益生菌在水产养殖病害防控中的应用

益生菌是经食物或水进入胃肠道的有益活菌，通过提高机体免疫力、改善生存环境、促进消化和维持体内微生物的平衡等来促进宿主健康。水产益生菌主要来源于水产动物的肠道、鳃、皮肤黏液、栖息地，种类主要包括放线菌、拟杆菌、厚壁菌、变形菌、酵母等。益生菌广泛应用于水产养殖中各种病害的防控，主要是通过增强机体免疫力、改善水质、拮抗病原微生物等来发挥病害防控的作用。论文就益生菌的概述、病害防控作用的机理、在水产病害防控中应用情况、存在的问题和发展趋势等方面进行了综述，旨在促进益生菌在水产病害防控上的应用。     

益生菌、益生元及合生素的作用机制和相互关系

1 益生菌 益生菌是利用动物体内正常的有益微生物,通过鉴定、筛选、培养及干燥等系列工艺制成的活菌制剂.益生菌的定义很多,其中较科学且应用最广的是Fuller.(1989)的定义,即益生菌是有利于宿主肠道微生物平衡的活菌食品或饲料添加剂.     

水产动物饲料中益生菌作用机制的研究进展

<正>益生菌是一种活性微生物,在水产动物饲料中被广泛应用。常见的水产动物饲料中益生菌主要包括芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母等。益生菌改善水产动物等宿主肠道内微生态平衡或调节宿主黏膜与免疫系统功能来提高宿主的免疫力,有利于宿主健康。     

益生菌微生态制剂及包埋技术研究进展

1益生菌概述 益生菌是指投入后通过改善宿主肠道菌群生态平衡而发挥有益作用,达到提高宿主(人和动物)健康水平的活菌制剂及其代谢产物,也是对动物施加有利影响活的微生物饲料添加剂.Fuller认为优质的饲用益生菌应具有4个条件:在工业生产条件下,菌种保持存活;能在长期储存和现场条件下保持稳定和活性;在动物肠道有存活能力(不一定繁殖);对宿主动物产生有利的影响(王敏,2011).     

家禽胚蛋注射技术的应用研究(综述)——益生菌和益生元篇

益生菌可以是一种活菌制剂,也可以是细菌的代谢产物,它可以通过改变或重建动物肠道微生物菌群的组成来提高宿主的健康水平。益生元是植物中不能被宿主(动物)体内的酶分解的非淀粉多糖,能通过选择性刺激动物肠道微生物菌群的生长与活性对宿主产生有益的影响,从而改善宿主的健康水平。益生菌和益生元已经在畜牧生产中得到广泛的应用,一般经口补给,而胚胎供应或将成为给家禽添加益生菌或益生元的新途径,扩展其在动物保健方面的新功能。     

益生素在水产养殖中的作用与应用

益生素首先被Lilley和Stilboll（1965）使用,定义为“由一种微生物分泌,刺激另一种微生物生长的物质”。Fuller（1989）定义为“通过促进肠道微生物平衡对宿主产生有益作用的活的微生物饲料添加剂”。Sogaard（1990）指出：益生素（probiotic）,又称益生菌,是指摄入动物体内参与微生物平衡的具有直接通过增强动物对肠内有害微生物群落的抑制作用,或通过增强非特异性免疫功能来预防疾病,而间接起到促进动物生长作用和提高动物饲料转化率的活性微生物。后来美国食品与药品管理局（FDA）把这类产品定义为“可以直接饲喂的微生物制剂品”,随着益生素研究的深入和应用范围的不断扩大,其涵义也不断的扩展。Gatesoupe（1999）将益生素的概念应用到水产养殖上,把益生素定义为能够进入肠道具有提高动物健康水平的一类活的微生物细胞。     

益生素在水产养殖中的应用研究进展

近年来 ,人们开始尝试在养殖水体中使用益生素来改善养殖生态环境 ,提高养殖动物的免疫力 ,抑制病原微生物 ,从而减少水产动物疾病的发生。在欧美、日本、印度尼西亚以及泰国等国家的水产养殖业中 ,益生素已得到广泛应用 ,并取得了巨大的经济效益 ,成为未来水产养殖动物病害防治的一个新方向。益生素又称益生菌、利生菌、活菌制剂或微生态制剂。目前已经发现了包括细菌、真菌、微藻等在内的多种益生菌 ,它们大都具有 3个基本特征 :体外试验中能拮抗病原菌 ,快速降解有机质 ;能在养殖动物肠道、养殖水体中存活 ;感染试验中能提高养殖动物对病…     

