调理剂在猪粪处理中的除臭及保氮作用

通过室内培养与室外堆肥试验，研究了添加调理剂对猪粪发酵过程中臭味及氮素损失的影响。结果表明，添加调理剂可以减少猪粪发酵中氨与硫化氢的挥发，减轻氮素损失与猪粪的恶臭。使用本研究中所采用的发酵剂与发酵工艺，75％含水量的猪粪经过15d的发酵，可达基本腐熟程度。     

生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程氮素转化的影响

为了研究添加生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化处理过程中氮素转化特征的影响,分析堆肥过程中氮素的转化及损失规律,用西红柿茎蔓、玉米秸秆和猪粪按一定比例混合后添加不同比例的生物质炭,进行了为期30 d的堆肥发酵试验。结果表明,添加生物质炭能够提高堆体温度,使堆体快速进入高温期,延长高温持续时间,可降低挥发性氨的累积释放量,减少堆肥过程中的氮素损失,从而提高堆肥产品全氮的含量,并可促进堆肥后期NH+4-N向NO-3-N转化,提高非酸水解态氮的含量。添加生物质炭有利于堆肥的腐熟,在堆肥第18 d添加较高比例的生物质炭的处理其NH+4-N/NO-3-N≤0.5,堆肥产品达到腐熟。综合保氮和腐熟效果,蔬菜废弃物在堆肥化过程中以添加10%的生物质炭为最佳。     

添加剂对猪粪秸秆堆肥的氮素损失控制效果

为减少堆肥过程中的氨气挥发和氮素损失,该文以新鲜猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行35 d的好氧堆肥试验,研究2种固氮添加剂(过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁)对猪粪秸秆堆肥过程中的氮素损失控制效果。结果表明:添加适量的固氮剂均可降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁处理相比较对照和磷酸+氢氧化镁处理,氮素固定率较高,固氮效果较好。与对照处理相比,该处理在整个堆肥过程中的累积氨气挥发量和总氮损失分别降低了41.78%和13.27%;在堆肥结束时,铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别提高了60.00%和24.66%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽率指数为97.22%~115.86%,表明所有处理在堆置35 d后均达到腐熟。X射线衍射分析证实了添加固定剂处理的堆肥产品中均有鸟粪石(Mg NH_4PO_4·6H_2O)的存在,说明通过添加过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁2种固定剂可以改变堆肥的理化性质,促进堆肥的降解和腐熟。     

麦秆和羊粪混合高温堆肥腐熟进程研究

试验研究了添加不同比例的麦秆对羊粪高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响。结果表明, 羊粪高温堆肥时添加麦秆可缩短进入高温发酵阶段的时间, 减少氮素损失, 加快C/N降低速率。在堆肥过程中, 高温发酵层从中间向上下扩散; 有机质的下降速度在堆肥初期与麦秆比例呈正比, 在堆肥后期呈反比。堆肥结束时, 各处理堆肥全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较堆肥初期提高2.29%~8.41%、12.51%~24.88%、1.77%~31.34%和5.03%~25.45%, 其中羊粪与秸秆6︰4处理的增幅均为最高; 速效氮含量较堆肥初期下降34.62%~14.10%, 其中6︰4处理降幅最小。在实际应用中, 羊粪与麦秆按体积比6︰4进行堆肥较为适宜, 腐熟速度最快, 若以种子发芽指数80%作为堆肥腐熟的评价指标, 则其腐熟速度比纯羊粪提高1倍, 28 d即可腐熟。     

不同化学添加剂对猪粪堆肥中氮素损失的控制

以氢氧化镁＋磷酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾＋氯化镁和磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁为固氮添加剂,以猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了不同化学添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中的保氮效果。结果表明,化学添加剂可以显著降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。氢氧化镁＋磷酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾＋氯化镁和磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁的氮素损失分别占初始氮的13.15%、11.50%、10.69%和7.59%,与对照相比,各添加剂处理的固氮率为58.27%~75.90%。磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁处理的氮素损失最少,但堆肥过程中有机物降解受到明显的抑制作用。在堆肥结束时,各添加剂处理的有机物降解率仅为对照处理的58.48%~98.70%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽指数为69.87%~118.24%,表明所有处理在堆置39 d后均达到腐熟。根据模糊评价的结果,该试验中的磷酸二氢钾和氯化镁是堆肥过程中最佳的固氮材料。     

