蜂胶清除自由基能力与总黄酮含量和醇溶物含量的相关性

【目的】探讨蜂胶清除自由基的能力与总黄酮和醇溶物含量的相关性。【方法】选取16个不同地区的蜂胶,用超声波辅助乙醇浸提法提取,Fenton反应和邻苯三酚自氧化反应测定醇提液对羟自由基(·OH-)和超氧阴离子自由基·(O2-)的清除率,分光光度法和重量法测定总黄酮和醇溶物的含量。【结果】蜂胶醇提液清除·OH-的能力与其总黄酮含量、醇溶物含量均存在极显著的正相关(r=0.751,P=0.0010.01)、(r=0.650,P=0.0060.01);清除·O2-的能力与其总黄酮含量、醇溶物含量均不存在明显的相关性(r=0.119,P=0.660.05)、(r=0.414,P=0.110.05)。【提示】蜂胶作为天然的自由基清除剂,其清除自由基的功效成分复杂,总黄酮和醇溶物含量的高低并不能完全代表蜂胶清除自由基能力的强弱。     

广东桑枝条黄酮含量测定及抗氧化活性研究

通过正交试验对桑枝总黄酮的提取工艺进行了优化,获得了最佳工艺参数。从国家桑树资源圃华南分圃中选择28个代表性品种,分别测定各品种的总黄酮含量、总抗氧化能力、清除自由基能力及清除超氧阴离子能力。结果表明,不同桑枝品种总黄酮含量极差较大,范围从2．472mg／g～11．456mg／g;品种间总抗氧化能力、清除自由基能力及清除超氧阴离子能力也各有差异,其中总黄酮含量高的品种,其总抗氧化能力也较强,两者表现出一定的正相关关系．     

不同生长时期小花棘豆总黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性研究

研究不同生长时期小花棘豆总黄酮含量的变化及其与清除自由基能力的关系。试验选用6个生长时期的小花棘豆作为检测样本,利用甲醇超声波提取总黄酮,并采用硝酸铝显色法测定小花棘豆总黄酮含量,然后通过分析黄酮对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的清除作用,评价其抗氧化能力。结果表明,不同生长时期小花棘豆黄酮含量及自由基清除能力存在着显著差异(P0.05),结荚期小花棘豆总黄酮含量和自由基清除能力均高于其它生长期(P0.05),小花棘豆黄酮含量与DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力均存在极显著的正相关,其相关系数分别为0.950、0.933和0.972。     

分光光度法与RP-HPLC法测定蜂胶及其制品中总黄酮含量的分析与比较

利用分光光度法测定蜂胶及其制品中的黄酮含量，检测波长λ=415nm，结果黄酮含量在0．4000-24．000μg范围内，与其吸光度有良好的线性关系，回归方程为y=0．1202x＋0．056，r=0．9998（n=6）。此法简便可行，准确可靠，与RP—HPLC法测定结果比较，RSD≤3．0％，两者测定结果相近。但该法使用标准品少．检测仪器较为便宜，检测成本低，便于在生产中推广。     

樗白皮提取物对溃疡性小鼠脾脏与血清中腺苷脱氨酶的影响

为了探讨樗白皮不同活性成分对溃疡性结肠炎防治作用,以小白鼠为实验动物,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、水提取物组、水提醇沉提取物组、95％乙醇提取物组、65％乙醇提取物组、45％乙醇提取物组、25％乙醇提取物组。以2,4-二硝基氯苯制备小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,以各种提取物灌胃模型小鼠。7d后,测定血清及脾脏组织中腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）活性。结果,与模型组相比。水提醇沉物能显著地降低血清和脾脏（P〈0．01）中ADA的含量,45％醇提物能降低血清与脾脏匀浆（P〈0．01）ADA的含量,25％醇提物也能降低血清和脾匀浆（P〈0．05）中ADA的舍量,65％醇提物组仅对脾脏匀浆中ADA含量降低有作用（P〈0．05）,而对血清中ADA含量的降低无差异显著性。95％醇提物和水提物对血清与脾匀浆ADA含量无显著性影响。表明樗白皮中含有降低溃疡性结肠炎时腺苷脱氨酶的活性成分,能影响组织细胞核酸代谢,对溃疡性结肠炎具有一定的防治作用。     

