上海市滩涂冬季底栖硅藻种类组成和生态分布

报道了上海市滩涂冬季底栖硅藻的种类组成、生态特征和数量分布情况。样品于2005年12月从7个站点中采集。经处理、镜检观察,从中鉴定出硅藻有90个分类单位,包括64种和22变种2变型(有两个未定种名),分别隶属于2纲6目9科27属。从水体咸度来看,淡水种类最多,为52个分类单位,占总数的57.78%;从温度性质来看,广温种占优势,有65个分类单位,占72.22%;从生活习性来看,底栖种占优势,有77个分类单位,占87.5%。数量分析表明,底栖硅藻细胞丰度变化为6.25×106~16.25×106cells/m2,平均为10.43×106cells/m2,在吴淞口站点含量最高。优势种为肘状针杆藻尖喙变种、斯氏布纹藻、膨胀桥弯藻和卵形双菱藻等,它们在各站点中都有分布,分别占总数的13.42%、12.56%、14.00%、9.88%。     

Evaluation of benthic nutrient fluxes and their importance in the pelagic nutrient cycles in Suo Nada,Japan

ABSTRACT:   The benthic nutrient fluxes in Suo Nada, in the western part of Seto Inland Sea, Japan were estimated seasonally in 2002, and their contribution to the pelagic nutrient cycle was evaluated. The horizontal distributions of inorganic phosphorus (DIP), ammonia and dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations in the pore water of the surface (0–3 cm) sediments were high in the western part, indicating a eutrophic condition relative to the other parts. Seasonally, the highest nutrient concentration in the pore water was observed in summer, as reflected by the increasing decomposition rate of organic matter. Multiple regression analyses revealed significant positive effects of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and temperature on the DIP flux and also significant positive effects of ignition loss (IL) along with these two parameters on the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) flux. Temperature, IL and redox potential (Eh) were effective on DSi. The estimated DIP, DIN and DSi fluxes from the sediments were relatively high or equivalent to the total inputs from rains and rivers in annual average, with high values in summer of 2–3-fold higher than the other sources (rain plus rivers). Thus, it is concluded that the benthic nutrient fluxes play an important role in the pelagic nutrient cycle of the Suo Nada ecosystem.     

Movement of fish between a river and its backwater: diel activity and relation to environmental gradients

Abstract –  Movements of fish, in particular roach Rutilus rutilus , perch Perca fluviatilis, rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus, bleak Alburnus alburnus and chub Leuciscus cephalus (age ≥ 1+) in relation to environmental variables were examined between the River Morava, Czech Republic, and a rehabilitated former meander. Data were taken over seven 24-h periods in April–June 1997 using two back-to-back traps. Of 170 fish captured, 70% moved from the backwater to the river. Diel activity differed between sampling dates, but overall bleak, roach and chub moved mainly between dusk and dawn, whereas perch moved throughout most of the day. Rudd showed bi-modal (mid-day, midnight) activity. However, avoidance behaviour could have biased results for species known to be wary of traps. Water level changes, temperature and illumination were among the main environmental factors influencing fish movement, along with spawning migrations relevant for most species. In all specimens, over 65% individuals captured were ready to spawn. Most of them, except for perch, were moving out of the backwater towards the river.     

Relationship between freshwater input to the coastal zone and the historical landings of the benthic/demersal fish Eleginops maclovinus in central-south Chile