过磷酸钙用量对猪粪堆肥过程及磷形态变化的影响

【目的】过磷酸钙作为常用的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂,具有减少氮素损失率并提高氮、磷养分含量等优点,但其对磷的有效性和形态的影响有待深入探讨。通过试验研究不同过磷酸钙添加量对猪粪锯末好氧堆肥过程的影响及堆肥中不同形态磷含量和形态之间的相互转化规律,以期为畜禽粪便堆肥中磷素的转化及合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】将猪粪和锯末以质量比（鲜重）4:1的比例混合,然后按照猪粪和锯末干物质量的5%、10%、15%添加过磷酸钙,以不添加过磷酸钙作为对照（CK）,进行42 d好氧堆肥,监测堆肥温度、含水率、pH、全氮、有机碳、全磷、有效磷、有机磷等指标。【结果】与CK相比,添加适量过磷酸钙可以显著提高堆肥的温度,增加高温持续期2~10 d;提高堆肥物料的持水能力,加快有机碳降解。添加5%~15%的过磷酸钙可以显著降低堆肥初始pH值0.33~0.68个单位,有效抑制堆肥过程中铵态氮的挥发损失,CK、5%、10%和15%的处理在堆肥结束时的氮素损失率分别为29.4%、26.6%、18.5%和8.0%,全氮和全磷含量分别较堆肥初增加17.3~34.2%和37.0%~123.1%。CK有效磷含量随堆肥时间不断上升,第42 d较堆肥初增加73.0%,而添加过磷酸钙5%、10%和15%的处理有效磷含量显著降低,分别较堆肥初减少了4.0%、23.2%和41.8%。随着堆肥的进行,各处理中有效磷占全磷的比例均不断下降,表明堆肥过程降低了磷的有效性。堆肥前期以有机磷的矿化为主,后期以有机磷的合成为主,第42 d有机磷占全磷的比例CK最高（22.1%）,添加5%、10%和15%过磷酸钙的处理分别为15.4%、11.0%和8.7%。【结论】猪粪堆肥中添加过磷酸钙,可以有效减少氮素损失,加快有机物料降解,以10%的添加量效果最佳;堆肥过程降低了磷的有效性,随着过磷酸钙用量的增加有效磷的比例不断下降;腐熟后堆肥中的磷以无机态为主,有机磷占全磷的比例随着过磷酸钙用量的增加而递减。     

木本泥炭添加比例对猪粪堆肥腐熟度和污染及温室气体排放的影响

针对当前猪粪好氧堆肥过程中存在的腐熟度低、氮素损失严重、污染气体排放量大等问题,该研究以木本泥炭作为添加剂与猪粪进行联合堆肥,研究了不同木本泥炭添加量(添加比例依次为占物料湿基质量的5%、10%、15%和20%的4个处理)对猪粪好氧堆肥产品腐熟度和堆肥过程中CH4、NH3和H2S等污染气体排放变化的影响。结果表明:在猪粪堆肥中添加木本泥炭作为调理材料,堆体可成功启动升温,在第2~4天堆体可进入高温期,并持续7 d以上,达到无害化卫生标准;经28 d好氧堆肥以后,堆肥产品p H值为8.0左右,电导率值为1.47~1.82 m S/cm,发芽指数均大于80%,达到腐熟标准;木本泥炭添加量增加至15%以上时,有机质分解程度高,物料干质量降解率达22%左右,28 d堆体含水率下降35%左右,CH4、NH3和H2S排放量分别减少82.12%~89.48%、53.47%~63.31%、50.98%~62.76%,总温室气体排放当量减少70.34%~83.26%,堆体总氮损失减少率达44%~63%,保氮效果显著。因此,建议木本泥炭用作猪粪堆肥添加剂的最优添加量为15%~20%(以物料总湿重计)。     

