过磷酸钙用量对猪粪堆肥过程及磷形态变化的影响

【目的】过磷酸钙作为常用的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂,具有减少氮素损失率并提高氮、磷养分含量等优点,但其对磷的有效性和形态的影响有待深入探讨。通过试验研究不同过磷酸钙添加量对猪粪锯末好氧堆肥过程的影响及堆肥中不同形态磷含量和形态之间的相互转化规律,以期为畜禽粪便堆肥中磷素的转化及合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】将猪粪和锯末以质量比（鲜重）4:1的比例混合,然后按照猪粪和锯末干物质量的5%、10%、15%添加过磷酸钙,以不添加过磷酸钙作为对照（CK）,进行42 d好氧堆肥,监测堆肥温度、含水率、pH、全氮、有机碳、全磷、有效磷、有机磷等指标。【结果】与CK相比,添加适量过磷酸钙可以显著提高堆肥的温度,增加高温持续期2~10 d;提高堆肥物料的持水能力,加快有机碳降解。添加5%~15%的过磷酸钙可以显著降低堆肥初始pH值0.33~0.68个单位,有效抑制堆肥过程中铵态氮的挥发损失,CK、5%、10%和15%的处理在堆肥结束时的氮素损失率分别为29.4%、26.6%、18.5%和8.0%,全氮和全磷含量分别较堆肥初增加17.3~34.2%和37.0%~123.1%。CK有效磷含量随堆肥时间不断上升,第42 d较堆肥初增加73.0%,而添加过磷酸钙5%、10%和15%的处理有效磷含量显著降低,分别较堆肥初减少了4.0%、23.2%和41.8%。随着堆肥的进行,各处理中有效磷占全磷的比例均不断下降,表明堆肥过程降低了磷的有效性。堆肥前期以有机磷的矿化为主,后期以有机磷的合成为主,第42 d有机磷占全磷的比例CK最高（22.1%）,添加5%、10%和15%过磷酸钙的处理分别为15.4%、11.0%和8.7%。【结论】猪粪堆肥中添加过磷酸钙,可以有效减少氮素损失,加快有机物料降解,以10%的添加量效果最佳;堆肥过程降低了磷的有效性,随着过磷酸钙用量的增加有效磷的比例不断下降;腐熟后堆肥中的磷以无机态为主,有机磷占全磷的比例随着过磷酸钙用量的增加而递减。     

调理剂在猪粪处理中的除臭及保氮作用

通过室内培养与室外堆肥试验，研究了添加调理剂对猪粪发酵过程中臭味及氮素损失的影响。结果表明，添加调理剂可以减少猪粪发酵中氨与硫化氢的挥发，减轻氮素损失与猪粪的恶臭。使用本研究中所采用的发酵剂与发酵工艺，75％含水量的猪粪经过15d的发酵，可达基本腐熟程度。     

添加剂对猪粪秸秆堆肥的氮素损失控制效果

为减少堆肥过程中的氨气挥发和氮素损失,该文以新鲜猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行35 d的好氧堆肥试验,研究2种固氮添加剂(过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁)对猪粪秸秆堆肥过程中的氮素损失控制效果。结果表明:添加适量的固氮剂均可降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁处理相比较对照和磷酸+氢氧化镁处理,氮素固定率较高,固氮效果较好。与对照处理相比,该处理在整个堆肥过程中的累积氨气挥发量和总氮损失分别降低了41.78%和13.27%;在堆肥结束时,铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别提高了60.00%和24.66%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽率指数为97.22%~115.86%,表明所有处理在堆置35 d后均达到腐熟。X射线衍射分析证实了添加固定剂处理的堆肥产品中均有鸟粪石(Mg NH_4PO_4·6H_2O)的存在,说明通过添加过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁2种固定剂可以改变堆肥的理化性质,促进堆肥的降解和腐熟。     

添加剂对好氧堆肥过程氮素固持和重金属钝化过程的影响

为提升堆肥品质及安全性,采用不同添加剂以促进氮素固持及重金属钝化效果.选择以鸡粪为主原料,采用发酵桶好氧堆肥的形式,探究4种添加剂[生物炭(BC)、聚天冬氨酸(PA)、土壤改良液(TG)、水果垃圾发酵液(FW)]对堆肥过程中氮素、重金属含量和形态变化的影响.结果表明,好氧堆肥方式不同程度促进了堆体氮素和Cu、Zn、Cr...     

