Studies on Endophytic Actinomycetes ( I ) <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces </Emphasis>sp. Isolated from Rhododendron and Its Antifungal Activity

To survey endophytic actinomycetes as potential biocontrol agents against fungal diseases of rhododendron, young plants of rhododendron were surface-sterilized for use as an isolation source. Nine, six and two isolates, with distinguishing characteristics based on the macroscopic appearance of colonies, were obtained from roots, stems and leaves, respectively, suggesting that various species of actinomycetes grow in the respective organs of this plant as symbionts or parasites. On an agar medium, only isolate R-5 commonly formed a clear growth-inhibition zone against two major fungal pathogens of rhododendron, Phytophthora cinnamomi and Pestalotiopsis sydowiana, indicating that this isolate can produce antifungal material(s). Acetone extracts of a liquid culture of R-5 had a broad antimicrobial spectrum against Gram-positive bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. Isolate R-5 was identified as a Streptomyces sp. based on morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomical characteristics. The present results indicate that isolate R-5 is a suitable candidate for the biocontrol of diseases of rhododendron. Received 25 March 2000/ Accepted in revised form 18 May 2000     

链霉菌XG40的鉴定及其对琯溪蜜柚黑斑病的防效

为筛选出对琯溪蜜柚黑斑病菌有拮抗效果的生防菌株,本研究采用平板对峙法和牛津杯法分离筛选植物根际土壤放线菌,共分离纯化得到12株能够拮抗蜜柚黑斑病菌Phyllosticta citriasiana的放线菌菌株,其中菌株XG40对蜜柚黑斑病菌的拮抗能力最强,抑菌带宽度为16.3 mm。根据形态特征、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA、recA、rpoB、gyrB序列分析,将菌株XG40确定为小串链霉菌Streptomyces catenulae。抗菌谱试验结果表明,菌株XG40的发酵液对番茄叶霉病菌、蜜柚炭疽病菌、蜜柚黑点病菌等12种植物病原真菌和2种植物病原细菌也有较好的拮抗作用,抗菌性能广谱高效。菌株XG40对黑斑病菌的抑菌机制表现为受抑制菌丝发生畸变、粗细不均匀、大量断裂,其发酵液能使黑斑病菌孢子内含物消解并产生液泡。防效测定结果表明,菌株XG40发酵液对室内离体果实黑斑病的预防效果和治疗效果分别为83.52%和78.87%;对田间果实黑斑病的预防效果和治疗效果分别为78.91%和71.15%。因此,菌株XG40可作为防治蜜柚黑斑病的生防材料,具有良好的开发价值和应用前景。     

Disease Resistance of Tissue-cultured Seedlings of Rhododendron after Treatment with Streptomyces sp. R-5

An endophytic actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. R-5, which had been isolated from a field-grown rhododendron plant, was used to protect rhododendron seedlings in tissue culture from Pestalotia disease caused by Pestalotiopsis sydowiana. R-5 had intense antagonistic activity against P. sydowiana without adversely affecting the seedlings in glass flasks. A suspension of R-5 was spread on the surface of the multiplication medium in glass flasks in which seedlings were growing. Ten days later, the 4th upper leaf of seedlings was inoculated with P. sydowiana and incubated for 14 days. In controls untreated with R-5, substrate mycelia of P. sydowiana grew on all leaves and stems above and below the 4th leaf within 2–3 days of inoculation. Such growth resulted in the wilting death of 54% of seedlings by 14 days. In contrast, only the inoculated leaves turned brown in ca. 90% of seedlings growing on medium treated with R-5. None of these seedlings died. Thus, treatment of the medium surface with R-5 efficiently protects the seedlings from infection by P. sydowiana. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that substrate mycelia of R-5 grew on and beneath the cuticle of leaves of the treated seedlings. Fluorescent microscopy showed that R-5 was also inside the leaves. Received 8 June 2001/ Accepted in revised form 4 July 2001     

小麦根部内生细菌ZY-1对小麦白粉菌的抑菌活性及拮抗机理

从小麦根部分离到6株代谢表面活性剂的菌株,比较各菌株排油性和抑菌性,结合PCR方法优选出一株具广谱抗菌性且含有srfA、fenA、ituB和bacD等4个关键基因的细菌ZY-1。经BIOLOG生理生化试验测定和16S rDNA序列系统发育学分析,将其鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌。平板和盆栽试验结果显示,菌株ZY-1的发酵液对活体专性寄生菌小麦白粉菌的生防效果分别达到（97.94±1.25）%和（82.56±2.11）%,优于10 mg/L的三唑酮化学药剂（P<0.05）。组织学显微观察表明,菌株ZY-1发酵液对小麦白粉病菌的分生孢子萌发和吸器形成具有极显著的抑制作用。产脂肽细菌ZY-1是一株应用前景广阔的生防菌。     

枸骨内生真菌抗菌代谢产物的鉴定及活性研究

对一株枸骨内生真菌哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum抗菌活性成分的分离、鉴定及其抗菌生物活性进行了研究。该真菌发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取、正相硅胶和ODS-反相色谱分离纯化得到一单端孢霉烯化合物,经红外、质谱和核磁分析,鉴定为:4β-乙酰基-12,13-环氧-9-单端孢霉烯(trichodermin),这是首次从哈茨木霉菌代谢产物中分离出该化合物。Trichodermin对蕃茄早疫病和黄瓜立枯病病原菌的离体抑制活性EC50值分别为3.35和3.59 mg/L;活体测定结果表明,在 100 mg/L的剂量下对两种病的保护效果分别为97.8% 和98.1%,治疗效果为96.7%和97.3%。     