添加苹果渣对猪粪好氧堆肥理化性状的影响

用猪粪等原料作堆肥底物,并分别添加质量分数为0%、5%、10%、20%的苹果渣以及1%的柠檬酸作添加剂,记作CK、AP1、AP2、AP3、N。采用自行设计的强制通风静态垛堆肥反应器,进行为期30 d的好氧混合堆肥。根据苹果渣与猪粪混合堆肥过程中各养分变化来研究苹果渣对堆肥效果的影响及其保氮效果,为猪粪有机肥的规模化生产提供理论支持,实现农业资源的可持续化。结果表明:各试验堆肥均达到无害化和腐熟化的要求;各处理全P和全K含量总体呈上升趋势,但添加20%的果渣处理不利于P含量的积累;苹果渣中的果酸可以降低堆肥的pH值,从而减少NH_4~+-N向氨气的转化,降低氮素损耗起到保氮效果;添加10%的苹果渣处理的全氮含量最高,保氮效果最好,添加5%的苹果渣处理对NH_4~+-N的积累最好;苹果渣作为猪粪好氧堆肥调理剂可以提高堆肥效果,实现农业资源的可持续化。     

低蛋白饲喂技术对猪粪好氧堆肥腐熟度的影响

  【目的】  猪粪由于产生量大、碳氮比低、水分含量高等导致储存处理难度较大,好氧堆肥处理猪粪因原料所提供微生物活动环境较差,导致堆肥效率低下。低蛋白饲喂技术在不影响猪生长发育的同时降低了饲料中的氮投入,可以显著改变猪粪的养分组成。本研究通过多种有机肥腐熟指标判定,分析低蛋白含量日粮饲喂的猪粪通过不同堆肥方式是否可快速有效地达到腐熟,并符合安全施用标准。  【方法】  动物试验选取初始体重为60 kg的去势公猪72头,分高、低蛋白饲喂两个处理,每个处理6次重复,每个重复6头猪。试验饲料均适应喂养7天后,开始收集粪便,收粪期为60天。堆肥试验共设4个处理,分别是高蛋白饲喂静态堆肥 (MH)、低蛋白饲喂静态堆肥 (ML)、高蛋白饲喂好氧堆肥 (CH)、低蛋白饲喂好氧堆肥 (CL),堆肥周期为14天。监测了堆肥过程中堆体温度和碳、氮含量等指标,并测定堆肥处理的小白菜种子发芽指数 (GI)。  【结果】  以堆肥过程中高温持续时间、堆肥NH₄+-N含量、T值 (堆肥结束C/N与堆肥初始C/N的比值) 和GI (小白菜种子发芽指数) 4项为腐熟判断指标,在14天堆肥周期内,高蛋白饲喂产生的猪粪在静态堆肥情况下 (MH),高温持续时间为0天,NH₄+-N含量为0.43 g/kg、T值为0.91、GI指数为0,未能达到腐熟标准;高蛋白饲喂产生的猪粪堆肥在好氧堆肥条件下 (CH),高温持续时间为5天,NH₄+-N含量为0.33 g/kg、T值为0.70、GI指数为0.31,T值和GI值均未能达到腐熟标准;低蛋白饲喂产生的猪粪,在静态堆肥中 (ML) 高温持续时间为0 天,NH₄+-N含量为0.54 g/kg、T值为0.81、GI指数为0.25,均未能达到腐熟标准;而在好氧堆肥 (CL) 中,高温持续时间为6天,NH₄+-N含量0.14 g/kg、T值为0.57、GI指数为0.96,均达到腐熟标准。  【结论】  高蛋白饲养产生的猪粪在静态和好样发酵条件下堆放14天,都不能完全腐熟。低蛋白饲喂产生的猪粪在静态堆放条件下,堆肥14天也不能达到腐熟标准。而低蛋白饲养产生的猪粪在好样条件下,可以在堆放14天时达到腐熟,因为低蛋白饲喂技术使猪粪碳氮比提高了约15%,高温发酵时长延长了40%,极大提高了猪粪短时间内的腐熟程度。因此,在循环农业中,通过上游低蛋白饲喂技术可促进下游猪粪的快速处理和循环利用。     