黏土矿物和化学添加剂对牛粪堆肥过程氮素固持的影响

为对比分析在等质量添加下,不同化学和黏土矿物添加剂对氮素保存能力的差异,以鲜牛粪为主料,玉米秸秆为辅料,分别添加质量分数2.5%的化学物质（氧化钙、氧化镁、硫酸亚铁、明矾）或黏土矿物（蛭石、沸石、麦饭石、膨润土）作为添加剂进行为期35 d的堆肥试验,研究其对堆肥过程氮素损失和理化特性的影响。结果显示：各处理在50 ℃以上的高温期持续了10 d以上,达到粪便无害化标准（GB 7959-2012）。和对照相比,添加氧化钙和氧化镁未对氨挥发和总氮损失产生明显影响,添加硫酸亚铁和明矾分别降低氨挥发43.7%、30.0%和总氮损失33.8%、26.5%;添加蛭石、沸石、麦饭石和膨润土分别降低氨挥发24.4%、29.9%、7.1%和20.1%,降低总氮损失15.4%、22.9%、2.2%和13.4%。所有添加剂均未对堆肥过程EC值变化产生明显影响,添加氧化镁明显提高了堆体pH值,堆肥结束时pH值为9.36,使堆肥未达到基本腐熟水平（发芽率指数GI>50%）,其他处理对pH值影响较小,且可以达到基本腐熟。综上,硫酸亚铁和明矾对氮素保存的效果优于黏土矿物,但黏土矿物价格低廉,在实际应用中可根据需求选择添加剂类别。     

不同化学添加剂对猪粪堆肥中氮素损失的控制

以氢氧化镁＋磷酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾＋氯化镁和磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁为固氮添加剂,以猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了不同化学添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中的保氮效果。结果表明,化学添加剂可以显著降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。氢氧化镁＋磷酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾＋氯化镁和磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁的氮素损失分别占初始氮的13.15%、11.50%、10.69%和7.59%,与对照相比,各添加剂处理的固氮率为58.27%~75.90%。磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁处理的氮素损失最少,但堆肥过程中有机物降解受到明显的抑制作用。在堆肥结束时,各添加剂处理的有机物降解率仅为对照处理的58.48%~98.70%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽指数为69.87%~118.24%,表明所有处理在堆置39 d后均达到腐熟。根据模糊评价的结果,该试验中的磷酸二氢钾和氯化镁是堆肥过程中最佳的固氮材料。     

水葫芦高温堆肥过程中氮素损失及控制技术研究

为减少水葫芦高温堆肥过程中氮素损失,采用静态高温好氧堆肥的方法,分析了水葫芦堆肥过程中氮素转化规律,研究了添加化学保氮剂对减少堆肥中氮素损失的效果。结果表明,水葫芦堆肥过程中总氮及有机氮含量均呈上升趋势,铵态氮与硝态氮含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,总氮损失率为12.84%;水葫芦堆肥过程中氮素损失途径主要为以NH3、N2O等气态形式逸出,其中,堆肥前10d是NH3挥发的高峰期,堆制后第5~9d的N2O排放速率最大;添加化学保氮剂对水葫芦堆肥过程第4~10d的氨挥发具有显著的抑制作用,NH3挥发量可减少23.82%,另外,化学保氮剂处理降低了堆制后第0~5d的N2O排放速率,增加了第9d以后的N2O排放速率;使用化学保氮剂原位控制水葫芦堆肥过程的氮素损失具有较好的效果,与常规对照相比,化学保氮剂对水葫芦堆体的保氮效率为32.70%。     