The ecosystem off central-south Chile is one of the most productive marine systems in the world, providing approximately 4% of worldwide fish captures. We analysed the effect of freshwater input (river runoff and rainfall) to the coastal zone in central-south Chile (36°00'–37°30' lat. S) on the landings of the Róbalo ( Eleginops maclovinus ) using the following data: Róbalo annual landing statistics, monthly mean and annual mean runoff of Itata (1975–91) and Bio-Bio rivers (1975–94), and cumulative monthly rainfall and annual mean rainfall (1975–94). Time series were smoothed using three-point equally weighted running means. To analyse the relationship between Róbalo's landing and river runoff, as well as rainfall, Pearson's product-moment correlation analyses were conducted at relevant lag times. The statistical significance of correlation coefficients was calculated taking into account intraseries autocorrelation. Our results showed that Róbalo's landings were significantly correlated to freshwater input to the coastal zone in central-south Chile. Thus, significant correlation coefficients were found between annual Róbalo's landings and: (i) annual mean runoff of the Itata ( r =−0.94) and Bio-Bio ( r =−0.80) rivers lagged 3 and 4 years, respectively, and (ii) annual mean rainfall lagged 4 years ( r =−0.75). The lag time at which highest correlation coefficients between annual mean environmental and annual landing time series took place (i.e. 3–4 years) corresponded to the age at which Róbalo reaches the minimum exploitation size. Accordingly, we hypothesize that river runoff and rainfall strongly influence the survival rate of Róbalo's early stages during the first year of life.     

Fish assemblages structure and function along environmental gradients in rivers of Gabon (Africa)

Abstract –  We examined patterns in fish species assemblages structure and function along environmental gradients in rivers of Gabon. Species presence–absence data from 52 sites were first analysed by canonical correspondence analysis. Results showed that the position of sites along the upstream–downstream gradient, together with elevation and water conductance were the most important predictors of local fish assemblage composition. Assemblage richness and trophic structure were further investigated using regression tree analysis. Results revealed a general increase in species richness from upstream to downstream areas and a transition from insectivorous to omnivorous, herbivorous and piscivorous species along this longitudinal gradient. There were several similarities between these previous patterns and those observed in other temperate streams suggesting a potential convergence in fish assemblage along environmental gradients in tropical and temperate riverine systems. From a conservation standpoint, these results highlight the need to evaluate all habitat types along rivers longitudinal gradient to integrate the full spectrum of species assemblages within conservation plans.     

A large scale BACI experiment to test the effects of prawn trawling on seabed biota in a closed area of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia

A multiple Before-After-Control-Impact experiment was conducted to estimate the large scale effects of a single coverage by prawn trawlers on an offshore inter-reef area in the northern Great Barrier Reef that was closed to fishing. Prospective power and cost-benefit analyses facilitated the design and optimization of the experiment, the effect size of which was guided by prior publications at the time that had indicated impacts of 10–100×. The optimal design, given the number of factors to be tested and the constraint of available ship time (100 days) and resources needed to process samples, was for 12 control and 12 impact plots each measuring 2.8 km × 1.2 km. The final design specification was capable of detecting an average −80% effect size (5×). The experiment was divided over two seasons, wet and dry. During the experimental trawl impact phase, a total of 32 t of benthic biota was removed from six shallow plots (15–25 m depth) and 6 t from six deep plots (30–50 m depth). Sampling before and 6 months after impact was conducted by an epibenthic dredge, a prawn trawl and a fish trawl. Analysis of means before and after impact, relative to controls, showed very few significant differences. This indicated that the impact of a single prawn trawl was less than the design specification. The lower than expected impact, compared to previous studies, may have been partly because this study included all benthic groups, not just the most sensitive as earlier studies had focussed on. Comparison of catch rates from the prawn trawl and the dredge indicated the overall impact on total biomass was around −3% but ranged from close to 0% for some species to around −20% for sensitive sessile species. A review of effect sizes in 30 other recent trawl experiments indicated that this result was not exceptional; i.e. the reported effects of single trawls generally were not large, and prawn trawls appeared to have smaller effect sizes than fish trawls, beam trawls and scallop dredges—also, several studies reported recovery within ca. 6 months. Analysis of fishery effort data indicated that this result was appropriate for the majority of trawl fishing grounds, where effort is sparse and infrequent. Many published experiments had confounded designs and most had not used a priori power analyses or pre-specified effect sizes. Nevertheless, recurrent trawling can be expected to have cumulative impacts on benthos, as has been demonstrated by repeat-trawl depletion experiments. On the other hand, the spatial extent of fishing grounds trawled as intensively as these depletion experiments is quite limited.     