一种生物矿质复合材料对猪粪堆肥品质的影响

QE制剂是一种含有微生物和矿物质的新型复合材料。为研究该材料对畜禽粪便高温堆肥进程及品质的影响,设置无添加剂(CK)、添加常规微生物菌剂(BJ)、添加QE制剂(QE)共3组处理,并以猪粪为原料,立式密闭发酵塔(容量50t)为反应装置,进行了为期7d的堆肥实验。结果表明:QE组堆温于第3天达到最大值72.7℃,比CK、BJ组分别提前2d、5d,且55℃以上持续天数为4d,高于其它两组处理。QE制剂可以有效提高堆肥的养分含量,堆肥7d后总氮、总磷、总钾含量分别达到2.62%、3.04%、2.29%,比BJ组高16.25%、2.36%、4.09%,比CK组高29.00%、14.72%、16.84%。同时,添加QE制剂的堆肥品质符合国家《有机肥料》(NY525-2012)标准,且优于其它两组处理。此外,QE、BJ组堆肥7d的种子发芽率指数分别为93.33%、90.00%,堆体已完全腐熟,而CK组为31.67%,未腐熟。研究表明,QE制剂在畜禽粪便高温堆肥过程中具有促进升温、加强保温、减少氮素损失、提高养分含量、改善堆肥品质的作用。     

磷在富营养化湖泊沉积物-水界面的循环

沉积物中部分固定的磷可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中;再生的磷可能释放到上覆水体中,或在沉积物中作为一种自生相而再沉淀,或被沉积物的其它组分所吸附。本文描述了磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移过程,并对影响磷循环的因子及其磷自沉积物释放的机制作一简要概述。     

湖泊沉积物中磷释放的研究进展

沉积物是湖泊营养物质的重要蓄积库,也是湖泊内源性P的主要来源。沉积物中部分固定的P可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中,然后通过扩散作用或表层沉积物的再悬浮作用而释放到上覆水体中。本文就目前对沉积物P释放的影响因素及释放机制的研究进展作一简要概述。     

Phosphorus Retention and Release Characteristics of Sewage-Impacted Wetland Sediments

Sediment deposited in traps positioned along a sewage-impacted wetland receiving phosphorus (P)-retaining reactants from natural wetland water was fractionated into different particle sizes, and the amount of P retained in these particle sizes was investigated. Subsamples of the sediments collected from different sites along the wetland system were also equilibrated with water at different water:sediment ratios and equilibration periods to investigate the extent of P released from these sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Results obtained showed that most of P deposited in sediments is in fine fractions (<16 µm), particularly in sediments collected from confluence sites where water inflow from the natural wetland provides P-retaining reactants and from sites immediately below these confluence sites (postconfluence sites). The extent of P release from sediments depended on the aerobic-anaerobic conditions of the sediments, equilibration period, water:sediment ratio and the position of sites within the wetland. The rate of P released from sediments associated with an increase in equilibration period tended to be higher under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. Water:sediment ratio was found to be a more important factor in controlling the release of P from sediments under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. The amount of P released from the confluence and postconfluence sites was higher than that from other sites over a range of equilibration periods and water:sediment ratios under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.     

多源沉积物对地表水中磷铜锌浓度的影响

受多来源沉积物污染影响的水体中可溶性P,Cu,Zn实际浓度常明显低于按各自沉积物的比例与释放量计算的理论值。沉积物之间的性质差异越大,实际测定值与计算值之间的差异也越大。多来源沉积物水体中可溶性P,Cu,Zn的浓度主要受P,Cu,Zn释放能力最强或对P,Cu,Zn吸持能力最强的沉积物比例控制。     