添加不同粒径炭基辅料改善猪粪好氧堆肥质量的效果

为提高畜禽粪便堆肥质量和改善堆肥工艺,创制了一种炭基辅料,与猪粪、食用菌渣混合,进行了30 d的堆肥试验。设置了3个处理,即:猪粪与食用菌渣高温好氧堆肥(CK)、1~2 cm粒径炭基辅料替代CK处理中60%(体积比)的食用菌渣(B1)、6~7 cm粒径炭基辅料替代CK处理中60%的食用菌渣(B2)。监测了堆肥体的温度、氨挥发、氧化亚氮排放、pH值、EC值等参数变化情况,并以堆肥初次升温至55℃所需时间、氮素损失率、C/N比变化率、种子发芽指数、辅料回收率为指标,采用模糊评价法,分析了不同粒径炭基辅料在堆肥中的应用效果。结果表明,与CK相比,炭基辅料可以显著促进堆温快速上升、提高堆肥积温(P0.05),B1、B2处理的堆肥体初次升温至55℃所需时间分别较CK减少了4、11 d,堆肥积温显著大于CK,B2处理的促升温、增温效应优于B1处理;堆肥30 d后,CK、B1与B2处理的氨挥发累积量分别为605.41,374.94,303.68 mg/kg,氧化亚氮排放累积量分别为35.80,49.53,74.94 mg/kg,B1、B2处理的堆肥体氮素损失率为43.10%,39.67%,分别较CK降低了16.13%,22.81%,堆肥体氮素损失的降低主要是NH3挥发的有效控制;炭基辅料降低了堆肥体的EC值,显著提高了种子发芽指数(P0.05);根据模糊评价结果,B2处理的堆肥效果优于B1处理,炭基辅料应用于高温好氧堆肥工艺的适宜粒径为6~7 cm。     

露天鸡粪好氧堆肥氮素的径流及淋洗损失

在露天自然条件下对鸡粪进行好氧堆肥,系统研究了堆肥过程中氮素的径流和淋洗损失。结果表明,堆肥期间通过径流损失的氮素只占初始堆肥氮素的3‰~6‰,其中无机氮与有机氮约各占50%,径流中总氮浓度在不同时间和降雨量条件下差异较大,浓度平均在20 mg/L左右;氮素表现出很强的空间移动性,堆肥期间氮素至少能够迁移至150 cm土层,对当地地下水安全构成了严重威胁;堆肥过程中可能有35%~65%的氮素会通过氨挥发损失;用秸秆覆盖堆体能显著降低堆肥氮素的径流损失,而添加沸石减少堆肥氮素损失的效果不显著。     

过磷酸钙添加剂对猪粪堆肥温室气体和氨气减排的作用

为研究不同比例过磷酸钙添加剂对畜禽粪便高温堆肥氨挥发和温室气体减排的作用,该文以猪粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料,以市售过磷酸钙肥料作为添加剂,在发酵仓中(单仓体积1.2m3)进行56d的好氧堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中的温室气体和氨排放速率及堆体碳、氮损失率。结果表明:在初始物料中添加干质量3.3%～13.2%的过磷酸钙添加剂对减少堆体碳、氮损失,降低温室气体排放均有明显效果,但超过初始物料干质量的9.9%的过磷酸钙添加剂会对堆肥腐熟进程产生显著抑制作用;该试验中添加初始物料干质量3.3%～6.6%分别使堆肥56d的NH3、N2O和CH4排放量减少了24.1%～43.4%、22.2%～27.7%和22.4%～62.9%,总温室气体排放当量减少30%。猪粪和玉米秸秆堆肥中较适宜的过磷酸钙添加量是初始物料干质量的3.3%～6.6%。该文为过磷酸钙添加剂应用于实际堆肥工程提供理论依据。     

磷在富营养化湖泊沉积物-水界面的循环

沉积物中部分固定的磷可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中;再生的磷可能释放到上覆水体中,或在沉积物中作为一种自生相而再沉淀,或被沉积物的其它组分所吸附。本文描述了磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移过程,并对影响磷循环的因子及其磷自沉积物释放的机制作一简要概述。     

