Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), were immunized with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) theronts and trophonts, and the immune response and host protection against both homologous and heterologous serotypes of Ich were evaluated. Immunizations were done with two immobilization serotypes (ARS4 and ARS6) of live theronts by bath immersion (trial I) and with sonicated trophonts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (trial II). Cutaneous and serum antibody titres against Ich following immunization were measured and survival of catfish was determined after theront challenge. Theronts were immobilized by the antiserum from fish immunized with homologous theronts or trophonts, but not by the serum of fish immunized with the heterologous serotype. Serum from fish immunized by immersion with live theronts showed higher enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titres against both homologous and heterologous serotypes than fish immunized by i.p. injection of trophonts. Channel catfish immunized by immersion with live theronts or by i.p. injection with sonicated trophonts developed an immune response against Ich and provided cross-protection against challenge from both serotypes (ARS4 and ARS6) of the parasite. Sonicated trophont antigens in aqueous solution by i.p. injection could stimulate an immune response in fish, but the immunity was of short duration.     

Immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts

The humoral immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) were determined after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts. Immunizations with live theronts or sonicated trophonts were carried out by both bath immersion and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Cutaneous and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and anti-Ich antibodies were measured 12 and 21 days post-immunization. The level of Ich infection and survival of catfish were determined after theront challenge. Cutaneous and serum anti-Ich antibodies were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection, or with sonicated trophonts administered by i.p. injection, than in fish immunized with sonicated trophonts by immersion, with bovine serum albumin by i.p. injection, or non-immunized controls. Host protection was noted only in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection or with sonicated trophonts by i.p. injection. There was a positive correlation between higher levels of anti-Ich antibodies and host survival in the immunized fish.     

Apoptosis in Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is associated with expression of the Fas receptor of theronts

The expression of type I membrane Fas receptors on the surface of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) theronts and the possible association between Fas expression and theront apoptosis induced by the immune antibody was examined. Fas receptors were detected on the theront surface using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated mouse monoclonal antibody against Fas. Fas-positive theronts significantly increased with time during in vitro incubation and with increasing theront concentration. Furthermore, the immune cutaneous antibody induced theront apoptosis; however, Fas ligand did not. A highly significant correlation was noted between theront Fas expression and immune cutaneous antibody-induced theront apoptosis. Numbers of apoptotic theronts increased with increasing number of Fas-positive theronts. The data indicated that theront apoptosis induced by immune cutaneous antibody appears to be positively correlated with the expression of Fas on the surface of Ich theronts.     

Protective Immunity of Goldfish Against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Infection Induced by Different Trophont Vaccine Preparations

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, commonly called “Ich,” is a protozoan parasite that infects the epidermis and gills of freshwater fish. Here, we used goldfish (Carassius auratus) to determine whether the four vaccine preparations (live trophonts, formalin‐fixed trophonts, freeze‐thawed trophont lysates, and trophont cilial and cell cortical fractions) of I. multifiliis (Fouquet) can elicit resistance of immunized fish against subsequent theront challenge, and whether a relationship exists between in vitro immobilization of theronts in sera or mucus from immunized fish and host protective immunity against the parasite. Experimental goldfish were randomly divided into five groups with five parallel controls, with each group or subgroup consisting of 20 individuals. Each test goldfish was immunized with one of the four Ich vaccine preparations administered by one of the three routes: live trophonts by gavage (Group 1), formalin‐fixed trophonts by injection (Group 2) or by immersion (Group 3), freeze‐thawed trophont lysates by injection (Group 4), and trophont cilial and cell cortical fractions by injection (Group 5). The fish were then challenged by a standard Ich theront challenge on Day 21 postimmunization. For every 10 d following immunization, we tested the in vitro immobilization of Ich theronts by sera or mucus from immunized and control fish. We found that although all control (nonimmunized) and Group 3‐immunized goldfish died following theront challenge, more than half (55–65%) of the immunized fish from Groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 survived. Furthermore, except for the fish from Groups 3 and 4, the number of mean days to death in each test group was significantly higher than that in the respective control. These results indicate that goldfish immunized by injection or by gavage with any of the four vaccine preparations gained resistance to Ich infection. Further analysis indicated that this protective immunity was closely associated with the in vitro immobilization of Ich theronts by fish sera or mucus.     