印度洋西北海域表层浮游动物数量组成及其分布

根据2004年10～11月印度洋西北海域12°00′～21°30′N、58°00′～65°00′E表层浮游动物的调查资料,对其种类组成、生物量及其平面分布进行了分析。结果表明,浮游动物有腔肠动物水母类3目7科11属15种;浮游甲壳动物7目24科34属40种;浮游软体动物2目5科5属5种;毛颚动物1目1科1属3种;被囊动物1目2科4属4种。生物量较大的种类主要是甲壳动物的尖尾海萤、桡足类、莹虾类、磷虾类、端足类和糠虾类,以及毛颚动物的箭虫类。调查海域总生物量和丰度的平均值分别为39.51±114.06mg/m3和3020±7929个/m3。其中尖尾海萤的生物量(24.30mg/m3)和丰度(1498个/m3)为最高,其次为箭虫类。总生物量和丰度平面分布差异显著,呈现北部(17°N以北)高于南部(17°N以南)、东部(62°E以东)高于西部(62°E以西)的趋势,同时不同纬度浮游动物的种类组成也有差异。     

The effect of nitrate supplementation on the biochemical composition of benthic diatoms and the growth and survival of post-larval abalone

Elevating the nitrogen concentration in microalgal growth media can elevate the protein content of the algae and consequently increase their dietary value to molluscs. This study examined the protein content, and dietary value to abalone post-larvae, of seven benthic diatoms acclimated to high-(“H” = 49.4 mg NO₃-N l^− 1) and standard-nitrate (“S” = 16.5 mg NO₃-N l^− 1) Walne medium. In Experiment 1, the level of nitrate in the culture medium did not significantly affect the protein content of Cocconeis sp., Cylindrotheca closterium or Nitzschia ovalis, and variation in the growth of post-larval Haliotis iris was not associated with nitrate level or the protein content of the diatoms. When the same six diatom diets were added daily as cell suspensions, growth and survival were much lower than for the equivalent strains fed as established films (P < 0.0001). In Experiment 2a, the protein content of Navicula incerta was elevated by nitrate supplementation, and the high nitrate strain retained a higher protein content (P = 0.005) even after 24 days growing in unenriched, flowing seawater. Haliotis rufescens post-larvae grew significantly faster when fed N. incerta H than when fed N. incerta S (P = 0.006) and survival was also higher with this diet (67 versus 54%). In Experiment 2b, there was no significant effect of nitrate level on protein content of four diatoms or the performance of post-larval H. rufescens. There was, however, a strong positive correlation (r = 0.95, P < 0.0001) between post-larval survival and the lipid content of the diatom diets. Post-larval growth showed positive, but marginally non-significant, relationships with diatom protein and carbohydrate, but no relationship with lipid content. Overall, only one of seven benthic diatom species acclimated to high-nitrate growth medium displayed significantly elevated protein content. Diatom protein content explained relatively little of the variation in food value of diatom strains for post-larval abalone but lipid content correlated strongly with post-larval survival.     

舟山崎头洋海域春秋季鱼类种类组成及数量分布

本研究利用2012年5月（春季）、10月（秋季）2个季度月的单船底拖网渔获的鱼类样品,对舟山渔场崎头洋海域鱼类种类组成、区系特点及数量分布等进行了研究。结果如下：（1）共获得鱼类50种,隶属于11目27科,以石首鱼科和缎虎鱼科的种类最多,各有7种,分别占总种数的14．0％;（2）根据适温性可将其划分为暖水性和暖温性2种适温类型,以暖温性为主,有36种,占鱼类总种数的72．0％;（3）春季主要集中在舟山本岛一小干岛海域,而秋季则集中在舟山本岛一小干岛海域以及穿山半岛一六横岛西南海域;（4）春季优势种有六丝矛尾锻虎鱼Chaeturichthys hexanema、带鱼Trichiurus haumela、鲈鱼Lateolabrax japonicus、棘头梅童鱼Collichthys lucidus、龙头鱼Harpodon nehereus等5种,而秋季优势种仅龙头鱼1种;（5）通过分析优势种的种群组成和底层温盐数据,发现该海域在春季可能为带鱼、棘头梅童鱼和鲈鱼等幼鱼的索饵场。     

Relative importance of habitat and fishing in influencing reef fish communities across seventeen Pacific Island Countries and Territories