环境条件变化对瓦埠湖沉积物磷释放的影响

拟议中的“引江济淮”调水工程涉及到长江、淮河两大河流，瓦埠湖为其中的一个重要湖泊，其水质是否受到调水的影响为该工翟关注的环境问题之一。分析了外界环境因子变化对瓦埠湖底泥在不同环境条件下以及干、湿沉积物样品磷释放的差异，环境因子分别选取了不同磷浓度的上覆水、光照、pH、温度、DO、微生物、水体扰动等。结果表明：湿样释磷能力明显高于风干样品；上覆水体磷的浓度对底泥释磷能力有较强的调节作用；光照对底泥释磷影响不明显，但温度对底泥的释磷有较明显的影响，磷的最大释放量与之呈正相关；水动力条件的改变可在短期内使底泥达到最高的释放量．而DO、pH的改变也可不同程度地增加底泥的释磷能力。综合瓦埠湖底泥的释磷特征与湖泊水文状况，认为调水工程使得底泥释磷的地球化学行为较易实现。     

The Impact of Biochar Addition on Nutrient Leaching and Soil Properties from Tillage Soil Amended with Pig Manure

Poses dam in the Seine River estuary acts as receptacle of water drain-offs from highly urbanized and industrialized catchment area; therefore, this water is highly contaminated by trace metals. Most trace elements are mainly bound to particulate matter and are incorporated rapidly into the sediments. Scavenging of these metals in the sediments can be reversible due to several perturbations so as sediments also act as a source of pollutants for the overlying water. For instance, natural events (tide, flood, storm) and anthropogenic processes (water management actions) can cause disturbance of sediments and subsequent remobilization of pollutants to the water column, thereby posing a potential threat for aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mobility of trace metals by different methods in the Seine estuary sediments. The surface sediment sampled at Poses dam was characterized by high pollution level of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The estimation of metal bioavailability through ratio ΣSEM/AVS (simultaneously extracted metals/acid volatile sulfides) indicates a potential bioavailability of trace metals. The chemical partitioning using the European Community of Bureau of Reference sequential extraction method revealed that over 85, 82, and 80 % of the total Cd, Zn, and Pb, respectively, were found to be associated with the exchangeable and reducible fractions of the sediment. Another approach used consists in the quantification of dissolved metals released by sediment resuspension experiments in laboratory under controlled conditions. The results indicated that metals are released rapidly from sediment with a sharp peak at the beginning of the experiment, followed by a fast coprecipitation and/or adsorption processes on the suspended particles. Also, the Cd, Pb, and Ni mobility is higher compared to that of the other metals.     

Release of atrazine ((14)C) from two undisturbed submerged sediments over a two-year period.

Through water erosion and runoff, sediment-adsorbed atrazine can undergo sedimentation and accumulation at the bottom of water bodies and become potential sources of atrazine to the water column. The purpose of this study is to determine the fate and release of atrazine ((14)C) to the water column from two simulated undisturbed submerged sediments at two temperature treatments (5 and 24 degrees C) over a 2-year period. Atrazine residue ((14)C) was released from the two sediments and was, primarily, diffusing from the sediment pore water to the water columns. The amount released was affected by sediment type and is related to the sediment's adsorption/desorption capacity. Larger amounts of residue ((14)C) were released to the water columns at 5 degrees C than at 24 degrees C. Atrazine degraded in the shallow submerged anaerobic sediment's water columns over the 2-year period. Less than 2% (percent of applied in atrazine equivalent) of extractable atrazine and metabolites remained in the sediment after 2 years. The amount of nonextractable atrazine residue ((1)(4)C) was significantly higher in sediments at 24 degrees C than at 5 degrees C. In conclusion, atrazine accumulating in shallow undisturbed submerged sediments from nonpoint sources would most likely degrade and/or become nonextractable over time and would have a low probability of becoming a significant source to the water body. The conditions where accumulation and future release of atrazine have a greater potential to occur are under very cold temperatures with low adsorption capacity sediments.     