复合益生菌对断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻的影响

复合益生菌是由动物肠道分离出的具高粘附能力的乳酸菌组成,乳酸菌在调整肠道生态系统朝有利于宿主动物健康方向发展的同时又提高了动物的生产性能。益生菌被定义为活的微生物饲料添加剂,提高肠道微生态平衡或改善肠道固有菌群的性能。此外,益生菌可以提高消化道的健康水平,主要作用机理为刺激免疫系统、同有害菌竞争营养物质、同有害菌竞争肠壁的粘附位点、产生抑菌素等,     

益生菌在畜禽肠道健康中的作用研究进展

益生菌是一类活的微生物,适量服用益生菌对宿主健康有益。益生菌具有抗毒素、抗致病菌和缓解腹泻的作用,能够改善肠道菌群平衡,促进营养物质的消化吸收,提高宿主免疫力。在畜禽饲粮中添加益生菌可以补充肠道微生物种群,提高动物的生产性能,恢复宿主的免疫系统功能。文章综述了益生菌的筛选标准、作用机制及其在畜禽肠道健康方面的应用进展,探讨了益生菌对机体肠道结构、免疫功能和生产性能等的影响,为益生菌在畜禽生产中的应用提供参考。     

益生菌对家禽肠道微生态的调控及其应用

益生菌是一类对宿主健康有益的活性微生物,定植于动物肠道或生殖系统内,具有提高消化酶活性、维持肠道微生态平衡及调节宿主黏膜与免疫系统等功能。益生菌作为饲料添加剂在畜禽养殖中的应用是实施健康养殖的重要技术手段之一,在提高动物生产性能、增强畜禽抵抗力及抗生素替代方面都有良好的应用前景。研究对益生菌在家禽生产中对肠道微生态调节的调控机制及其对家禽生产性能、疾病防治及在饲料添加剂中的应用等方面进行综述,进一步了解益生菌的应用前景。     

单胃动物肠道菌群与宿主肠道免疫系统的互作关系及可能机制

单胃动物的肠道中存在着庞大而复杂的菌群,它们与宿主肠道免疫系统协同进化。肠道细菌及其代谢产物在维持肠道稳态方面发挥着重要的作用。正常的肠道菌群能促进免疫系统发育,参与维持宿主免疫功能,协同拮抗病原菌的增殖和入侵。反过来,宿主肠道免疫系统对肠道菌群又有制约和调控作用,如对正常共生菌表现为免疫耐受,对病原菌表现为免疫排斥。一旦这种动态平衡被破坏,就会导致疾病的发生。本文综述了单胃动物肠道菌群与宿主肠道免疫系统的相互关系,并基于现有的研究结果,对其可能的互作机制做了较为系统的总结。     

The impact of probiotics on gut health via alternation of immune status of monogastric animals

The intestinal immune system is affected by various factors during its development, such as maternal antibodies, host genes, intestinal microbial composition and activity, and various stresses (such as weaning stress). Intestinal microbes may have an important impact on the development of the host immune system. Appropriate interventions such as probiotics may have a positive effect on intestinal immunity by regulating the composition and activity of intestinal microbes. Moreover, probiotics participate in the regulation of host health in many ways; for instance, by improving digestion and the absorption of nutrients, immune response, increasing the content of intestinal-beneficial microorganisms, and inhibiting intestinal-pathogenic bacteria, and they participate in regulating intestinal diseases in various ways. Probiotics are widely used as additives in livestock and the poultry industry and bring health benefits to hosts by improving intestinal microbes and growth performance, which provides more choices for promoting strong and efficient productivity.     

短链脂肪酸介导的宿主肠道免疫调控机制

肠道是营养素、微生物群和宿主进行免疫反应的共享场所。肠道稳态失衡、免疫功能失调、环境因素等都可能引发疾病,肠道微生物群是控制机体健康肠道内环境平衡的一个重要因素。短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)主要由细菌发酵产生,是肠道微生物群及宿主肠上皮细胞(IECs)的重要能量来源,能够维持肠道酸碱平衡,抑制有害病原菌生长,调节宿主肠道免疫,降低炎症反应。SCFAs不仅在共生细菌聚居的肠道内起局部作用,而且还影响肠道免疫细胞,调节免疫反应。本文主要概述了SCFAs通过G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)激活途径、组蛋白脱乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制作用改变代谢状态,并将代谢途径与表观遗传修饰联系起来引起宿主免疫应答,降低肠道炎症反应并增强肠道屏障功能。     

Gut health:The results of microbial and mucosal immune interactions in pigs

There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract. These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity, which is of great importance to the health of the host. The host immune system can regulate the distribution and composition of intestinal microorganisms and regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora by secreting a variety of immune effector factors, such as mucin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), regenerating islet-derived III (RegIII)γ, and defensin. Conversely, intestinal microorganisms can also promote the differentiation of immune cells including regulatory T cells (T_reg) and Th17 cells through their specific components or metabolites. Studies have shown that imbalances in the intestinal flora can lead to bacterial translocation and compromised intestinal barrier function, affecting the health of the body. This review focuses on the composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity, discusses the interaction mechanism between the flora and intestinal mucosal immunity, as well as the regulation through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary nutritional composition, probiotics and prebiotics of pig intestinal microecology. Finally, this review provides insights into the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system.     