Reef fish assessments were undertaken in 17 Pacific islands to describe the status of finfish resources in 63 villages where fishing is mainly artisanal. Surveys were performed by recording the number and size of edible fish species and benthic composition. Fishing impact was described through six proxies representing level of catch, alternative incomes, degree of commercial catch and country economic development derived from a simultaneous socioeconomic assessment. The relative importance of broadly defined habitat (geographical location, island and reef type, substrate composition) and fishing impact in controlling the distribution of fish trophic groups, families and species was measured through multivariate analysis. The extreme faunistic diversity was shown by the large variation in fish density (difference of up to an order of magnitude) and fish biomass (displaying a 20‐fold difference across the region). Herbivores were dominant in the eastern part of the region, at what we classified as complex islands and at islands with small lagoon and at coastal reefs, while carnivores were dominant at oceanic islands and atolls and at outer reefs. Specific habitat associations were shown for Scaridae, Acanthuridae, Siganidae, Balistidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae and Serranidae. Relative importance and size decrease of several fish families (Mullidae, Scaridae, Lutjanidae and Serranidae) were related to high fishing impact. Acanthuridae and Lethrinidae appeared to have a role as opportunistic groups in impacted sites. The relative impact from fishing and habitat on fishes accounted for, respectively, 20 and 30% of variance, demonstrating the effect of human impacts even at such large scale and taking into account only limited fishing impact variables.     

The effect of environmental factors on the distribution of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis in Tasmania

Aquaculture in Tasmania is mostly carried out in estuaries. These estuarine habitats show a great variety and form unique environments in which Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, the amoebic gill disease (AGD)-causing protozoan, may or may not survive. Tasmania is divided into two zones, one where AGD is present and one where AGD is absent, but any ecological data to rationalize this distribution is lacking. In in vitro trials N. pemaquidensis strains were exposed to different concentrations of ammonium sulphate, copper sulphate, copper sulphate and tannin, and different Neoparamoeba densities, salinities and temperatures. A trial using field water samples investigated the survival of N. pemaquidensis in waters sourced from AGD-free and AGD-positive zones, and water analysis was performed to determine any differences. Significantly decreased protozoan survival was found with exposure to increasing copper sulphate concentrations from 10 to 100,000 microM (P < 0.001), salinity of 15 per thousand (P < 0.001), low Neoparamoeba densities of 625 and 1,250 cells mL(-1) (P = 0.0005), and water sourced from Macquarie Harbour (P < 0.001). The water chemistry of this AGD-free zone showed significantly lower dissolved calcium and magnesium concentrations which may contribute to this area being AGD-free. Understanding of the ecology of N. pemaquidensis will enable better control and prevention strategies for Tasmanian salmon growers.     

Use of individual types of fishing effort in analyzing catch and effort data by use of a generalized linear model

Fishing effort is a function of many (continuous) variables which fishers can manipulate. However, when catch and fishing effort data are analysed using a generalized linear model, individual types of fishing effort usually enter as a composite quantity. But not all quantities can be combined into a composite quantity. Use of such data this way generally leads to a loss of information and incurs a model bias. In this paper, I analyse catch and effort data for the blue swimmer crab off South Australia by a direct use of individual types of fishing effort to extract a relative index of biomass, and use the concept of homogeneous functions to present some of the results. I also give formulae for choosing a combination of different types of fishing effort to effect a specified level of catch in both absolute and relative terms. Assuming that catch follows an independent gamma, normal, negative binomial, or Poisson distribution, fitting of a generalized linear model with a log-link function to the commercial catch and effort data suggests that: (1) the exploitable biomass remained relatively constant from 1 July 1983 to 30 June 1996; (2) the relative instantaneous rate of fishing mortality of a particular sex and age (if gear selectivity was constant over time) slightly increased over time; (3) a 1% increase in the number of days fished gave about 0.85% increase in catch whereas a 1% increase in the number of people on a boat led to only about a 0.45% increase in catch. This implies that use of a composite measure of fishing effort such as boat days and man days when analysing catch and effort data is inappropriate for this fishery. Although a generalized linear model may be a reasonable first-order approximation, catch and effort data are best interpreted through a process model.     