湖泊沉积物中磷释放的研究进展

沉积物是湖泊营养物质的重要蓄积库,也是湖泊内源性P的主要来源。沉积物中部分固定的P可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中,然后通过扩散作用或表层沉积物的再悬浮作用而释放到上覆水体中。本文就目前对沉积物P释放的影响因素及释放机制的研究进展作一简要概述。     

锌污染对猪粪堆腐过程中微生物群落的影响

利用Biolog微平板技术,对不同浓度重金属Zn影响下堆料微生物群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明,较低浓度Zn处理（Zn含量为400mg·kg^-1）的堆料升温快,高温持续时间长。微生物群落多样性指数和微生物群落主成分分析（PCA）指标均表明不同浓度重金属处理的堆料微生物群落有明显不同,Zn含量为400mg·kg^-1的堆料微生物活性高,有利于增加群落的丰富度和功能多样性,与Zn含量为1000mg·kg^-1的堆料、对照组堆料起分异作用的碳源主要为多聚物类和糖类。     

C and N Turnover and Lignocellulose Degradation During Composting of Miscanthus Straw And Liquid Pig Manure

To obtain a peat substitute for pot plants, Miscanthus straw and liquid pig manure were composted in two different systems (open box and closed reactor) and examined for changes in pH, water content and chemical composition (nitrogen, carbon, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). Temperature maxima of 65-70°C were achieved within a few days in both systems. Composting and sampling were continued for 190 days in the box system and 150 days in the reactor. Major loss of nitrogen was found in a period of eight days after temperature maximum followed by stabilization. Accumulation of nitrate was observed during final weeks of composting in both systems. A marked decrease in content of hemicellulose was seen just after temperature maximum followed by slow, constant decrease throughout remaining composting period. The same pattern was observed for degradation of cellulose, though degradation was initiated later in the experiment. Degradation of hemicellulose was nearly 100% in both systems, whereas the cellulose decrease was 64 and 70% in the box and reactor, respectively. Lignin was not degraded during the experiments. Though initial C/N ratio was different in the two systems (25 in box and 16 in reactor), final ratios were the same (C/N=13). In spite of the similarities, the more complicated closed system is preferred if removal of ammonia from exit gas is considered.     

Effect of Woody Peat as an Additive on Maturity and Gaseous Emissions During Pig Manure Composting

Woody peat was used as an additive to compost with pig manure in 1.2 m³ composting reactors under aerobic conditions for a 77?days period to estimate the effect on the compost maturity and gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O, and CH₄). Pig manure was also composted with cornstalks (the traditional method) as a control treatment. The results showed that both cornstalks and woody peat composts reached the required maturity standard. Composting with woody peat as a bulking agent was found to reduced NH₃ emissions by 36% than the cornstalks amended treatment. Although CH₄ emission increased by adding woody peat, N₂O emission was considerably reduced, resulting in a slight decrease in total greenhouse gas emissions. More importantly, woody peat could reduce the losses of total carbon and total nitrogen, improve the compost quality as fertilizer.     

Phosphorus Adsorption and Bioavailability in a Paddy Soil Amended with Pig Manure Compost and Decaying Rice Straw

Phosphorus (P) availability in soil is closely related not only to soil P content but also to soil physicochemical and biological properties, which are closely associated with P sorption and biochemical transformation. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of pig manure compost (PMC) or decaying rice straw (DRS) added to a paddy soil on soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), acid phosphatase, microbial biomass P, soil test P (Olsen P), and P uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘Liaoyan’). Phosphorus adsorption characterization affected by PMC‐ or DRS‐derived DOC was also studied. Compared with the control, both PMC and DRS treatments increased soil pH, SOM, DOC, microbial biomass P, and Olsen P, and the activity of acid phosphatase during the 110‐day incubation period. Phosphorus adsorption in soil decreased with DOC extracted from PMC and DRS and was well fit by the Langmuir equation. The Olsen P in the PMC‐ and DRS‐treated soil was correlated with both DOC content and acid phosphatase activity. Both PMC and DRS treatments significantly increased dry‐matter yield and P uptake in rice shoot. In conclusion, the increased P availability in the paddy soil was not only a result of direct P supplied following organic manure incorporation, but also an indirect result of reduction in P sorption on the solid phase of the paddy soil by DOCs which were derived from DRS or PMC.     