Application Advances of Metagenome Technology in Intestinal Microorganisms of Chicken

There are abundant microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of chicken, which play important roles in the metabolism and immunity of the host. The development of high-throughput sequencing technology for intestinal microbial research provides a new way of thinking. The article elaborates that metagenomics and effects of changes in intestinal microbial structure on the host and different feeding conditions, host physiological characteristics effect on intestinal microbial. This article focuses on the analysis of correlation between the intestinal microbial colony structure and characteristics of nutrient metabolism, immune function, and healthy growth of chicken on the level of metagenomics, and we hope to provide ideas for the study of intestinal microbial.     

宏基因组技术在鸡肠道微生物中应用的研究进展

鸡肠道中生存着丰富的微生物,这些微生物在宿主的营养代谢与免疫方面有重要作用。高通量测序技术的发展为肠道微生物的研究提供了新的思路,文章简要介绍了宏基因组学,阐述肠道微生物结构变化对宿主的影响及不同饲养条件、宿主生理特征改变对肠道微生的影响,并重点从宏基因组的层面透析鸡肠道微生物菌落结构、营养代谢特征、免疫功能与鸡的健康生长之间的关联性,以期为鸡肠道微生物的研究提供思路。     

丁酸介导下肠道菌群与宿主免疫互作机制的研究进展

肠道菌群或其代谢产物在动物机体生长发育与功能完善方面起重要作用,当宿主与肠道菌群间的动态平衡被打破,可诱发局部或全身性炎症反应。丁酸不仅作为能源物质为机体提供能量,还能调控宿主先天性免疫和适应性免疫状态,促进机体免疫应答;并影响宿主分泌抗菌肽（AMPs）等预防肠道病原菌易位,维持肠道菌群的稳态。本文将系统介绍丁酸介导下肠道菌群与宿主免疫系统间互作机制的研究进展,并阐明其在肠道健康稳态中的重要作用。     

Intestinal microbiota and its interaction to intestinal health in nursery pigs

The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation,immune system modulation,and consequently the enhancement of the health and growth performance of the host.This review aimed to provide updated scientific information on the interaction among intestinal microbiota,dietary components,and intestinal health of pigs.The small intestine is a key site to evaluate the interaction of the microbiota,diet,and host because it is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays an important role within the immune system.The diet and its associated components such as feed additives are the main factors affecting the microbial composition and is central in stimulating a beneficial population of microbiota.The microbiotaehost interaction modulates the immune system,and,concurrently,the immune system helps to modulate the microbiota composition.The direct interaction between the microbiota and the host is an indication that the mucosa-associated microbiota can be more effective in evaluating its effect on health parameters.It was demonstrated that the mucosa-associated microbiota should be evaluated when analyzing the interaction among diets,microbiota,and health.In addition,supplementation of feed additives aimed to promote the intestinal health of pigs should consider their roles in the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota as biomarkers to predict the response of growth performance to dietary interventions.     

肠道微生物及代谢产物对动物肠道免疫的研究进展

动物肠道内栖息着大量微生物,肠道微生物及其代谢产物积极参与肠道免疫稳态的建立,对防控肠道疾病具有积极影响,在动物健康中发挥不可或缺的调节作用.本文对肠道微生物及其代谢产物对宿主肠道免疫的影响进行综述,旨在为调控肠道免疫、治疗动物疾病及保障机体健康提供思路和参考.     

Interactions between commensal bacteria and the gut-associated immune system of the chicken

The chicken gut-associated lymphoid tissue is made up of a number of tissues and cells that are responsible for generating mucosal immune responses and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. The normal chicken microbiota also contributes to this via the ability to activate both innate defense mechanisms and adaptive immune responses. If left uncontrolled, immune activation in response to the normal microbiota would pose a risk of excessive inflammation and intestinal damage. Therefore, it is important that immune responses to the normal microbiota be under strict regulatory control. Through studies of mammals, it has been established that the mucosal immune system has specialized regulatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms for eliminating or tolerating the normal microbiota. The mechanisms that exist in the chicken to control host responses to the normal microbiota, although assumed to be similar to that of mammals, have not yet been fully described. This review summarizes what is currently known about the host response to the intestinal microbiota, particularly in the chicken.