巢湖沉积物磷的形态及其与间隙水磷的关系

采用磷形态的连续提取法,研究了巢湖沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及间隙水中总溶解性磷（DTP）、可溶性磷酸盐（DIP）、可溶性有机磷（DOP）含量的垂向分布特征。结果表明,西湖区的沉积物总磷含量明显高于东湖区。表层沉积物中活性磷含量占总磷的44％-81％,金属氧化物结合态磷（NaOH—P）作为活性磷的主要存在形式,在西湖区含量比例达到47％-60％,对磷释放起重要贡献;磷形态剖面表明,西湖区的金属氧化物结合态磷、可还原态磷（BD—P）含量高于东湖区。金属氧化物结合态磷、可还原态磷、钙结合态磷（HCl-P）受人类活动影响较大,有机磷（Org—P）受外源磷污染影响很小;BD—P、NaOH—P随深度增加而减小,说明巢湖近期磷负荷有增加的趋势;DTP、DIP、DOP在水-沉积物界面的浓度梯度反映它们有自间隙水向上覆水扩散的趋势;巢湖间隙水不同形态磷与BD—P、NaOH—P显著相关（α=0．01）。这项研究可为巢湖内源污染和富营养化的控制与治理提供理论参考。     

Phosphorus Fractionation and Short-term Mobility in the Surface Sediment of a Polymictic Shallow Lake Treated with a Low Dose of Alum (Courtille Lake,France)

Lake Courtille was a polymictic eutrophic lake prone to large pH variations and sediment resuspension. Short term P release (96 hr) under laboratory resuspension conditions for two sedimentsample types, surface sediments which represent sediment accumulated over several years and trap sediments which representcurrent year sediment, was studied. The experiments were carriedout in oxic conditions at different pH values. According to phosphorus fractionation, Fe-bound-P, Al-bound-P and Organic-bound-P comprised the largest phosphorus pool (80% of Total Phosphorus). Phosphorus release was from the Fe-P, Al-P and organic fractions. These represent 35% of the total phosphorus content at pH 10. At circumneutral pH, in oxic conditions, a lower quantity of P was released (roughly 4% of total P sediment content) than at pH 10. The organic matter mineralization occurring at the end of summer can also influenceP release as illustrated by the difference in total phosphoruscontent between sediment samples of 2000 and of the last five years. This type of P release was observed in Lake Courtille. High soluble reactive phosphorus content was measured in the water column at the end of summer. Aluminium treatment was thus not efficient in preventing P release. Moreover, a higher alum dose was needed to reduce P content in the water column in order to decrease primary productivity and subsequent organic matter sedimentation.     

Phosphorus Release and Equilibrium Dynamics of Canal Sediments within the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida

High phosphorus (P) in surface drainage water from agricultural and urban runoff is the main cause of eutrophication within aquatic systems in South Florida, including the Everglades. While primary sources of P in drainage canals in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) are from land use application of agricultural chemicals and oxidation of the organic soils, internal sources from canal sediments can also affect overall P status in the water column. In this paper, we evaluate P release and equilibrium dynamics from three conveyance canals within the EAA. Incubation and flux experiments were conducted on intact sediment cores collected from four locations within the Miami, West Palm Beach (WPB), and Ocean canal. After three continuous exchanges, Miami canal sediments reported the highest P release (66?±?37 mg m^?2) compared to WPB (13?±?10 mg m^?2) and Ocean (17?±?11 mg m^?2) canal over 84 days. Overall, the P flux from all three canal sediments was highest during the first exchange. Miami canal sediments showed the highest P flux (2.4?±?1.3 mg m^?2 day^?1) compared to WPB (0.83?±?0.39 mg m^?2?d^?1) and Ocean canal sediments (0.98?±?0.38 mg m^?2 day^?1). Low P release from WPB canal sediments despite having high TP content could be due to carbonate layers distributed throughout the sediment column inhibiting P release. Equilibrium P concentrations estimated from the sediment core experiment corresponded to 0.12?±?0.04 mg L^?1, 0.06?±?0.03 mg L^?1, and 0.08?±?0.03 mg L^?1 for Miami, WPB, and Ocean canal sediments, respectively, indicating Miami canal sediments behave as a source of P, while Ocean and WPB canal sediments are in equilibrium with the water column. Overall, the sediments showed a significant positive correlation between P release and total P (r?=?0.42), Fe_ox (r?=?0.65), and Al_ox (r?=?0.64) content of sediments. The contribution of P from the three main canals sediments within the EAA boundary corresponded to a very small portion of the total P load exiting the EAA. These estimates, however, only take into consideration diffusive fluxes from sediments and no other factors such as canal flow, bioturbation, resuspension, and anaerobic conditions.