牛粪堆肥化中氮素形态与微生物生理群的动态变化和耦合关系

在强制通风静态垛装置中研究了牛粪堆肥化中氮素形态和微生物生理群的动态变化。在堆制的56d里,根据堆温变化分阶段采集堆肥样品,测定各种氮素组分的含量和氮素微生物生理群的数量。结果表明,堆肥过程中,总氮减少了21．6％;有机氮是堆肥中的主要氮素形态,其含量降低了19．1％;氨基酸态氮和氨态氮的含量分别降低了20．9％和86．4％,在有机氮和总氮中的比例分别降低了2．2％和5．2％;氨基糖态氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了147％和79％,在有机氮和总氮中的比例分别增加了2倍和1．3倍。氨气的挥发占总损失的63％,高温期的释放量占总挥发量的69％。堆肥中氨化细菌数量较高,在高温期大幅度增加,其数量变化与堆肥中氨气和氨态氮含量都呈极显著正相关关系。在堆肥过程中,硝化细菌数量总体较小,在降温期增加幅度较大;反硝化细菌数量逐渐增加,堆制结束时达到堆肥初期的2．45倍;固氮菌数量总体增加1．8倍,其中降温期数量较多。堆肥过程中存在的反硝化作用,是氮素损失的另一个重要原因。     

Phosphorus Composition and Phosphatase Activities in Soils Affected by Long-Term Application of Pig Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers

The long-term (25 years) effect of using chemical fertilizers and animal manure on soil phosphorus (P) composition and phosphatase activities was investigated in this study. Results showed that pig manure applications significantly increased soil total P, Olsen P, and phosphatase activities, whereas chemical fertilizers had no significant effects on soil chemical properties and phosphatase activities. Manure applications doubled or tripled the orthophosphate concentrations as compared to chemical fertilizers. Analysis of solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that P composition in sodium hydroxide (NaOH)–ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extracts was dominated by orthophosphate (59–84%), followed by phosphomonoesters (15–40%). More organic P (P_o), especially myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, was observed in soil treated with manure as compared with soil treated with chemical fertilizer.     

沸石和过磷酸钙对鸡粪条垛堆肥甲烷排放的影响及其机制

为研究沸石和过磷酸钙对畜禽粪便高温好氧堆肥过程中甲烷(CH_4)排放的影响,选用蛋鸡粪和米糠为试验材料,以沸石和过磷酸钙为堆肥添加剂,进行了46 d的好氧堆肥试验,监测了堆肥试验过程中CH_4排放通量的变化,并通过PCR-DGGE和荧光定量PCR方法对产甲烷菌群落结构和数量进行了分析。结果表明:CH_4的排放主要集中在堆肥中后期的腐熟阶段,添加沸石和过磷酸钙延后了CH_4排放的高峰期,并且削减了CH_4排放的峰值,对照处理在堆肥第31天达到排放峰值(CH_4,66.08 g/(m~2×d)),沸石处理和过磷酸钙处理的排放峰值分别在堆放第35天和39天,分别为CH_4 30.24 g/(m~2×d)和27.38 g/(m~2×d),添加沸石和过磷酸钙分别降低47.23%和56.20%的CH_4排放总量,减排效果显著。添加沸石和过磷酸钙均没有对产甲烷古菌的群落结构造成显著影响;但是添加沸石和过磷酸钙可以增大堆肥后期透气性,提高堆肥后期CO_2/CH_4比,降低产甲烷古菌的绝对数量。因此,沸石和过磷酸钙能够作为工厂化鸡粪条垛堆肥添加剂,有效削减CH_4排放,且过磷酸钙效果更佳。