烟草拮抗链霉菌FT05W基因组测序与几丁质酶家族基因鉴定

链霉菌FT05W是一株对烟草黑胫病等土传真菌病害具有良好拮抗作用的生防放线菌。本研究利用Miseq PE300高通量测序平台对链霉菌FT05W基因组进行序列测定,共获得6914188个reads,通过SPAdes软件对序列进行拼接共得1836个contigs,其基因组全长为7699129 bp,GC比为71%,其中编码基因序列长度为6037181 bp,预测出7434个蛋白编码基因（GenBank登录号：NZ_QGMR00000000）,预测编码7323个蛋白。获得的基因注释信息为今后深入开展其在烟草上的生物防治机理研究奠定了重要的基础,有助于推动烟草生防链霉菌功能基因的挖掘与利用,为烟草生防链霉菌FT05W的进一步开发与应用提供理论依据。利用MEGA 6.06构建链霉菌FT05W的几丁质酶家族基因系统发育树,共鉴定出7个几丁质酶家族基因,其中6个为18家族几丁质酶基因,1个为19家族基因。     

链霉菌182-2抗真菌活性物质的分离及抑菌特性的初步研究

[目的]链霉菌182-2的发酵液对烟草赤星病有良好的抑制作用,本文拟对其发酵液中抗真菌活性组分进行初步分离,并进行抑菌特性研究.[方法]发酵液经预处理后,依次用活性炭脱色,大孔树脂吸附层析分离纯化,对纯化后活性物质(组分Ⅱ)的抑菌活性进行测定.[结果]分离纯化结果表明其活性物质中至少含有两种抗真菌活性组分.离体条件下当活性物质浓度为2 000μg/mL时,对烟草赤星病菌有很强的抑菌作用,抑菌圈直径达58.0mm.目测法测定抗生作用表明其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为80 μg/mL,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为160μg/mL.48 h时对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率最高,抑菌中浓度(EC50)分别为31.9 μg/mL和42.2μg/mL.活性组分处理还可导致病原菌菌丝和孢子萌发产生的芽管变形扭曲或产生大泡囊.[结论]纯化后的活性物质对烟草赤星病菌具有较强的抑制作用,有进一步研究利用的价值.     

除虫菊内生真菌Y2菌株的分离鉴定及其发酵产物抑菌活性初步研究

在对从除虫菊中分离到的内生真菌进行抑菌活性系统筛选的基础上,对其中活性较高的Y2菌株进行了初步的鉴定和活性物质的分离。经形态学初步鉴定该菌株为镰孢属真菌Fusarium sp.,其发酵液粗提物高抑菌活性馏分集中在丙酮、乙酸乙酯等中等极性馏分段。Y2菌株发酵液10倍稀释液对玉米大斑病菌Exserohilum turcicum等6种供试植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制率在80.41% ~93.26%之间,其5倍稀释液对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea和苹果炭疽病菌Glomerella cingulata孢子萌发的抑制率均大于80%。活体生测结果表明,该发酵液对番茄灰霉病和黄瓜霜霉病的保护效果大于50%,治疗效果不明显。     

链霉菌3-10发酵液及提取物的稳定性研究

为合理利用链霉菌3-10的代谢产物,本研究采用不同极性的有机溶剂提取链霉菌3-10发酵液中的抗真菌物质并得到发酵液的提取物.在此基础上测定了温度、紫外线辐射、酸碱度和贮存条件对3-10抗真菌物质稳定性的影响.结果表明,乙酸乙酯为最佳提取溶剂,链霉菌3-10发酵液的乙酸乙酯提取物对灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,提取后余...     

Physiological Races and Vegetative Compatibility Groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae Isolated from Crisphead Lettuce in Japan

One hundred and sixteen isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae obtained from 85 fields in three crisphead lettuce-producing areas in Nagano Prefecture, Japan were typed for races using differential cultivars Patriot, Banchu Red Fire and Costa Rica No. 4. They were also grouped into vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) using complementation tests with nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants. Two California strains reported as F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucum, a type culture of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, and 28 avirulent isolates of F. oxysporum obtained from crisphead lettuce were included for comparison. Among Nagano isolates, 66 isolates were identified as race 1, and 50 as race 2. Race 1 strains derived from Shiojiri and Komoro cities and race 2 from Kawakami village and Komoro city. All isolates of race 2 were biotin auxotrophs, and the race could be distinguished based on its requirement for biotin on minimal nitrate agar medium (MM). Pathogenic isolates were classified into two VCGs and three heterokaryon self-incompatible isolates. Strong correlations were found between race and VCG. All the race 1 strains were assigned to VCG 1 except self-incompatible isolates, and all the race 2 strains to VCG 2. The 28 avirulent isolates of F. oxysporum were incompatible with VCG 1 and VCG 2. California strains was vegetatively compatible with VCG 1, and they were assigned to race 1. Based on vegetative compatibility, these two races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae may be genetically distinct, and F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae race 1 is identical to F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucum. Received 7 May 2002/ Accepted in revised form 6 September 2002