东海南部海域虾类种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2008年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和2009年2月(冬)在东海南部海域(26°00′~28°00′N、120°00′~125°30′E)的虾类资源调查资料,结合1998~1999年调查资料,研究分析了该海域虾类的种类组成、地理和区系分布及其数量分布变化的特点。结果表明,该渔场类虾有44种,隶属14科、25属,以热带和亚热带暖水性种为主,属印度-西太平洋区系中的中-日亚区,与南海关系最为密切,而与黄、渤海关系较为疏远。虾类分布遍及整个调查海区,但时空分布差异明显,以调查海区东南部和沿27°45′N一带海域数量较多,渔获量平均密度指数以春、夏季较高,冬季最低;同时虾类数量分布与水深有较大的关系,以水深80~100 m海域数量最多,这与主要种类长角赤虾、假长缝拟对虾的分布海域明显相关;具有开发利用价值的经济种类有10来种,在渔业产量中占主导地位的为长角赤虾、假长缝拟对虾等。     

东海南部海域蟹类种类组成及其数量分布

主要根据1998~1999年和2008~2009年在东海南部海域(26°00′~28°00′N、120°00′~125°30′E)开展的各季度月蟹类资源调查资料及1989~1990年在福建东北外海渔业资源调查等相关资料,研究分析该海区蟹类的种类组成、数量分布及主要渔获种类的变化特点。结果表明,该海区蟹类有66种,隶属于15科,39属;2008~2009年东海南部海域蟹类数量明显比1998~1999年减少,蟹类占总渔获量的比重下降9.8个百分点,平均资源密度指数减少36.2%;两次调查蟹类数量均以春季和夏季为高,但主要渔获种类不同,1998~1999年细点圆趾蟹渔获量占绝对优势,而2008~2009年细点圆趾蟹数量降幅最大,资源密度很低,光掌蟳、双斑蟳数量明显增多,取代了细点圆趾蟹成为最主要的渔获种类,其余种类如卷折馒头蟹、银光梭子蟹、武士蟳等所占比例变化不大;2008~2009年蟹类主要分布区域与1998~1999年不同,在海区内侧水深60 m以内海域数量分布较多,这与主要渔获种类双斑蟳分布海域范围关系密切;细点圆趾蟹资源量明显减少的原因有待以进一步调查和研究。     

几内亚比绍共和国海域经济渔获物种类组成及分布

对几内亚比绍共和国(下称几比)海域渔获物种类组成及其分布进行了分析,认为几比海域水深100~500 m范围内,存在一定数量浅水区罕见的底层类群,如须鼬鳚、长额拟对虾、真蛸、竹筴鱼、鲷科鱼类等,具有一定的商业捕捞价值。文章指出,在几比海域合作捕鱼长达21年之久的中国拖网渔船队,必须尽快脱离资源业已明显衰退的浅水河口渔场,逐步向外发展。对中国渔船来说,实现深水捕捞(100~500 m)不存在太大的困难,但渔船设备(如主机功率、网机绞拉力、部分舾装设备)、渔具渔法宜作适当技术改造。文章还探讨了中国过洋性远洋渔业持续发展的有关问题。     

九龙江口秋季游泳生物种类组成及分布特征

根据2015年秋季对九龙江口开展的桁杆拖网船调查资料,研究分析了该海域游泳生物的种类组成、分布特征、群聚结构和多样性水平等。结果表明,2015年秋季调查海域渔获游泳生物共61种,其中鱼类种类最多,有42种;蟹类次之,有8种;虾类、口足类和头足类分别有6种、3种和2种。渔获数量平均密度指数为518 ind/h,渔获重量平均密度指数为10.29 kg/h。主要渔获优势种类为凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)、日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)、中华管鞭虾(Solenocera crassicornis)等。游泳生物种类丰富度指数D分布范围为3.112~4.682,平均为3.921;种类多样性指数H'分布范围为1.814~2.674,平均为2.390;种类均匀度指数J'分布范围为0.606~0.921,平均为0.789,多样性指数处于中度水平。