Antibody mediated immune response against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis using excised skin from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), immune to Ichthyophthirius

This study investigated antibody mediated immune response against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) by determining whether theronts would retain the potential for reinfection, both in vitro and in vivo, after treatment with the culture fluid of excised skin from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , immune to Ich. The invasion was reduced significantly ( P  < 0.05) for theronts treated with the immune culture fluid compared with those treated with the culture fluid from naive fish. The treatment of theronts with the immune culture fluid greatly reduced the size and survival of trophonts compared with those treated with the culture fluid from naive fish. Fewer fish were infected and the infection density was less for fish exposed to theronts treated with immune culture fluid. The infection was severe for fish invaded by theronts treated with the culture fluid from naive fish, with a high number of infected fish and heavy density of trophonts per fish. All fish were infected by Ich when exposed to the theronts treated with the immunoadsorbed culture fluid. In summary, results of this study show that cutaneous antibodies in the culture fluid of excised skin from immune fish significantly reduces theront infectivity by immobilizing or weakening theronts.     

Cryptocaryon irritans (Ciliophora): primary infection in thick-lipped mullet, Chelon labrosus (Risso)

Abstract. Cryptocaryon irritans (Ciliophora), isolated from the reef fish, Grammistes sexlineatus Thumberg, was established as primary infections in mullet, Chelon labrosus (Risso). Only a small percentage (<22%) of exposed theronts established infection under controlled conditions. This is discussed in relation to the probability of host parasite contact and susceptibility. There was no evidence of density-dependent or intra-specific competition in trophont establishment, a strong linear relationship being found between the levels of exposure and infection. Infection intensity was assessed in relation to host survival, indicating a 90% probability of host death following levels of >200 trophonts per gram of host. A close temporal association between host death and trophont exit was found, possibly as a result of epidermal disruption leading to dysfunction of osmoregulatory and respiratory systems.     

Cutaneous antibodies from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), immune to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) may induce apoptosis of Ich theronts

This study explored the existence of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich) theronts and determined the effect of cutaneous antibodies in skin culture fluid from fish immune to Ich on theront apoptosis. Apoptosis was detected in theronts and was clearly distinguished by fluorescent microscopy after staining with acridine orange and propidium iodide. The apoptotic theronts showed characteristic chromatin condensation and nuclear fragments containing chromatin pieces. The externalization of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane of apoptotic theronts was detected with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated annexin using flow cytometry. Theront apoptosis was induced using the skin culture fluid from fish immune to Ich, which contained cutaneous antibodies against Ich. The highest apoptosis appeared in theronts exposed to immune skin culture fluid at a 1:10 dilution, compared with those at 1:20 and 1:40 dilutions. A direct correlation was noted between the percentage of apoptotic theronts and exposure duration to immune skin culture fluid. The study indicated that antibody reaction with theronts (immobilization) played an important role in theront apoptosis, but it could not be excluded that other components released from the excised skin had effects on theronts.     

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: axenic isolation and short-term maintenance in selected monophasic media

Abstract. All stages in the life cycle of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were successfully isolated axenically, without loss of viability, by use of 1% penicillin:streptomycin solution (100IUcm⁻³:100μg cm⁻³). Survival and development of each stage was investigated in selected monophasic media at 20°C. Parasite survival was extended over that observed in water controls, suggesting that both parasitic and free-living stages are capable of some degree of nutrient uptake. The tomite survived within the cyst for a maximum of 22 days when incubated in EMEM without added serum (EMEM-S) and diluted 50:50 with distilled water. Viable theronts survived for up to 5 days within EMEM, 3 days longer than controls, and mature trophonts survived, with no further development, for up to 16 days within Glasgow modification of EMEM with added 10% serum. Successful encystment and excystment was dependent on water and occurred only in diluted media. Delayed encystment was achieved by incubation in concentrated media, the production of sterile, viable theronts being delayed for up to 96h within EMEM-S, 72h later than normally observed in the aquatic environment. The significance of the results are discussed with regard to the routine maintenance of the parasite and future prospects for in vitro culture.     

20种中草药杀灭离体小瓜虫的药效研究

选用20种不同中草药,研究其不同浓度的水提物对多子小瓜虫(Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)成虫、包囊和幼虫的离体杀灭实验效果。结果显示:0.1 g/L槟榔和乌梅对各个阶段的虫体均有杀灭效果,0.1 g/L大黄和黄芩1 h内对幼虫有杀灭效果,1.0 g/L浓度能杀灭成虫和包囊,表明槟榔、乌梅、大黄、黄芩的杀虫效果相对较好;贯众、乌药、枳壳等13种中药浓度达到10 g/L、50 g/L或100 g/L才具有一定杀虫作用,但效果不很显著;熟地黄、茯苓和黄芪即使浓度达到100 g/L时,也不能杀灭虫体。