南五味子粗多糖清除自由基活性研究

目的：研究南五味子粗多糖清除自由基能力。方法：采用热水浸提法从南五味子中提取粗多糖。用Vc作对比,采用化学比色法测定南五味子粗多糖在体外抑制DPPH自由基的能力;清除羟自由基（·OH）的能力;清除超氧自由基的能力（O2-·）。结果：在这三种自由基体系中,南五味子粗多糖均有清除能力,但结果因自由基体系的不同而能力不同,其IC50值分别为0．43mg／mL（DPPH·）、3．28mg／mL（·OH）以及14．81mg／m（O2-·）。结论：南五味子粗多糖具有较好的清除自由基性能。     

不同钼水平对山羊红细胞膜自由基代谢及其酶活性的影响

本研究旨在观察不同钼水平对山羊红细胞膜自由基代谢及其酶活性的影响。选用27头健康山羊随机分成3组，选用七钼酸铵（[（NH4）6Mo7O24·4H2O]）作为本试验口服钼源，采用（NH4）6Mo7O24·4H2O水溶液对实验山羊每d1次的方式进行灌服。对照组灌服相应剂量蒸馏水，高钼组山羊按每公斤体质量15mg和45mg（以钼计）灌服（NH4）6Mo7O24·4H2O水溶液（15mg Mo·kg^-1·BW组（Ⅱ组）和45mgMo·kg^-1·BW组（Ⅲ组））。试验为期50d，并于第0、10、20、30、40、50天采血，测定红细胞膜中自由基含量和酶活性变化。结果显示，组内比较，Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组GSH—Px、T—AOC、CAT、GST、T—AOC、ATPase和AKP活性在试验前期（0～30d）差异不显著（P〉0．05），试验后期（40～50d）与前期比较下降，差异显著（P〈0．05）；MDA含量、XOD和LDH活性在实验前期（0～30d）差异不显著（P〉0．05），后期（40～50d）与前期（0～30d）比较升高，差异显著（P〈0．05）；组间比较，Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组GSH—Px、T—AOC、CAT、GST、T—AOC、ATPase和AKP活性在实验前期（0～30d）与对照组比较差异不显著（P〉0．05），后期（40～50d）与对照组比较降低，差异显著（P〈0．05）；MDA含量、XOD和LDH活性前期（0-30d）与对照组比较差异不显著（P〉0．05），后期（40～50d）升高，差异显著（P〈0．05）。由此可见，摄入过量的钼会导致山羊红细胞膜抗氧化功能降低、自由基含量升高和能量代谢障碍。     

不同溶剂提取蜂胶的得率及其提取物的抗氧化性

蜂胶富含黄酮类化合物,具有较高的抗氧化活性.为综合评价不同溶剂对蜂胶的提取效果,采用8种不同提取溶剂、不同浓度梯度提取蜂胶,测定其得率和总黄酮含量,并对提取物进行高锰酸钾褪色时间和氧自由基清除率的测定与比较.结果表明:强碱性溶剂提取蜂胶的得率最高;乙醇和氨水提取物的总黄酮含量高,高锰酸钾褪色时间短,且清除自由基能力强.综合各方面因素,蜂胶提取以高浓度的乙醇溶液为最佳.     

高效液相色谱法测定山莓叶中齐墩果酸含量

【目的】建立测定山莓叶中齐墩果酸含量的HPLC方法。【方法】采用C18柱（250×4.6mm）,流动相为乙腈-水（95-5）,检测波长为210nm,灵敏度为1.000AUFS,柱温为35℃,流速为0.5mL/min,进样量10μL。【结果】齐墩果酸对照品进样量在0～2μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9996,平均回收率为99.52%,RSD=2.64%（n=6）。【结论】HPLC法可用于山莓叶中齐墩果酸含量的测定,方法准确、灵敏、可靠。     

葎草醇提物对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

通过在基础日粮中添加不同含量的野生葎草醇提物研究其对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能的影响。试验选用240只56日龄的海兰褐蛋鸡．随机分成对照I组（基础日粮组）和试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组共4个处理，野生蓰草醇提物添加量分别为0、4、8和12mL／kg。每个处理6个重复，每个重复10只鸡，试验期45d。结果表明，与对照组相比，试验组Ⅲ、Ⅳ可以显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率（P〈O．05）；试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组明显提高产蛋量（P〈0．05）；试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组可有效降低料蛋比（P〈O．05）。结论，葎草醇提物可以有效改善蛋鸡部分生产性能，适宜添加量为8mL／kg。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.